Acids - Science topic

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that can effectively alter the pH level of solutions without causing the precipitation issues associated with formic acid. It is commonly used in various applications, including dyeing and food preservation, and could serve as a suitable option to achieve the desired pH reduction in your formulations.

Zhao Zhang, To remove sulfur from the surface of nanoparticles, solvents such as ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and water can be used for washing, along with ultrasonication and centrifugation. However, it's important to note that thioglycolic acid used as a stabilizer during synthesis can introduce sulfur onto the nanoparticle surface.

Kaushik Shandilya Thank you for your detailed answer.

Both, HPX-87H column and RI detector should be suitable for separation and detection of organic acids. However, I don't know either, if something is missing in method as I don't know your method. If you could provide some more information like solvent composition, standard concentrations, maybe a chromatogram, that'd be helpful.

Why I got two peak for graphene oxide one at 11.2 degree and one at 12 degree

im looking for a chain transfer agent for that reaction in order to obtain a low viscose low molecular weight product. do you know any one?

Mix 1 volume of 72% sulfuric acid with 23 volumes of water (resulting in a 24-fold dilution). This is a simplified version of the well-known formula V1N1=V2N2

Thank you Muhammad Shahid Malik

Adam B Shapiro

The answer is perfect for beginners to learn about it Thank you so much for your nice reply.

Dear Siyanand Kumar Chaudhary, find the average degree of polymerization by deviding 12000 by the mass of the repeating unit which is the same as that of the monomer. What you find is the number of COOH acid group per chain. If you know chain end groups, more accuracy will be brought to your calculation, since the MW weight you are using is not too high to neglect the mass of the chain end-groups. Once you determine the equivalent of COOH groups, then you can prepare any concentration. The one you are targetting is too low, you can reach it by dilution of a known small concentration. By the way, the binding energies or affinity of PAA to metal ions was studied extensively decades ago, good bibliographic research is to be done on PAA polyelectrolytes to avoid repeating what was already done. My Regards

What you should do is to follow the standard workup procedure for organic reactions. Once your esterification is complete, the reaction mixture is dissolved in an appropriate water-insoluble organic solvent (ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and alike). The organic phase is then placed in a separation funnel and is washed with conc. aq. sodium bicarbonate or, to improve phase separation, a mixture of than with saturated brine. Several washings may be required to reach slightly basic pH in aqueous phase. Once this takes place, the organic phase is washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 or MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated. Alternatively, you can neutralize the reaction mixture by gradual addition of triethylamine to a slightly basic reaction on wet pH-paper, and then proceed to the aqueous workup as above. This is recommended in cases where the ester is prone to hydrolysis under aqueous acidic conditions.

Any textbook in preparative organic chemistry describes this work-up procedure and the glassware required in detail. Another suggestion I can make is to use only methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a catalyst. In comparison with phosphoric acid, MSA is more readily removed by washing with bases because it does not form buffered aqueous solutions to the extent phosphoric acid does. Good luck with your synthesis

Dear Tom,

Maybe you should protect the hydroxyl group before amidation? Otherwise, the starting material 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid will undergo esterification with itself.

Or you can use EDCI/DMAP/Et₃N to amidate them instead?

1) Check if you are using necessary protecting steps. When you say that trp "under the same conditions" gives a precipitate, be aware that any a-amino acid will give a diketopiperazine:

{2 RCH(NH2)CO2H -> R2C4H4N2O2

This would be expected to give a ppt with most amino acids trp so the result with trp by itself tells you nothing about the other reaction partners.

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2) There are many coumarin derivatives. Please specify how the coumarin is linked to trp: for example it can be an ester with a coumarin [3-, 4-,5-,6-,7-, or 8-] hydroxy derivative, or else an N-linked carboxy derivative of caboxy-substitued can link to the amino group through an amide link.

Hello Christiana Lagudas

The following are the conditions when DNase I activity can be affected.

1. DNase I activity is influenced by divalent ions. DNase I has 10 times greater activity in buffer containing both Mg2+ and Ca2+ than either metal alone. Calcium is required to maintain structure and activity of DNase I. Trace amounts of Ca2+ may be present at sufficient concentration for DNase I to be active, but using calcium-free buffers or removal of Ca2+ by adding EGTA can reduce DNase I activity to undetectable levels.

2. DNase I is inhibited by metal chelators, monovalent metal ions such as Na and K (i.e., ≥ 100mM NaCl), SDS even at concentrations below 0.1%, reducing agents and ionic strength above 50-100mM.

3. DNase I is inactivated by heating to 65°C for 10 minutes in the presence of EGTA or EDTA.

4. DNase I is sensitive to physical denaturation. So, mix gently by inverting tube. Do not vortex.

If one uses PBS as an example to be used as the buffer, then monovalent ions present in PBS like sodium and potassium ions will inhibit DNase I activity as they will occupy any of the potential binding sites.

The contents of (1X) PBS are as follows.

137mM NaCl,

2.7mM KCl,

10mM Na2HPO4, and

1.8mM KH2PO4

However, the inhibition of DNase I can be reversed by adding divalent ions. This effect is related to the ionic strength of the system as well as to the positive charge present on the protein. I have not come across anything about phosphate on DNase I activity.

I feel you should give it a try since you also mentioned about the Thermofisher protocol for removing DNA using DNase I from protein extracts (extracted using lysis reagent in phosphate buffer). But do supplement divalent ions to the lysate.

Best.

A molecule that contains sulphonic acid (-SO3H) Boronic acid and amide bonds may not be a good candidate for RP chromatography. Anion exchanger resins and IEX application, or diol phases (maybe bare silica) coupled with HILIC application would also be efficient. Indeed, I do not know the whole structure of the molecule and the hydrophobic interaction it produces.

Sharing a chromatogram could be beneficial.

In RP, TFA acts as a weak ion pairing agent and it improves the resolution. Remain the TFA at both phases at 0.1% concentration and equilibrate the column by injecting several blank injections. Then test your sample. You need to be sure about whether your splitter peak is a kind of configurational isomer, impurity, or artificial drawback of your chromatographic system (set-up). Also, consider your injection solvent composition and observed retention time. Injection solvent must contain a low amount of organic solvent and calculated retention must be reasonable.

If you know the potential impurities (as you said a kind of synthetic molecule, it has probably the known impurities) then it would be easier to evaluate the chromatographic separation of choice.

Good luck,

The method you follow is correct. However, the saponin concentration must be high, more than 300 ppm, for the colour to develop. At lower concentrations, it does look yellow.

Hi Peter and Joseph,

Thank you very much for the detailed replies and time you have both given me.

I have been doing the starch myself, and then I did it with another analyst (I thought I was doing something wrong and needed someone to point out an obvious error in what I was doing - unfortunalty the error wasn't found). The repeatability and reproducibilty percentages are high. We are running a pet food starch from FAPAS in each run as a QC and a potato flakes sample. The pure starch is a good idea to run as well it in place of one of the others.

However, the megazyme method might be the best option moving forward. We have used Megazyme before for starch damage so I am familiar with how they work.

I will order a kit in next week and give it a go.

To you both, thank you again. Your help and expertise are very much appreciated.

Kind regards,

Robert

Dear Pavithra Pattabiraman, try extraction. In the following paper it is mentioned how to do that. My Regards

The chemical equation you've provided represents the reaction between choline chloride [(CH₃)₃NCH₂CH₂OH]Cl⁻, acetic acid (CH₃CHCOOH), and citric acid (HOC(CH₂CO₂H)₂). Here's the balanced equation for the reaction:

[(CH₃)₃NCH₂CH₂OH]Cl⁻ + CH₃CHCOOH + HOC(CH₂CO₂H)₂ → [(CH₃)₃NCH₂CH₂OC(CH₂CO₂H)₂]Cl⁻ + H₂O + HCl

In this reaction, choline chloride reacts with acetic acid and citric acid to form a product in which the choline chloride molecule is esterified by one of the carboxylic acid groups of citric acid. The balanced equation indicates the formation of the ester [(CH₃)₃NCH₂CH₂OC(CH₂CO₂H)₂]Cl⁻, water (H₂O), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as products.

since B-27 Plus supplement promotes survival and maturation of primary neurons.

Hello, Bile acids is not so easy to dilute in water actually it forma suspension as in bile acids main fraction is C24 fatty acids. The solubility will increase if you use warm water. Better to use membrane filtration 0.22-0.45 nm than autoclave to avoid degradation og bile acids.

ok! I will check thank you for your time.

The difference in glycine concentration results in a difference in buffering capacity, the ability of the solution to resist a change in pH when acid or base is added. The higher concentration solution has greater buffering capacity. For glycine at acidic pH, the pKa of the buffering group (the carboxylate) is about 2.3, so the solution will resist a decrease in pH better than it will resist an increase.

The osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration of molecules or ions. Isotonic saline has a concentration of 0.9 weight % of NaCl, which is 154 mM NaCl. NaCl is fully dissociated into ions in solution, and therefore 154 mM NaCl has an osmolarity of 308 mOsm, due to the presence of 154 mM each Na⁺ and Cl^-.

The osmolarity calculation for the glycine-HCl pH 3 buffer is tricky. Simplistically, the osmolarity of glycine-HCl is 3 times the molarity, since it is composed of 3 species (glycine, H⁺ and Cl^-). However, this isn't exactly true, since some of the H⁺ is consumed to form protonated glycine. At pH 3, about 18% of the glycine is protonated on the carboxylate group, so the osmolarity would be a bit less than 3 times the glycine HCl concentration. Another complication is that additional HCl may have been added to bring the pH down to 3, increasing the osmolarity by twice the concentration of HCl added.

Overall, I would expect the 100 mM solution to be closer to isotonic than the 50 mM solution. I'm assuming that the amount of HCl added to lower the pH to 3 was relatively small, since the pKa of the carboxylate group is about 2.3. If it's very important to know the osmolarity of the pH 3 glycine-HCl buffer, I'd suggest looking for an osmometer instrument.

Mo Go I suggest for you to use: ratio and proportion, direct and inverse proportionality to calculate your unknown quantity. Firstly, convert milligram units into gram units or vice-versa, then proceed with your math manipulation to find the unknown quantity, using simple algebraic math manipulation.

Alvena Shahid Thank you for your reply, will check it out

TBAPF6/Dichlomethane has too low conductivity. It's advised to use at least 10% CH3CN in dichloromethane to run CV

You are very welcome. Good luck with your research!

A novel melt-foaming strategy using supercritical carbon dioxide can prepare porous PGA scaffolds with controllable morphology and outstanding mechanical properties without toxic solvents. Bioabsorbable poly(glycolide-co-lactide) fibers show increased crystallinity, higher tensile strength, and reduced heat shrinkage after post-annealing, supporting cleavage-induced crystallization. Also, PGA crystals and fibers exhibit high elastic anisotropy due to their planar zigzag conformation, with a tensile chain modulus of 294 GPa and a longitudinal shear modulus of 6 GPa.

Therefore, In vitro hydrolytic degradation of poly(glycolic acid) reveals a two-stage degradation mechanism, with irradiation decreasing this mechanism and resulting in a monotonic degradation profile at 20 Mrads. It is also worth noting that the buffering in a phosphate-buffered physiological saline solution accelerates the degradation of poly(glycolic acid) structures, potentially due to the presence of Na2HPO4, which removes degradation products and accelerates tensile strength loss.

Please see this researches that might be useful:

· Novel fabricating process for porous polyglycolic acid scaffolds by melt-foaming using supercritical carbon dioxide, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2017. DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00692

Best regards,

It contains the concentration of the titrand and possible dilution factors. You need to look at the exact analytical procedure behind the formula.

Sulfuric acid solutions with high concentration usually carbonize organic compounds.

Can you share an article you follow?

My colleagues have had experience with selective hydrolyzation of amorphous part of cellulose and production of microcrystalline cellulose from different kind of sources.

But concentrations were 0,050-0,1% HCl or similar

They do not react chemically.

Hi Lucky,

Thought am not sure the reason in choosing these 2 strong acid to work in your processing for pre-cleaning of Nickel sheets.

*** Watching the environmental issue as HF is never an easy item to control.

Suggestion to verify the purity of your Ni-sheet.. Avoid trace impurities may lead you to undesired-finishing, such as micro-pitting.

You may select the best optional of formulating picking-acidic solution at best concentration for surface pre-clean, b4 even to start electroplating processing.

Good luck.

Normally the acid dye attaches to the Nylon by electrostatic forces (negatively charged dye SO3- and the material is positively charged NH3+), so in water there will be no reaction with water because the chemical potential of the dye is weaker on the fiber than in water.

I believe you meant to write that the stock concentration is 5 U/µL. You can't convert this to an enzyme concentration of 90 ng/µL unless you know the specific activity (e.g., in U/mg) of the stock solution. 90 ng/µL refers to the protein concentration, not the nucleotide concentration that is produced by the reaction.

The specific activity may be written on the label or in the product information sheet or certificate analysis for the particular lot of the product that you received. This information may be available on-line from NEB. Once you know the specific activity, the conversion is simple.

For example, suppose the specific activity is 1,000 U/mg.

You need 90 ng/µL = 90 x 10^-6 mg/µL

90 x 10^-6 mg/µL x 1,000 U/mg = 0.09 U/µL

Since the stock solution is 5 U/µL you must dilute by a factor of 5/0.09 = 55.6-fold into the reaction.

Or, you could do it this way, using the same example specific activity of 1000 U/mg:

(5 U/µL) / (1000 U/mg) = 0.005 mg/µL = 5 µg/µL = 5000 ng/µL

The required dilution factor is 5000/90 = 55.6

Oleic acid is not considered much of a threat as an acid. I looked at several sites online and could not even find a pka for it. I did find pka for some saturated acids

in the bilayer and they are essentially neutral. So that would go in general storage.

Triethyl amine is a strong base as organic bases go. https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2017/04/18/basicity-of-amines-and-pkah/

It is not a strong base compared to KOH or NaOH. My opinion is that it is not a strong enough base to be stored with those. I would put it in the flammable liquids cabinet.

Check this link.

Alvena Shahid thank you for your clear answering.

Italo Alves Freire I think you can find many answers in works on solid-state fermentation:

Chundakkadu Krishna (2005) Solid-State Fermentation Systems—An Overview, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 25:1-2, 1-30, DOI: 10.1080/07388550590925383

Michael Mattey (1992) The Production of Organic Acids, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 12:1-2, 87-132, DOI: 10.3109/07388559209069189

Demain, A. L. (2006). Overproduction of microbial metabolites and enzymes due to alteration of regulation. In Advances in Biochemical Engineering, Volume 1 (pp. 113-142). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Would buffering the media not also be a solution?

Hey there, friend Shodiq Yusti Wardana! Now, let me tell you Shodiq Yusti Wardana, the foaming issue in your copolymerization experiment might be due to a couple of factors. First off, consider the concentration of your monomers – too high a concentration can lead to increased viscosity, resulting in foam formation during agitation.

Secondly, the hydrogen peroxide initiator might be decomposing too rapidly, generating gas and causing bubbling. You Shodiq Yusti Wardana might want to tweak the initiator concentration or look into a more controlled initiation process.

Also, keep a keen eye on the reaction kinetics. If the reaction is proceeding too quickly, it can lead to the rapid evolution of gases, contributing to the foam.

Now, temperature plays a vital role. 103°C is on the higher side for this reaction, and it might be promoting faster reactions and gas evolution. Try adjusting the temperature to find the sweet spot for your copolymerization.

Lastly, equipment matters. Ensure that your setup allows proper venting of gases to avoid excessive pressure build-up leading to foaming.

Remember, precision in your experimental conditions and a keen eye on these factors can help you Shodiq Yusti Wardana tame that foaming issue. Let me know how it goes!

Dear friend Sima Zarei

To clean glass equipment like ampoules, use a diluted hydrochloric acid solution (5-10%) for effective removal of organic residues and chemical contaminants. Handle with caution, wearing gloves and goggles, and perform in a well-ventilated area.

Use a phosphate or citrate buffer as those are more resistant to pH shifts with higher CO₂. Also increasing the carbon dioxide does not mimic hypoxia. Consider using a candle jar method if you ae resource limited (pickle jar and a paraffin candle).

Kurt Haunreiter Thank you so much for paper recommendation!

Hey there Mahboubeh Alipour! It's me, ready to tackle the challenge of reducing acid absorption in your leady oxide powder for those batteries. I don't settle for less than the best, so let's shake things up:

1. **Milling Time:**

Adjust the milling time. Longer milling times can lead to finer particles and increased acid absorption. Experiment with shorter milling durations to coarsen the particles.

2. **Ball Size:**

Change the size of the milling balls. Larger balls tend to produce coarser particles. Give those tiny balls a break and bring in the big guns for a coarser end product.

3. **Mill Speed:**

Vary the mill speed. Lowering the mill speed might reduce the impact forces and help in obtaining larger particles.

4. **Additives:**

Introduce additives during milling. Some additives can alter the surface properties of particles, affecting acid absorption. Explore different compounds to find the magic formula.

5. **Pre-Milling Treatment:**

Consider pre-milling treatment of leady oxide. Techniques like annealing or subjecting the leady oxide to a specific environment before milling can influence particle characteristics.

6. **Post-Milling Processing:**

Explore post-milling processing steps. Techniques like air classification or sieving can help segregate particles based on size.

7. **Milling Environment:**

Experiment with the milling environment. Factors like humidity and temperature can influence milling outcomes. Sometimes, a change in climate can make a big difference.

8. **Equipment Calibration:**

Ensure your milling equipment is well-calibrated. Any deviation in the machine's settings can impact the milling process. Check and double-check those settings.

9. **Alternative Milling Techniques:**

Explore alternative milling techniques. Techniques like attrition milling or different types of ball mills might produce the desired particle size distribution.

Remember, the key is in the details. Play around with these suggestions and observe the changes. I dont settle for mediocrity, so go out there and make that leady oxide the best it can be!

The best way to use zinc oxide is to prepare the oxide using zinc acetate. As for zinc oxide, it is impossible to dissolve, and I have tried various methods.

As for the rest of the oxides, use polar solvents such as DMSO or m-crasil

Nina Bou

Abhijit Debnath

According to the theory, with the same structure of the surface of the adsorbent, adsorption is determined by the specific surface of the adsorbent. Heavy metal ions are usually d-metals in structure. They form complexes well with electron donors on the surface of the adsorbent. Cadmium ion can be adsorbed on one adsorbent without complex formation, and on another with it.

Hello, dear researcher, considering that most of the egg shell is calcium carbonate, it is suggested to use dilute sulfuric acid to prepare the solution and check the elements in it.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375072605 is a preprint, taken from Elsevier's server - click on the DOI link to go to the original page. According to an agreement with Elsevier, RG takes publications from their servers. You have to blame the publisher for putting a preprint online, not RG. However, I guess it is part of the authors' contract with Elsevier.

Thank you so much my dear Professor.

It also depends on if you are studying auxin transport/uptake. Some auxin analogs can cross the membrane without reliance on a transport protein. Cost and stability are of course factors too.

The gram dry matter expression must be expressed clearly. If it is a solution obtained from an extract, it can be said to be per gram of extract. If it is to be expressed for the solutes in the current solution, all their concentrations have already been given and they constitute the total solute mass in 1 ml. We can find the amount of each solute by proportioning it to the total mass.

Take a look at :

I don't know but if it 'stays neutralised' after a second round then it's also possible that there is a spatial (stereo?) constraint

Although an immediate released tablet is designed to dissolve in gastric juice where pH is highly acidic but this pH can be altered due to prescence of food, nature of food and different patho-physiological conditions loke dyspepsia, ulcer etc. Before food arrives, the stomach normally has a pH between 5.0 and 6.0. In young and healthy adults it takes about 45 minutes before enough acid is generated to drop the pH to 3.0.

Therefor study is done at pH 4. and significance of study t pH 6.8 is to study behavior of tablet in duodenum.

The rhizosphere is the region of soil directly influenced by the roots of plants. It is acidic because of the release of organic acids from the roots. These organic acids help to dissolve nutrients in the soil, making them more available to the plant. They also help to protect the plant from pests and diseases.

Rhizobium bacteria are a type of bacteria that live in the rhizosphere of leguminous plants, such as peas, beans, and lentils. Rhizobium bacteria form nodules on the roots of leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can use. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and Rhizobium bacteria help to reduce the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

Here are some of the ways that Rhizobium bacteria help farmers in agriculture:

Overall, Rhizobium bacteria are a valuable tool for farmers. They can help to reduce costs, improve yields, and improve soil health.

In addition to the above, Rhizobium bacteria can also help to:

Overall, Rhizobium bacteria are a versatile and beneficial group of bacteria that can help farmers to improve their agricultural practices.

Without more details of the structure, it is hard to say. But things to consider: your 3 substituted piperidine actually has 2 stereogenic centers. N1 and C3. N1 can readily invert and may be in equilibrium between 2 forms. Removal of the Boc may alter the equilibrium.

there can be other acid catalyzed isomerizations but without the detailed structure it is hard to know if they are relevant.

Only partial charges (+ and -) due to the difference in electronegativity in C=O and in O-H.

Thanks

While stirring the waste material containing Hydroiodic acid , adds large amounts of an ice water solution ( 1:10) of base in such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide for neutralizing concentrated acid . Dispose of solution down the drain followed by 20 parts water to the neutralized solution.

There is no oxidation or reduction involved in ester hydrolysis. In some special cases it may be possible to catalyze hydrolysis with electric potential but not with common aliphatic esters.

Because Covid virus is enveloped one which is sensetive to all inactivating agens among them acids

Jiaqi Chen I have zero experience with column chromatography, so I won't be able to comment.

But freeze-drying is definitely an option. I forgot to mention it last time.

There is also one "dumb" approach — poor the reaction solution in petri dish, plate or tray and left it dry in an ambient condition.

There are minerals that are formed as a result of carbon dioxide dissolving in water. In the ocean, one calcium ion removes a molecule of carbon dioxide from solution. CaCO3 minerals fall to the bottom. They can be formed chemically and biologically. Such formations include aragonites (from Wikipedia - Aragonite is a mineral, one of the natural polymorphs of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).) The most widespread geological rocks are shells (northern regions) and corals (tropical zone).

AI answer

There are a few reasons why you might need to run acid digestion after membrane adsorption of Li+.

Whether or not you need to run acid digestion after membrane adsorption of Li+ will depend on your specific needs and the goals of your experiment. If you are unsure, it is always best to consult with an expert.

Here are some references that you may find helpful:

All I done collect 3 answers in one passage.

Good luck

Dear Ibejekwe Sunday John

No it is not -Z(Fmax). The characteristic frequency is the frequency at which the minimum imaginary part is measured. See the attached image.

Best regards,

Nicolas

Yes. refer this article

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can be doped with metal oxide to enhance their properties for various applications. The document mentions the synthesis of flower-like manganese dioxide nanostructures on cellulose nanocrystals for high-performance supercapacitors and wearable electrodes. It also discusses the preparation of a ternary nanocomposite of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), nanocrystalline cellulose, and manganese oxide for supercapacitors. These examples demonstrate the potential of doping CNCs with metal oxide for improved performance in energy storage devices.

Rajaiah Alexpandi Dear sir, I have seen a few papers on catalytic iron oxide nanoparticles for delignification but not on cellulose breakdown. Now that you mentioned it, could you kindly suggest the papers that have reported such a thing?

Hello Abdullah Al Ragib Abdullah Al Ragib,

there is already a question on the solubility of PET, which you can find here:

Maybe this can help you with your problem.

Try to mix the pectin thoroughly with a few drops of ethanol. When the ethanol has wetted the pectin, you can add water to dissolve it and make your desired solution.

Thanks for your answers! I will use an HCl bath (still deciding on the concentration to keep) and also soak new glassware in HCl, as we just got some.

You can use LiBr, Et3N and MeCN (containing 2 vol % of water) reaction conditions. These conditions allow room temperature hydrolysis to be carried out (15 min - 48h). This is the reference that related to:

But I don't know examples of application this method for dialkylmalonate substrates. If you try this, please share the results.

Do they still let you use cleaning solution? We made that in the lab, I believe from sulfuric acid and sodium dichromate. Nasty stuff, but it removes just about everything given a little time.

On the basic side KOH in alcohol does a good job on many things. Again, nasty stuff and it can etch glass, but not quartz.

Typical commodity pig feed in general does not need to be sterilized unless there are certain animal products in it. Acidifying the brewers yeast halts its growth which can be problematic during processing and storage, especially if it is mixed with fermentable sugars such as might be found in various grains. Also, some brewers feel their strains are highly proprietary and would want to prevent them from being easily cultured.

Formaldehyde might not be an allowable feed additive. As Martin noted, it would reduce its nutritional value, likely by forming undesirable adducts with the proteins.

We have a patent over this process in Brazil BR102012013327(B1) see at espacenet.com

ABSTRACT BR102012013327A2

CRYSTALLIZATION OF XYLITOL IN WATER-ETHANOL USING XYLITOL AND SILICA (NANOPARTICULATE) PYROGENIC AS SEED, belonging to the sector of saturated compounds having hydroxyl groups attached to acyclic carbon atoms, in the form of acyclic polyhydroxy alcohols, consists of a xylitol crystallization process contained in a water-ethanol mixture through crystallization induced by heterogeneous primary nucleation, having fumed silica (nanoparticulate) as seed. The field of application and objective of this invention consists in the recovery of xylitol obtained by any means of production, and the invention consists in the application or use of fumed silica (nanoparticulate) with crystals of 5 to 7 nm in the formation of crystals with heterogeneous nuclei, aiming at the more efficient crystallization of xylitol in saturated solution. In the process "CRYSTALIZATION OF XYLITOL IN WATER-ETHANOL USING XYLITOL AND (NANOPARTICULATE) PYROGENIC SILICA AS SEED", for nucleation, grains (nanometric) of fumed silica are used in the crystallization process by cooling, using the initial saturation temperature of xylitol and a cooling speed that facilitate the formation of xylitol crystals in the solution.

To determine whether Hypoglycin A is acidic or basic, we need to consider its chemical structure and any ionizable functional groups. Hypoglycin A has an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH) in its structure. The amino group can act as a base, while the carboxylic acid group can act as an acid. In summary, Hypoglycin A contains both acidic and basic functional groups, with the carboxylic acid group contributing to its overall acidity and the amino group contributing to its overall basicity.

The specific pH at which Hypoglycin A might be more acidic or basic depends on the conditions of the solution it's present in. The stability of Hypoglycin A depends on several factors, including pH, temperature, and other environmental conditions. To determine the specific pH range at which Hypoglycin A is most stable, experimental stability studies would be needed.

Other researchers may contribute to pH stability. I recommend you consult the scientific literature.

The standard curve bends because there is not enough of the detection reagent to bind to/react with the higher concentration of proteins. Beyond that, there is a linear phase (500-2000), which may be due to precipitation of the protein scattering light.

The usable part of the standard curve is the linear part in the lower concentration range (0-125).

No doubt, Salicylic acid is solid in nature and LHA is a derivatives of salicylic acid and is actually used as a liquid gel in a skincare which found in liquid form..

What is probenesic acid? If uric normal but feeling pain of Gout then what to do,?

The use of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) peptides for measurement of clinically important proteolytic enzymes.

Carmona AK, Juliano MA, Juliano L.An Acad Bras Cienc. 2009 Sep;81(3):381-92. doi: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300005.PMID: 19722010 Free article. Review.