Science topics: Agriculture
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Agriculture - Science topic

Agriculture is the science of soil cultivation, crop production, and livestock raising.
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How can you increase soil organic matter and what is the ideal percentage of organic matter present in different types of soils for best results of agriculture production?
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Increasing soil organic matter (SOM) involves implementing practices that promote the accumulation of organic materials in the soil, such as incorporating crop residues, planting cover crops, applying compost and organic amendments, practicing reduced tillage, and integrating agroforestry systems. The ideal percentage of organic matter in soil varies depending on soil type, climate, and management practices, but generally, higher organic matter levels are associated with improved soil fertility, structure, and productivity. In sandy soils, ideal organic matter content ranges from 1-3%, while in loam soils, it ranges from 3-6%, and in clay soils, it ranges from 4-8%. These guidelines reflect the importance of organic matter in enhancing soil water retention, nutrient availability, microbial activity, and root growth, ultimately supporting sustainable agriculture production systems. Regular soil testing and monitoring are essential for assessing organic matter levels and implementing appropriate management strategies to optimize soil health and productivity.
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Is regenerative agriculture sustainable and environment-friendly and regenerative agriculture mitigate climate change?
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Regenerative agriculture is widely regarded as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to farming, emphasizing practices that restore soil health, enhance biodiversity, and improve ecosystem resilience. By promoting soil conservation, organic matter enhancement, and holistic land management strategies, regenerative agriculture contributes to carbon sequestration, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and enhances ecosystem stability, thereby mitigating climate change. Through measures such as cover cropping, crop rotation, reduced tillage, and agroforestry, regenerative agriculture improves water infiltration, retention, and use efficiency, leading to enhanced water quality and availability. Additionally, regenerative agriculture offers economic and social benefits by reducing input costs, increasing farm profitability, and fostering community engagement and resilience. Overall, regenerative agriculture represents a promising pathway towards sustainable food production systems that address environmental challenges and contribute to climate change mitigation.
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Which types of plant agricultural crops will decline production most rapidly in the future as a result of the increasingly rapid process of global warming?
Which types, varieties, species of vegetables, fruits and other vegetable agricultural crops will decline most rapidly in production globally over the next future decades of time as a result of the increasingly rapid process of global warming?
For example, by 2050, about 50 percent of arabica coffee plantations will disappear globally due to progressive global warming.
Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire are major producers of cocoa beans. In early 2024, these regions were hit first by heavy rains and then by droughts.
Cocoa prices on commodity exchanges quickly went up. These are further examples of the already realizing large-scale impact of climate change on crop production, more specifically, generating large drops in the level of said production.
The scale of weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms derived from climate change processes is increasing every year. April 2024 was the warmest April in Poland in the history of measurements. Some places in Poland saw temperatures of almost plus 30 degrees C. The spring and near-summer temperatures in April were followed by frosts that wiped out flowers on flowering fruit trees. Many fruit growers lost most or even almost all or all of their projected crop of apples, cherries or other fruits. Interviews with fruit growers show that for at least 2 generations of farmers, fruit growers had not previously experienced such severe weather anomalies
I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the ongoing process of global warming, the negative effects of this process and, therefore, the need to increase the scale and accelerate the implementation of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Which types, varieties, species of vegetables, fruits and other vegetable crops will be the fastest declining in production on a global scale in the perspective of the next future decades of time as a result of the accelerating process of global warming?
Which types of plant agricultural crops will be the fastest declining in production in the future as a result of the increasingly rapid process of global warming?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Crops grown in the temperate climate zone without irrigation are more vulnerable to extreme weather events and disease/pests outbreaks.
Traditional agricultural methods (including plant protection) and crops/cultivars list have had to adapt to new conditions as the climate changes. The transition period to new agricultural technologies, crops, and cultivars will be particularly challenging without a precise forecast of local climatic changes.
Citing the literature after Jatav M.K. et al. (Impact of Climate Change on Potato Production in India. Sustainable Potato Production and the Impact of Climate Change. 2017. IGI Global. Pp.87-104), global potato harvest at 2050 on the same areas as today will be reduced by 14% due to high temperature preventing tuber growth. potato losses due to diseases can grow much more.
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How to maintain agriculture in the situation of the progressive process of global warming and the resulting water resources that are rapidly decreasing from year to year?
How to maintain agriculture, a high level of agricultural productivity in a situation of rapidly declining rainfall from year to year, intensifying summer heat, the progressive process of soil aridity, declining supplies of surface water, subsoil water and in some areas even deep water levels, increasingly frequent phenomena of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and other negative effects of the progressive process of global warming?
One of the consequences of the progressive process of global warming is the rapidly declining surface and sub-surface water resources in increasingly large land areas, including areas used for agriculture. From the results of thousands of scientific papers, it is known that the global warming process, which has been progressing more and more rapidly over the past more than 2 centuries, is the result of the accumulation of excess greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including CO2, methane and others in the period since the beginning of the first industrial revolution. Therefore, on the one hand, in order to slow down the progressive process of global warming, a green transformation of the economy is being carried out with a special focus on those sectors of the economy that generate the most greenhouse gas emissions. This kind of sector is also carried out in a formula of climate and environmentally unsustainable and industrial livestock farming, mainly cows. However, the processes of green transformation of the economy, including the green transformation of energy, transportation, construction and also agriculture, including the development of sustainable agriculture of organic crop farming is progressing too slowly, greenhouse gas emissions are still high, the process of global warming continues to progress rapidly, the planet's greenhouse effect is worsening, the scale of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and the negative effects of climate change such as droughts, heat, water shortages are steadily increasing. Therefore, in parallel with the processes of green transformation of the economy, it is necessary to create systems for protecting the biosphere, counteracting the negative effects of climate change, safeguarding the achievements of human civilization from the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming in the future, using new technologies at the same time to organize solutions to reduce the scale of the negative impact of climate change processes on the man-made economy, and thus safeguarding future generations of people from the development of negative scenarios of future deepening of the said negative processes of climate change. Such protective measures, safeguarding the economy and limiting the scale of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming should also include farms. Within the framework of such protective measures, it is necessary to create technological solutions that increase the scale of saving water used in agriculture, develop systems and installations for catching rainwater and collecting it in specially created retention tanks, etc. In addition, as part of the development of sustainable organic agriculture, it is also necessary to improve waste separation and recycling systems, improve composting techniques, build small-scale power plants that generate energy for the farm from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas plants), return to old farming techniques, e.g., rotating and fallowing in order to increase the amount of water used in agriculture. rotation and fallowing to slow the process of soil aridity, replacement of pesticides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers with their organic counterparts, increasing the scale of agricultural biodiversity instead of production monocultures of crops of a single variety of agricultural crops, creation of crop varieties more resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, including more resistant to the worsening negative effects of climate change, etc. The implementation of this plan is expected to help
The implementation of the plan for the green transformation of the economy, including agriculture, is to be helped by a European Union program referred to as the EU's New Green Deal. Farmers are well aware of all this. However, on the other hand, in the online social media, organized criminal groups acting on behalf of certain political and business circles are carrying out disinformation and paraheterist actions vilifying the European Union and the EU's New Green Deal. Such organized disinformation and paraheterist activities have recently intensified in connection with the European Parliament elections.
I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How to maintain agriculture, a high level of productivity of agricultural crops in a situation of rapidly declining rainfall from year to year, intensifying summer heat, the progressive process of soil aridity, declining surface, subsoil and in some areas even deep water levels, increasingly frequent phenomena of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and other negative effects of the process of global warming that is progressing faster and faster?
How to sustain agriculture in the situation of the progressive process of global warming and the resulting water resources that are rapidly declining year after year?
How to maintain agriculture in the situation of the progressive process of global warming and the resulting rapidly declining water resources from year to year?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Development converstion agriculture is importment to maintain agriculture and environment health。
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Compare the cost dynamics of organic production systems with conventional farming methods, considering inputs, labor, and overall operational expenses, and discuss the economic feasibility of organic agriculture.
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Organic farming methods differ from conventional farming in several ways: Conventional farming uses chemical fertilizers to promote plant growth, while organic farming employs manure and compost to fertilize the soil. At input level, irrigation and labor costs were higher at organic farms, while other expenses (fertilizer, and especially pesticide costs) were lower. Overall, total production cost of organic farms was 14–40% lower compared to conventional farms, with 14–23% lower wheat yield. Organic farming requires more labour input than conventional farming, it is employment generating. Organic agriculture offers requires costlier agricultural inputs (such as HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc.). Conventional agricultural production is nearly doubles that of organic agriculture. However, the research also showed that converting to organic farming might significantly benefit the environment while reducing costs. Conventional farming (CF) includes a large amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use to increase the yields per hectare. Chemical and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are not applied in the organic farming (OF) system to reduce their adverse environmental impacts.
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I would like to open a discussion on my latest paper Ten reasons why Central Asia had to be the original homeland of Indo-Europeans, Gauls and Balkan peoples 04-24, which you can find on RG at :
Central Asia seems to me better suited than the Pontic steppe as the original homeland of the Eurasian original language, aswell as Indo-European language, taking into account linguistics, ancient scripts, genetics, archaeology, history, religion, thespread of agriculture, the PIE vocabulary relative to the horse, the wheel and the chariot, the development of long-distancetrade along the future Silk Road. The richness of mountain and river vocabulary also supports a PIE original homeland locatedin mountains with rivers rather than in the steppes. The Pontic steppe would be only a secondary homeland of IE languages. I welcome comments from researchers.
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Thanks Alexander
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The data derived from the World Bank shows that the summation of the value added of different economic sectors (agriculture, industry, manufacturing, and services) is not equal to GDP! Why?
A similar question is that the summation of the proportion of the economic sectors to GDP (%) is not equal to 100. Why?
This is true about all countries.
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Yes, the GDP is the sum total of all the final goods and services produced in an economy during a given period of time. However, it is not the case that only secondary sector produces goods. The primary sector (agriculture) is actually the building block of an economy. The service or tertiary sector is the third piece of a three-part economy. The first economic sector, the primary sector, covers the farming, mining and agricultural business activities in the economy. The secondary sector covers manufacturing and business activities that facilitate the production of tangible goods. The service sector, also called the tertiary sector contributes most of the GDP in India. Service-based industries, including professional and business services, real estate, finance, and health care, make up the bulk (70%) of U.S. GDP. In comparison, goods-producing industries like agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and construction play a smaller role. It accounts for nearly 14% of GDP, about 13 % of exports and supports half of the country's population as its principal source of income (58% of workforce). Lack of diversification of rural economy and slow growth in the prices of agriculture commodities and saturation of employment opportunities in the agriculture sector and very slow growth rate of agriculture and a fast rate of growth of other sectors. In 2022, the manufacturing sector's share of GDP in India was around 13 percent. There was a decrease registered as compared to the last year. The share of manufacturing in GDP has stayed consistent over the past years. Although agriculture and allied sectors are contributing about 17.5-18 per cent to the country's GDP, higher than other sectors, the situation of farmers is not as good as the people engaged in the services sector.
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Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, including, in particular, the negative effects on agricultural crops of the ongoing process of global warming, the scale of which will increase in the future?
Since the beginning of the first industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities have been increasing. During this period, the average level of atmospheric temperature has also been rising as a result of the greenhouse effect generated by the accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including primarily methane, a particularly greenhouse gas. The said greenhouse effect is the source of climate change, the main element of which is the accelerating process of global warming. The accelerating process of global warming is causing many adverse effects on human existence and on the planet's biosphere. The negative effects of the accelerating process of global warming include increasingly severe droughts occurring more frequently and covering larger and larger land areas, shortages of drinking water appearing in more and more new areas in many parts of the various continents, violent storms with heavy downpours becoming more frequent in some places, soil barrenness, increasingly higher temperatures and heat in the summer, a decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, and so on. The impact of these processes varies considerably across the world's land regions. For example, according to the World Meteorological Organization and the Copernicus program, i.e. the European Union's Earth observation program, Europe is the fastest warming continent. Since the beginning of the industrial age, the average temperature of the planet has risen by about 2.5 degrees C. Globally, the increase has been about 1 deg C lower. Also, the impact of the ongoing global warming process, i.e. the negative impact on individual industries and sectors of the economy, is and will also vary considerably. Agriculture, for example, is one of those sectors of the economy that will be particularly extremely negatively affected by the global warming process. Accordingly, in some countries, the agriculture carried out in the formula of traditional, intensive, production-intensive, unsustainable agriculture is already being converted to sustainable organic agriculture, which not only produces healthy and mainly or exclusively vegetable crops without the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and also applies the goals of sustainable development, the principles of the circular economy and generates energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources. In addition to the conversion of intensive-production formula agriculture to sustainable, emission-free organic farming, in some countries farms are already being prepared and hedged for the future scenario of deepening global warming in the coming years. In order to ensure that the level of crop yields does not drop significantly in the coming years, it is becoming necessary to build rainwater catchment facilities, building ponds and other retention tanks to collect rainwater. To this end, financial subsidies are offered to farmers from the state's public finance system for building such rainwater catching and collecting installations. In a situation where the green transformation of the economy is proceeding far too slowly relative to the needs, i.e. so as to quickly reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and slow down the process of global warming, the potential negative scenario of failure to carry out the plan to stop the increase in the average temperature level of the planet's atmosphere at up to 1.5 degrees C (since the beginning of the first industrial revolution) should be considered highly probable. However, if possible, it is necessary to carry out the green transformation of the economy as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that the exceedance of the 1.5 deg C level is as low as possible and thus the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive global warming process is as low as possible. Since agriculture is one of those sectors that are most vulnerable to the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, then in addition to the green transformation of agriculture that is being carried out, it is necessary to protect farms from the negative effects of climate change, which are steadily increasing from year to year, including increasingly frequent periods of drought, summer heat, weather anomalies, severe storms, etc., in a multifaceted way. In addition to this, it is also necessary to create new crop varieties that will be more resistant to the mentioned negative effects of climate change.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, including, first and foremost, the negative effects on agricultural crops of the ongoing process of global warming, the scale of which will increase in the future?
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, the scale of which will increase in the future?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Dariusz Prokopowicz , Such an important discussion. Personally, I believe that the readiness of agriculture to cope with the effects of climate change varies widely depending on factors such as geographic location, socio-economic conditions, technological advancements, and policy support. Regardless, while some agricultural systems have made significant progress in adapting to climate change, others remain vulnerable and inadequately prepared for the scale of future impacts. Therefore, I think that continued efforts to enhance adaptive capacity, promote sustainable practices, strengthen policy frameworks, and address underlying vulnerabilities are essential for ensuring the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of future climate impacts.
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What are the adaptation strategies for climate change in agriculture and what are the factors affecting climate change in agriculture?
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Increasing CO2 concentration benefits plant growth greatly. The planet is greening due to the extra CO2. Higher CO2 means that many plants need less water to be productive (stomata do not need to be open as much with more CO2, so they lose less water due to evapotranspiration). This effect counters some of the anticipated negative effects of a somewhat higher temperature.
Warming will increase the productivity of large areas of higher latitude (temperate) land (historical periods of cold, such as 'the little ice age' were periods of deprivation/starvation).
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In the current year, what are the effects of the progressive process of global warming in your region, in your country, in your environment, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
In the current year, what are the effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming in your environment, in your region, where you operate, in your country, in the surrounding natural environment, in nearby agricultural areas, in the city or countryside where you live, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
For example, in the country where I operate during the winter season, during a period where for many previous decades of time there was usually snow and temperatures were minus temperatures reaching as high as 20-30 degrees Frost is during the current "winter" in February 2024 there are positive temperatures all over the country, even positive double digits. Hoteliers, owners of ski slopes in the Tatra mountains are reporting much lower interest in their services. Fruit growers fear the return of morning frosts, which would cause the buds of flowers, which appear exceptionally early on shrubs and fruit trees, to freeze. Beekeepers fear for their bees, which have begun to leave their hives unusually early. But these are not the only effects of weather anomalies, climate disasters, climate change, the process of global warming, which has been occurring with increasing frequency in recent years. The negative effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming on the environment, on agriculture, on the economy as a whole, on human existence in cities and in the countryside are constantly increasing, and the scale of the negative impact of climate change is constantly growing. In the country in which I operate in the summer season in recent years there have been record high temperatures, increasingly persistent heat, longer and longer periods of drought, little rainfall and increasingly frequent forest fires. In some regions of the country, water supplies are already beginning to run out during periods when citizens are watering their gardens and flowerbeds, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc. At that time, local authorities are recommending restrictions on the use of tap water and imposing periodic bans on the use of clean water from the municipal water supply for watering lawns, washing cars and filling swimming pools. On the other hand, financial incentives, i.e. subsidies for the creation of water reservoirs for rainwater collection, rainwater catchment systems and irrigation of gardens, lawns, green areas, etc. with the help of rainwater thus collected, are being introduced as part of the increase in the scale of economical water consumption. The scale of the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming is increasing every year. In many regions of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, the productivity of agricultural crops in agriculture is declining, the number of pollinating insects is declining, green areas in cities are drying up, living conditions in urban areas are deteriorating, the demand for electricity is increasing, which is caused, among other things, by the increase in the scale of use of cooling equipment during summer heat waves, the level of biodiversity in areas of natural natural ecosystems is decreasing, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the processes of green transformation of the economy, including green transformation of such economic sectors as energy, agriculture, transportation, construction, heavy industry, etc.
I am conducting research on this issue. I study in a multifaceted and interdisciplinary way the issue of factors, determinants of climate change, the increasingly rapid process of global warming, and the effects of these processes on the environment, on civilization, agriculture, the economy, etc. On the other hand, I analyze the possibilities of smoothly carrying out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess into a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-cycle economy. By building a green, sustainable closed loop economy, it will be possible to slow down the still accelerating global warming process and reduce the negative effects of these climate change processes. Will it be possible to reverse these processes? Unfortunately, this is unlikely with the green transformation of the economy progressing as slowly as it is now, and the still low level of awareness of many citizens on this topic, ignoring the high level of relevance of this issue in the business and political world. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In the current year, what are the effects of climate change, of the accelerating process of global warming in your environment, in your region, where you operate, in your country, in the surrounding natural environment, in nearby agricultural areas, in the city or countryside where you live, in terms of the local microclimate, etc.?
In the current year, what are the effects of the ongoing global warming process in your region, in your country, in your surrounding environment, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Early flowering and fruiting in many plants.
1. Early flowering in Rhododendron arboreum.
2. Early fruiting in Myrica esculenta
Both the things have been observed in Uttarakhand Himalaya.
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What are the ways of carbon sequestration in agriculture and difference between restorative and regenerative agriculture?
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Dr Ayush Mishra thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Dear experts,
I am looking for some ways to speed up the formation of Sucrose in sugarcane by using specific nutrients (and their optimal levels) in fertilizer.
More specifically, can we produce a fertilizer which speed up the formation of Sucrose in sugarcane? If so, what nutrients (and in what optimal levels) should we combine?
Kind regards,
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Thank you for your detailed answer.
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Can beneficial microorganisms improve crop productivity and which microorganisms are used in agriculture to increase soil fertility as by their help?
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Dr Victor Manuel Moya Iglesias thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Does carbon sequestration help climate change and difference between natural farming and regenerative agriculture?
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Dr Paul Reed Hepperly thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Is it possible to use sodium polyphosphate instead of sodium hexametaphosphate to measure soil texture? How and in what concentration?
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I am discuss about only agriculture economics related topic
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Can agriculture reverse the impact of climate change and regenerative agriculture sequester enough carbon to actually stop or even reverse global warming?
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Dr Chandan De thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What part of development does agriculture most directly affect and role of microfinance and microcredit in transforming the rural India?
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Dr Mohammad Mominul Hoque thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What is the aging of biochar and effect of biochar aging in agricultural soil on its wetting properties and surface structure?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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I want to know what is the new problems at agriculture in Egypt
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The importance of agriculture for the Egyptian economy is still high today; almost 11 percent of the GDP is generated from the agricultural sector. Egypt's real GDP growth is expected to recover, reaching 4.7 percent, in the upcoming fiscal year (FY) 2024/2025, backed by the financing and policy package set by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Agriculture is a major component of the Egyptian economy, contributing 11.3 percent of the country's gross domestic product. The population of Egypt stood at 113.6 million in January 2024. However, Egypt is the world's principal producer of long-staple cotton (1.125 inches [2.85 cm] and longer), normally supplying about one-third of the world crop; total Egyptian cotton production, however, constitutes just a tiny fraction of the global yield.
The Egyptian agriculture sector had been plagued by numerous problems and obstacles
1. Degradation of arable land in the Nile Valley and Delta,
2. Population growth,
3. Declining productivity, and
4. Farmers abandoning agriculture due to its perceived lack of profitability.
5. Factors such as soil erosion, improper irrigation techniques,
6. Overuse of chemical fertilizers, and urban expansion contribute to the degradation of arable land.
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Respected Scientists,
As per my learning and understanding, spraying is not advised in strong windy conditions. But, when drones are employed, they fly with speed-Is it worth effective? in the present context of agricultural practices in India. Thanks for your reply
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Using drones for spraying in windy conditions can still be risky, as strong winds can affect the accuracy and efficiency of the spraying. However, drones equipped with advanced stabilization and navigation systems can mitigate some of these risks. It's essential to consider factors such as wind speed, direction, and the type of crop being sprayed. In some cases, drones may still be effective in mildly windy conditions, but it's always best to follow manufacturer recommendations and exercise caution to ensure safe and efficient spraying operations.
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What role does AI play in developing autonomous vehicles for agricultural purposes, such as driverless tractors?
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The artificial intelligence technology has profoundly impacted various industries of robotics, and agricultural autonomous vehicles have also greatly benefited from it. I believe its main profound impacts lie in two aspects: intelligent perception and intelligent decision-making.
Intelligent perception: Whether it is a large-scale harvesting agricultural robot or a small-scale harvesting agricultural robot, they need to be familiar with the working environment. Therefore, the perception sensors they carry are crucial. Commonly used perception sensors include optical vision cameras, LiDAR, millimeter-wave radar, etc. These sensors can help agricultural robots identify farmland roads, farmland weeds, fruit positions, and also assist agricultural robots in mapping the working environment for tasks such as path planning. The processing of these sensors requires mature deep neural networks such as CNN, RNN, pointnet, YOLO, etc.
Intelligent decision-making: Advanced artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT and transfer learning will certainly be applied in the agricultural field in the future. For example, based on various parameters of agricultural areas such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, oxygen, carbon dioxide concentration, and expert experience, these technologies can autonomously predict decisions like watering, weeding, pest control, harvesting, and send these commands to agricultural robots for execution. This ability to predict instructions based on expert experience is the application of artificial intelligence technology in agriculture.
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How can artificial intelligence optimize crop yields in agriculture?
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In artificial intelligence, it can optimize crop yield based on light colors received by proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors to optimize crop yield.
We can cite a technology similar to VRT variable rate technology as an example.
Numbers can be programmed and set by color.
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How can AI-powered monitoring systems help in early detection and prevention of crop pests and diseases?
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AI agrobots have proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors.
These sensors are very sensitive in detecting diseases and pests.
Agrobots have GPS, WiFi, CPU and sensors.
Using these technologies, Artificial Intelligence integrates the initial data entered into the processor through the program into the system. As a result, it detects new factors that change in the field through sensors.
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In what ways can artificial intelligence (AI) be leveraged to enhance agricultural and environmental sustainability practices, and what are the key challenges in implementing AI-driven solutions in this context?
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AI can promote agricultural and environmental sustainability in several ways:
1. Precision farming: AI technologies, such as drones, sensors, and satellite imagery, can collect and analyze data on soil moisture, nutrient levels, pest infestations, and crop health. This allows farmers to optimize their use of resources like water, fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.
2. Predictive analytics: AI algorithms can forecast weather patterns, pest outbreaks, and crop yields with greater accuracy. This enables farmers to make informed decisions about planting schedules, pest management strategies, and harvest timing, leading to higher productivity and resource efficiency.
3. Crop management: AI-powered systems can recommend the best crop varieties for specific environmental conditions, as well as optimal planting densities and spacing. This helps farmers maximize yields while minimizing inputs and environmental degradation.
4. Supply chain optimization: AI algorithms can optimize logistics, storage, and transportation processes in the agricultural supply chain, reducing food waste and carbon emissions. By streamlining operations, AI contributes to a more sustainable and efficient food system.
Challenges in implementing AI for agricultural and environmental sustainability include:
1. Access to technology: Many farmers, especially smallholders in developing countries, may lack access to the necessary infrastructure, equipment, and technical expertise to adopt AI solutions. Bridging the digital divide and providing training and support are essential for widespread adoption.
2. Data privacy and security: AI relies on vast amounts of data, including sensitive information about farm operations and environmental conditions. Ensuring data privacy and protecting against cyber threats is crucial to building trust and encouraging adoption among farmers and other stakeholders.
3. Cost and scalability: AI technologies can be expensive to develop, implement, and maintain, especially for small-scale farmers with limited financial resources. Finding cost-effective solutions and scaling up deployment to reach a wide range of users remain significant challenges.
4. Ethical considerations: AI raises ethical concerns related to bias, fairness, and accountability, particularly when algorithms are used to make decisions with potentially far-reaching consequences for farmers, consumers, and the environment. Addressing these ethical issues is essential for building public trust and ensuring responsible AI deployment in agriculture.
Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of AI for agricultural and environmental sustainability are significant, and ongoing research and innovation are critical for overcoming barriers to adoption and realizing these benefits.
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What is the role of artificial fertilizers on soil fertility and agriculture what to be added in infertile soil to make it fertile?
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Artificial fertilizers play a significant role in agriculture by providing essential nutrients to plants, thus enhancing soil fertility. These fertilizers typically contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are vital for plant growth and development. However, over-reliance on artificial fertilizers can lead to soil degradation and environmental pollution.
To improve the fertility of infertile soil, various organic amendments can be added. These include:
1. Compost: Composting organic matter such as kitchen scraps, yard waste, and manure creates nutrient-rich compost that enhances soil structure and fertility.
2. Manure: Animal manure provides a source of organic matter and nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which can improve soil fertility.
3. Cover crops: Planting cover crops like legumes or grasses helps to prevent soil erosion, suppress weeds, and add organic matter to the soil through their decomposing roots.
4. Green manure: Green manure crops are grown and then incorporated into the soil to improve its fertility. These crops, such as clover or alfalfa, add organic matter and fix nitrogen from the atmosphere.
5. Mulching: Mulching with materials like straw, leaves, or wood chips helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and gradually enrich the soil as the mulch breaks down.
By incorporating these organic amendments, infertile soil can be gradually transformed into fertile, productive soil without relying solely on artificial fertilizers.
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What are the emerging trends in AI-driven vertical farming and indoor agriculture?
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Vertical Farming is a novel method of growing crops by artificially stacking plants vertically above each other either in skyscrapers or by using the third dimension of space.Vertical farming systems offer precise monitoring and control of growth conditions using real-time sensors,the system optimized resource utilization, reducing water and energy consumption while maximizing crop yield and quality, ensures high yield year-round, destroying seasonal barriers. Resource conservation: unlike traditional practice, vertical farming technology in India utilizes less water and fertilizers due to efficient absorption. AI technologies in sustainable vertical farming for a resilient and sustainable future in agriculture.
1. Optimizing automated irrigation systems.
2. Detecting leaks or damage to irrigation systems.
3. Crop and soil monitoring.
4. Detecting disease and pests.
5. Monitoring livestock health.
6. Intelligent pesticide application.
7. Yield mapping and predictive analytics.
8. Automatic weeding and harvesting.
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Agri-SAR image database?
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Of cours, yeas, any one can suggest me the way of getting Agricultural SAR images? or any database available
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What is regenerative agriculture role in restoring our earth and relationship between carbon and agriculture?
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Respected Sir, Regenerative agriculture plays a crucial role in restoring our Earth by improving soil health, enhancing biodiversity, and sequestering carbon. The relationship between carbon and agriculture is intertwined, as agricultural practices directly influence carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Regenerative agriculture practices promote carbon sequestration in the soil through increased organic matter inputs, reduced soil disturbance, and enhanced ecosystem resilience. By restoring degraded land, mitigating climate change, and fostering sustainable food production, regenerative agriculture contributes to the health and resilience of our planet.
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What is soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture and difference between carbon farming and carbon sequestration?
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Respected Sir, Soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture involves practices that enhance the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil. This is achieved by increasing organic matter inputs, promoting soil health, and reducing soil disturbance, leading to improved soil structure and microbial activity. Regenerative agriculture techniques include no-till farming, cover cropping, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the use of compost and organic amendments. Carbon farming, on the other hand, refers to agricultural practices specifically designed to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils. While carbon farming encompasses various approaches, including regenerative agriculture, it also includes practices such as afforestation (planting trees on agricultural land), reforestation, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. In summary, soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture is a subset of carbon farming, focusing specifically on enhancing carbon storage in agricultural soils through sustainable farming practices. Carbon farming, meanwhile, encompasses a broader range of techniques aimed at sequestering carbon in both vegetation and soils across various land use types.
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What are the future technologies of agriculture in India and renewable energy technologies address environmental challenges in climate resilient agriculture?
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Various technologies based on a precision estimation of crop water needs; groundwater recharge techniques; adoption of scientific water conservation methods; altering the fertilizer and irrigation schedules; cultivating less water requiring varieties; adjusting the planting dates; irrigation scheduling. AI-powered systems can automate irrigation, predict disease outbreaks, and optimize resource allocation, making crop management more precise and effective. The adoption of precision farming technologies is driven by the need to enhance crop yields, enhance sustainability and reduce input costs. Future agriculture will use sophisticated technologies such as robots, temperature and moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS technology. These advanced devices and precision agriculture and robotic systems will allow farms to be more profitable, efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. Farmers can optimize resource utilization, enhance productivity, and make data-driven decisions to ensure sustainable and efficient farming practices by leveraging the power of connected devices, sensors, and data analytics with the help of an IoT consulting services provider. Climate change is, hands down, the biggest challenge and the biggest opportunity for the future of agriculture. Reaching a 'net zero' food system will require collaboration and innovation across the globe, given that food systems currently emit about a third of global greenhouse gases.These renewable technologies can power irrigation systems, provide electricity to farms, and even harness energy from agricultural residues, reducing emissions and lowering energy costs for farmers while aligning with global climate mitigation goals. Technologies such as solar-powered photovoltaics, water pumps and vaccine chains can enhance resilience by ensuring independent water and energy supplies to remote rural facilities, and for continued use during emergencies.Conservation agriculture technologies, soil conservation practices and nutrient recharge strategies can refill soil organic matter by giving a protective soil cover. Power generated by renewable sources, such as wind, water, and sunlight, does not produce harmful carbon dioxide emissions that lead to climate change, which causes drought, wildfires, flooding, poverty, health risks, species loss, and more. The transition to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is a cornerstone of climate resilience. These technologies not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also provide reliable energy sources, even in the face of adverse weather conditions. Renewable energy sources which are available in abundance all around us, provided by the sun, wind, water, waste, and heat from the Earth are replenished by nature and emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air.
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What are the possibilities for creating vegetable, fruit and flower gardens in urban areas and using generative artificial intelligence technology in their planning and management?
The ever-increasing price of food products purchased by consumers in stores is another argument for buying products directly from a farmer producing real healthy, non-chemical-soaked crops produced according to the formula of sustainable organic farming, bypassing middlemen, commodity logistics centers, processing plants, stores and shopping malls, which sell crops or processed food products many times more expensive compared to the farmer's prices, and/or to set up a fruit and vegetable garden for your own needs and become independent of expensive middlemen and unnecessary costs. With such a solution, the farmer would earn more and the consumer would buy healthy crops much cheaper. Well, but the political pressure for these simple solutions to many problems is not there. Why? Because then the revenue from indirect taxes to the state budget, from VAT would be able to fall significantly, and after all, VAT is still the main source of revenue to the state budget in Poland. Well, such is the tax system we have. And could it be different? It could, but unfortunately it's easier to tax citizens and entities with lower and lowest incomes than those with higher incomes, who often also set up fictitious headquarters in tax havens in order to additionally pay even less taxes into the state's public finance system. Besides, this kind of solution would be good for the climate and the environment for many reasons. Maintaining home vegetable, fruit and flower gardens would save money for citizens, reduce environmental pollution from exhaust fumes emitted by cars transporting agricultural crops from the field to logistics centers, agri-food processing companies and then processed food products delivered to stores, shopping centers in cities, food discounters and hypermarkets. In addition, citizens who run vegetable and fruit gardens to obtain their own vegetable crops, their own vegetables and fruits usually do not use chemical pesticides, so the resulting food is realistically healthier than what is purchased in vegetable stores, discount stores and hypermarkets, where vegetables and fruits and the processed food products made from them go, which were grown in farm fields in a model of intensive, production-intensive, highly exploitative soil, climate and environment unsustainable agriculture formula. On the other hand, in the situation of running subsistence vegetable, fruit and flower gardens without the use of chemical pesticides, in which most or all of the farming and tending work is done by hand, with a high level of biodiversity, taking into account the coexistence in the garden of different species and varieties of crops, vegetables, fruits, flower meadows, shrubs and trees is this type of mini-agriculture, running the said gardens is close to the formula of pro-ecological, pro-climate, pro-environmental sustainable organic agriculture. Occurring in this kind of biodiverse gardens also flower meadows, flowering various species of grasses, perennials, meadow plants, as well as shrubs and trees is very friendly to pollinating insects, including bees, whose population has declined by several tens of percent over the past few decades of time. In addition, in such flower gardens, insect houses are increasingly being built and/or beehives are being erected to ensure the functioning of pollinating insects in the micro-biodiversity ecosystem thus created. On the other hand, in managing even small home vegetable and flower gardens, in their planning and organzation, the new information technology of advanced data processing, including generative artificial intelligence technology, can be of great help.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.
I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What are the possibilities for the creation of vegetable-fruit-flower gardens in urban areas and the use of generative artificial intelligence technology in their planning and management?
What are the possibilities of creating small, biodiverse vegetable, fruit and flower gardens in cities run by traditional techniques?
And what is your opinion about it?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Possibilities for creating small, biodiverse vegetable, fruit and flower gardens in urban areas:
1. Diverse vegetable, fruit and flower requirement of dwellers of cities w.r.t. health, festivity, social gatherings and other event celebrations.
2. High demand of fresh exotic fruits, vegetables and fruits particularly in upper middle class and elite group.
3. Quick availability of techno-managerial agri-inputs in peri-urban areas/cities.
4. Greater market opportunities
5. Premium prices of produce
6. Abundance of skilled operators particularly AI professionals in peri-urban areas/cities
7. Least wastage due to short transportation distance.
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What is the agricultural challenge ahead in building cutting edge agricultural solution to raise farmer incomes and renewable energy sources affect carbon emissions?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What could be the positive and negative consequences in agriculture after the successful use of artificial intelligence in agriculture?
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thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What is the importance of rhizosphere microorganisms in agriculture and environment and role of microbial communities in soil health and agriculture?
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Rhizosphere microorganisms, teeming around plant roots, are unseen allies in both agriculture
and environmental health. Let's delve into their importance:
Agriculture Benefits:
● Nutrient Powerhouse: These microbes act as decomposers, breaking down organic matter
in the soil and releasing essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that
plants readily absorb, promoting healthy growth [1].
● Plant Protectors: Some rhizosphere bacteria are warriors against pathogens! They can
suppress the growth of harmful soilborne fungi and bacteria, safeguarding plants from
disease [2].
● Growth Promoters: Certain microbes produce growth hormones that directly stimulate plant
growth and root development [2].
● Stress Resilience: Plants under stress from drought or salinity can benefit from interactions
with rhizosphere microbes that help them tolerate these harsh conditions [3].
Environmental Champions:
● Nutrient Cycling: Rhizosphere microorganisms play a pivotal role in cycling nutrients within
the ecosystem. By decomposing organic matter, they return nutrients back to the soil, making
them available for plants and maintaining soil fertility [1].
● Soil Health Guardians: A healthy rhizosphere microbiome contributes to good soil structure,
improves water infiltration, and enhances soil aggregation, all crucial for preventing erosion
and maintaining a healthy environment [3].
Microbial Communities and Soil Health:
The diversity and abundance of microbial communities in the soil are key indicators of soil
health. A rich and balanced microbial community translates to a more fertile and productive soil.
These microbes perform numerous vital functions:
● Decomposition: As mentioned earlier, they break down organic matter, releasing nutrients
for plants and contributing to the soil's carbon cycle [1].
● Nutrient Transformation: They convert nutrients from unavailable forms to plant-usable
ones, optimizing nutrient use efficiency in the ecosystem [2].
● Soil Structure: Microbial activity helps create a crumbly soil structure, promoting aeration,
drainage, and water infiltration [3]
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Artificial intelegince
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Artificial intelligence (AI) can be applied in agriculture in various ways: 1. Precision Farming: AI can analyze data from satellites, drones, and sensors to provide insights into soil health, crop growth, and pest infestations. This enables farmers to optimize inputs such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, leading to increased yields and cost savings. 2. Crop Monitoring and Management: AI algorithms can analyze images of crops to detect diseases, nutrient deficiencies, and weed infestations. This helps farmers take timely action to mitigate risks and improve crop health. 3. Predictive Analytics: By analyzing historical data on weather patterns, soil conditions, and crop performance, AI can forecast yields, market prices, and optimal planting times. This allows farmers to make informed decisions and maximize profitability. 4. Robotic Automation: AI-powered robots can perform tasks such as planting, weeding, and harvesting with precision and efficiency. This reduces labor costs and ensures consistent quality in crop production. 5. Supply Chain Optimization: AI algorithms can optimize logistics and distribution networks to minimize food waste, reduce transportation costs, and improve traceability from farm to fork. 6. Livestock Monitoring: AI-enabled sensors and wearable devices can monitor the health and behavior of livestock, providing early warning signs of illness and optimizing feeding and breeding practices. 7. Decision Support Systems: AI-based decision support systems can provide personalized recommendations to farmers based on their specific circumstances and goals, helping them make better choices about crop selection, rotation, and management practices. Overall, AI has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by making farming more efficient, sustainable, and resilient to the challenges of climate change and population growth.
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How is machine learning used in agriculture and how is future farming advancing agriculture with artificial intelligence?
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Dr Idris Muniru thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What is the role of artificial intelligence in advancement of agriculture and environmental significance of organic carbon?
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Dr Safiul Haque Chowdhury thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How robot farmers and artificial intelligence are changing agriculture and how are robots changing the future?
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Dr Safiul Haque Chowdhury thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Artificial intelegince
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AI in agriculture enables precision farming through data analysis from drones and sensors, optimizing inputs like water and fertilizers. It aids in early detection of crop diseases and pests, enhancing yield and reducing losses. Autonomous vehicles and robots powered by AI perform tasks like planting and harvesting with precision and efficiency, reducing labor costs. Additionally, AI facilitates market forecasting, genetic analysis for crop breeding, and streamlining supply chain logistics for better management and profitability in agriculture.
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How can climate smart agricultural practices contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and preservation of endangered species and role of CA preserving biodiversity?
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Dr Ruben Barone thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How is artificial intelligence used in environmental sustainability and climate change and how is future farming advancing agriculture with artificial intelligence?
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Dr Thabang Manoko Lekaba thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What type of microorganism has complex nutritional requirements and role of microbial communities in soil health and agriculture?
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Microorganisms with complex nutritional requirements are often referred to as fastidious microorganisms. These organisms have specific and intricate nutritional needs, requiring precise conditions for growth. Examples include certain bacteria and fungi.
Microbial communities play a crucial role in soil health and agriculture. Beneficial microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and disease suppression. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nutrient uptake, while nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants. Maintaining a diverse and balanced microbial community in soil is essential for sustainable agriculture and crop productivity.
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Can yield and soil carbon fractions be improved by conservation agriculture and why is soil aggregation important in agriculture?
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Conservation agriculture helps counter soil constraints
on agriculture and can contribute to improvement of soil organic matter and an improved of the physical chemical and bilogical soil condition.
Predominately clay can fuse together become cemented thereby not allowing optimized percolation aeration which is vital to plant grown and development.
When clay combines with organic matter based cationic mineral bridging the structural becomes granular and this aggregate structure imparts improved soil quality.
Calcium can improve the soil structure and lime can reduce soil acid infertility issues and in alkaline condition calcium as gypsum can tret the salinity issues.
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How AI has changed the farming and agriculture sector and role of artificial intelligence in agriculture?
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Dr Joseph Kipkorir Cheruiyot thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How are robots changing agriculture and how can artificial intelligence change India's future in agriculture?
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Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Does rice cultivation in Iran and all over the world cause the production of methane gas and destroy the ozone layer?
As you know, one of the most destructive gases that destroys the ozone layer is methane gas (CH4). About 60% of the total methane gas is related to human activity. The most methane gas emissions are from rice fields. Paddy fields are responsible for nearly a quarter of human resource methane gas production. Decomposing bacteria in the stagnant water of rice fields (especially in South and Southeast Asia and the Far East) are the main cause of methane gas production. Other activities that cause an increase in methane gas include animal husbandry, burning of straw and coal, burning and agricultural waste water. Since the number of livestock increases by 5% and the amount of agricultural land increases by 7%, the annual share of these resources is increasing every year. Because the rate of decomposition of methane gas by bacteria is slower than its production rate. Ruminant animals speed up the production of methane gas by digesting food and excreting it. They are in the atmosphere. And it causes the ozone layer to be destroyed sooner.
Henrik Rasmus Andersen added a reply
You are right about the emission of methane. However methane doesn’t destroy the ozone layer. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, though.
Prem Baboo added a reply
Yes, growing rice produces methane, a greenhouse gas more than 30 times as potent as carbon dioxide. Methane is also a potent greenhouse gas, meaning it affects climate change by contributing to increased warming and The reaction of ozone with methane produces carbon dioxide and water vapor. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been identified as the main cause of the destruction to the ozone layer, but there are also compounds containing bromine, other halogen compounds and also nitrogen oxides which cause damage.
Alain Robichaud added a reply
I agree with Henrik. Methane does not directly participate to ozone layer destruction. But methane is a strong greenhouse gas. However, indirectly it could contribute through climate change.
Climate change can influence the size of the ozone hole indirectly by affecting the temperature and dynamics of the stratosphere, where ozone depletion occurs. The cooling of the stratosphere due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations can enhance certain chemical reactions that contribute to ozone depletion.
-Polar Vortex: The size of the ozone hole is strongly influenced by the polar vortex, a large-scale circulation pattern that forms in the stratosphere during the polar winter. Within the polar vortex, temperatures drop significantly, creating conditions that facilitate the chemical reactions responsible for ozone depletion. Climate change can affect the strength and stability of the polar vortex, which in turn can influence the size and duration of the ozone hole.
-Feedback Loops: Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and temperature gradients due to climate change can lead to feedback loops that further enhance ozone depletion in polar regions. For example, changes in atmospheric circulation can affect the transport of ozone-depleting substances and ozone-depleted air masses, exacerbating ozone loss in the polar regions.
In summary, while climate change can indirectly influence the size of the ozone hole by affecting stratospheric temperatures and atmospheric circulation patterns, the primary cause of ozone depletion and the expansion of the ozone hole in polar regions is the release of ozone-depleting substances by human activities. These references could help you.
References:
Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S., & Wuebbles, D. J. (2012). On the depletion of Antarctic ozone. Nature, 55(7403), 389-395. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10190]
Thompson, D. W., & Solomon, S. (2002). Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science, 296(5569), 895-899. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1069270]
Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A., & Schauffler, S. M. (2006). When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover?. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(12). [DOI: 10.1029/2005GL025232]
Polvani, L. M., Waugh, D. W., Correa, G. J., & Son, S. W. (2011). Stratospheric ozone depletion: The main driver of twentieth-century atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere. Journal of Climate, 24(3), 795-812. [DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3772.1]
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN: 9781107661820]
Robichaud et al. (2010) Impact of energetic particle precipitation on stratospheric polar constituents: an assessment using monitoring and assimilation of operational MIPAS data. https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/10/1739/2010/acp-10-1739-2010.pdf
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Dear, Dr. Abbas Kashani
A very interesting question has been raised by you. But the world's agricultural situation is not interesting and is problematic. In this regard, pay attention to the attached scientific-research article.
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Hi all!
I have been trying to get a hold of official and legitimate databases or listings for online agriculture-related workshops. I know FAO has an extensive e-learning academy that offers a wide range of learning content. Are there any other similar organizations that hold online events for professional development in agricultural sciences?
Any help is appreciated.
Cheers!
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Dear, Dr. Kamyar amirhosseini.
As you are trying to find the best place (Official portals for agricultural workshops) for agricultural training, you will reach your goal.
But, agriculture itself includes many components.
No educational institution or country is perfect in the field of agriculture, not even FAO.
But what is the purpose of your efforts in this story?
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How can artificial intelligence change India's future in agriculture and how robots are changing the farming industry?
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AI in Indian agriculture has the potential to improve farm production, alleviate supply chain restrictions, and expand market access. It has the potential to benefit the entire agriculture value chain. Applications and solutions that use AI in agriculture have been created to assist farmers in precise and regulated farming by giving them the right advice on water management, crop rotation, timely harvesting, the type of crop to be cultivated, optimal planting, pest attacks, and nutrition management. AI can monitor plant health, detect diseases, identify and remove weeds, and suggest effective pest control methods. AI can determine optimal irrigation schedules, and nutrient application timings, and recommend suitable agronomic products. AI helps farmers choose the optimum seed for a particular weather scenario. It also offers data on weather forecasts. AI-powered solutions will help farmers produce more with fewer resources, increase crop quality, and hasten product time to reach the market. AI aids in understanding soil qualities. Robots equipped with sensors and GPS technology can analyze soil conditions, monitor crop health, and apply fertilizers or pesticides with pinpoint accuracy. This not only reduces chemical usage but also enhances crop yields. By automating repetitive tasks, agricultural robots enhance productivity, use resources more efficiently, and lower food production costs. Consequently, they promote sustainable agriculture practices and contribute to a greener future. Agricultural robots, also called Agribots or Agbots, use artificial intelligence (AI) technology to perform agriculture activities like harvesting, sowing, mowing, and spraying, among others. These robots have automated tasks, enhanced productivity, and reduced labour-intensive processes, saving time and money.Robots have a wide range of applications within the agricultural industry from performing complex tasks such as monitoring crops and measuring PH levels in the soil, to simpler tasks of picking-and-packing fruits and vegetables and planting seeds. Robots have a wide range of applications within the agricultural industry from performing complex tasks such as monitoring crops and measuring PH levels in the soil, to simpler tasks of picking-and-packing fruits and vegetables and planting seeds.
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How artificial intelligence will affect the future of energy and climate and role of digital technology in agriculture?
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The use of artificial intelligence (AI) can contribute to the fight against climate change. Existing AI systems include tools that predict weather, track icebergs and identify pollution. AI can also be used to improve agriculture and reduce its environmental impact. AI has the potential to bring about numerous positive changes in society, including enhanced productivity, improved healthcare, and increased access to education. AI will contribute to the development of dynamic pricing models that adapt to real-time supply and demand conditions. This enables more flexible and responsive energy pricing, encouraging efficient energy use and facilitating the integration of renewable sources. t can accurately predict the energy intake of solar buildings and the scale estimation of PV systems and has been widely developed in renewable energy. AI can also offer solutions for fossil energy procurement management, power-generation plans, and investment strategies, enhancing energy security It can give the best technological predictions about the best crops to grow using both the new and pre-existing data from your farm and other external factors like the weather reports. Not only this but artificial intelligence can recognize pest diseases and help in fighting them faster. Digital technology changes economic activity by lowering the costs of replicating, transporting, tracking, verifying, and searching for data. Due to these falling costs, digital technology will improve efficiency throughout the agricultural value chain. It can help in generating real-time actionable insights for improving crop yield, controlling pests, assisting in soil screening, and providing actionable data for farmers, and reducing their workload
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How robot farmers and artificial intelligence are changing agriculture and how is future farming advancing agriculture with artificial intelligence?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What are the potential applications of gene editing technology in agriculture and food security and future of CRISPR technologies in agriculture?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What are the pros and cons of gene editing in agriculture and how the technology should be fitted to the agricultural industry to attain the future needs?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How can artificial intelligence technology combined with Big Data Analytics help in the development of sustainable organic farming as an important part of the green transformation of the agricultural sector?
How can artificial intelligence technology combined with Big Data Analytics help in the design, planning and development of a crop farm within the framework of the sustainable organic farming formula as an essential element of the green transformation of the agricultural sector, the green transformation of the economy and the protection of the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
Generative artificial intelligence technology is used in various fields of economic activity, in business entities operating in different sectors of the economy, in different spheres of human activity. Intelligent chatbots available on the Internet are used, among other things, for the rapid development of plans, projects of various activities, ventures, etc. Since chatGPT and other similar intelligent chatbots were taught, trained using artificial neural networks as part of a deep learning process on large data sets downloaded from the Internet from selected database websites, libraries, indexing databases of scientific publications, articles and books, etc., so they take into account a large body of knowledge from various scientific disciplines. The aforementioned body of knowledge also covers various aspects of agriculture, including organic farming. In this regard, artificial intelligence technology combined with Big Data Analytics can help in the design, planning and development of a crop farm within the framework of the sustainable organic farming formula as an important component of the green transformation of the agricultural sector, the green transformation of the economy and the protection of the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems. Planning for the green transformation of agriculture takes into account, first of all, increasing efficiency with a return to traditional agricultural techniques developed several centuries and more ago, i.e. agriculture without the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical pesticides; cultivated fields of small areas separated by green belts composed of flower meadows, shrubs, trees, forests; various vegetables and fruits grown side by side; crops characterized by high levels of biodiversity; incompletely regulated rivers, occurring floodplains, marshy areas not drained; additionally created ponds and other water reservoirs to collect rainwater; home gardens and orchards with beehive apiaries containing swarms of honey bees; compost piles with superfluous waste from used crops, etc. In addition, sustainable organic farming is being developed with the goal of decarbonizing agriculture in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, including methane, which is particularly dangerous to the climate. Reducing the emissivity will slow down the planet's greenhouse effect and slow down the progressive process of global warming. Besides, the green transformation of agriculture will reduce the scale of environmental pollution, deforestation, contribute to improving the microclimate, slow the process of soil aridity and reduce the scale of increasingly frequent periods of drought. Thus, thanks to the implemented green transformation of agriculture carried out in accordance with the implementation of the goals of sustainable development, climate and environmental social responsibility, the implementation of the principles of sustainable organic farming will significantly increase the scale of sustainability of agriculture in relation to the climate and the surrounding environment. Since in the framework of the carried out green transformation of agriculture, including the planning of farm organization in accordance with the formula of sustainable organic agriculture, it is necessary to take into account a lot of data, information on the ever-changing factors of climate, environment, soil, surrounding natural ecosystems of nature, different techniques of crop production, different varieties of crops, etc. so helpful in this regard probably is the application of analytical technology of multi-criteria processing of large sets of data and information using big Data Analytics platforms and generative technology of artificial intelligence enabling intelligent processing of large sets of data.
The key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology are described in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in my article below:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How can artificial intelligence technology combined with Big Data Analytics help in the design, planning and development of a crop farm within the framework of the sustainable organic farming formula as an important element of the green transformation of the agricultural sector, the green transformation of the economy and the protection of the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
How can artificial intelligence technology and Big Data Analytics help in the development of sustainable organic agriculture?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data Analytics can significantly contribute to the development of sustainable organic agriculture in several ways:
1. Precision farming: By using sensors, drones, and other tools to collect data on various factors like soil health, weather patterns, and crop growth, AI can analyze this "big data" and recommend precise actions. This allows for:
Optimized irrigation: AI can determine the exact amount of water needed for each specific area of the field, avoiding overwatering and water waste.
Targeted application of resources: AI can identify areas where nutrients or pest control measures are necessary, minimizing unnecessary use of organic fertilizers and pesticides.
Improved crop health monitoring: AI algorithms can detect early signs of disease or nutrient deficiencies in crops, enabling early intervention to minimize damage and waste.
2. Enhanced decision-making: By analyzing historical data and weather patterns, AI can predict future trends and suggest optimal planting times, crop rotations, and resource allocation strategies. This can help farmers make informed decisions that improve yields and resource efficiency while adhering to organic principles.
3. Improved pest and disease management: AI-powered image recognition can automatically detect pests and diseases in crops, allowing for targeted organic control methods instead of broad-spectrum applications. Additionally, AI can analyze historical data to predict pest outbreaks and suggest preventive measures.
4. Optimization of organic fertilizer and pesticide development: AI can analyze vast datasets to identify potential organic compounds with pest control or nutrient-enhancing properties. This can accelerate the development of new and effective organic solutions.
5. Promoting soil health: AI can analyze soil data and recommend practices that improve soil health, a crucial aspect of sustainable organic agriculture. This can involve suggesting cover cropping strategies, composting techniques, and other organic methods to maintain soil fertility and biodiversity.
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What impact does artificial intelligence have on the environment and how can it help address environmental challenges in climate smart agriculture?
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a double-edged sword for the environment. Here's a breakdown of its impact:
Negative impacts:
  • High energy consumption: Training and running complex AI models requires massive amounts of computing power, which translates to high energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, worsening climate change [Nature].
  • E-waste: The ever-growing reliance on AI hardware leads to a surge in electronic waste, which can be toxic if not disposed of responsibly [Schroders].
Positive impacts:
  • Sustainability solutions: AI can be a powerful tool for developing and implementing sustainable practices across industries.Precision agriculture: AI can optimize resource use in agriculture by analyzing data to predict crop yields, recommend targeted fertilizer and pesticide application, and even deploy robots for weed control, minimizing waste and environmental impact [GRC Global Group]. Smart grids: AI can optimize energy consumption in power grids by analyzing real-time data and balancing demand with supply, leading to reduced reliance on fossil fuels [GRC Global Group]. Forestry management: AI can analyze satellite imagery and sensor data to track deforestation and promote sustainable forestry practices [GRC Global Group].
AI for climate-smart agriculture:
AI has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by promoting practices that are good for both productivity and the environment. Here are some examples:
  • Precision irrigation: AI can analyze data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and crop needs to deliver the right amount of water at the right time, reducing water waste.
  • Disease and pest control: AI-powered systems can detect crop diseases and pests at early stages, allowing for targeted interventions that minimize pesticide use.
  • Crop yield prediction: AI models can predict crop yields based on various factors, allowing farmers to optimize planting decisions and reduce food waste.
By harnessing AI responsibly and focusing on energy-efficient algorithms and hardware, we can unlock its potential to create a more sustainable future for agriculture and the environment.
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Could these AI robots replace farmers and make agriculture more sustainable and AI can be used in agriculture to increase sustainability?
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Dr Neelam Sahu thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What is the role of microorganisms in the nutrient cycle and what microorganisms convert agricultural wastes to compost?
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Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How to build an effective system of rainwater harvesting in floodplains with river flooding, local flooding and waterlogging occurring after winter or violent storms in a situation of successively worsening drought, declining surface, subsurface and deep water resources?
Under the conditions of deepening negative effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming, the following question becomes more and more relevant and timely: how to build an effective system of rainwater collection in floodplains, where river flooding, local flooding and flooding occurring after winter or violent storms in a situation of successively parallel deepening problem of drought, declining surface, subcutaneous and deep water resources?
The negative effects of progressive climate change, the occurrence of more and more frequent weather anomalies, the occurrence of climatic disasters in many parts of the world and other effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming are deepening year by year. In many parts of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, higher and higher temperatures during summer heatwaves, longer and more severe periods of drought are being recorded year after year. Low surface water levels and droughts are not only the result of the progressive process of global warming, but also of improperly carried out land reclamation and drainage of wetlands and marshes, as well as the overexploitation of a large part of the land area under unsustainable agriculture carried out under the formula of intensive production of agricultural crops, including crops mainly for the production of livestock feed. On the other hand, in some parts of the world, increasingly frequent weather anomalies cause violent storms and downpours resulting in the occurrence of floods and flooding. The aforementioned floods and waterlogging are increasingly occurring in areas used for agriculture and in areas of urban agglomerations, which causes additional problems and economic losses.
At present, i.e. in February 2024, in many parts of the world in the Northern Hemisphere of planet Earth on the one hand where the snow has recently fallen there are floods and waterlogging during the thaw, and paradoxically in other countries next to those lying tens or hundreds of kilometers away there are record high temperatures and record particularly troublesome droughts, historically lowest water levels in rivers and lakes, a decrease in the level of subcutaneous and deep-sea water resources. In countries currently experiencing record droughts, legally normalized bans are being imposed on the use of water for watering lawns, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc., and even restrictions are being placed on the use of water in the irrigation of agricultural fields. On the other hand, the Southern Hemisphere of the planet experiences record heat during the summer season of the planet's south and subtropical zones. Chile in South America in January-February 2024 is experiencing record heat, high temperatures causing numerous forest fires. The burning forests caused fires in many cities, towns and villages, where many citizens ran various tourist and other services and lost everything because of the fires. The scale of the fires that occurred in Chile caused the government to impose states of disaster and states of emergency in many regions of the country, in which many residential homes, business buildings, hotels, tourist resorts and other building infrastructure were socialized. The scale of damage caused by these fires is the largest in many years.
In view of the above, it is necessary to take systemic and integrated measures, which, on the one hand, should limit the scale of the progressive process of global warming and thus should result in reducing the scale of the negative effects of climate change. On the other hand, it is necessary to adequately protect land areas characterized by a high level of risk of periodic accumulation of large amounts of surface and subsurface water from flooding and waterlogging. As part of the improvement of flood risk management, it is necessary to create a system of retention reservoirs, in which the regulation of the level of accumulated water reserves should be correlated with the results of the long-term weather forecasts carried out and the weather and climate change forecast models developed on their basis. Big Data Analytics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other ICT information technologies of advanced multi-criteria data processing and Industry 4.0/5.0 can help in this regard. Besides, over-regulated and concreted riverbeds should be naturalized to allow controlled dumping of excess water into areas of natural restored greenery, restored forests and swamps. In addition, reservoirs should be created to collect rainwater for agricultural purposes, i.e. to irrigate areas used for agriculture during periods of drought. These issues should be key elements in the sustainable management of water resources and the management of the risk of floods, drought and other consequences of the increasing occurrence of situations of weather anomalies and climatic disasters.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Under the conditions of the deepening negative effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming, the following question is becoming more and more relevant and timely: How to build an effective system of rainwater collection in floodplains with river flooding, local flooding and waterlogging occurring after winter or violent storms in a situation of successively parallel deepening problem of drought, declining surface, subsurface and deep-sea water resources?
How to build an effective rainwater harvesting system in floodplains and permanent drought areas in order to reduce the scale of loss of water resources?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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We ask all projects above 1000 m2 in our area of interest to collect rainfall from the top of buildings through gutters and pipes that will take water to a settling and control tank and then to a previously designed infiltration tank, based on the 20-year rainfall. The infiltration tank is built far above the water table with a penetrating bottom and gravel blanket outside of the tank, to allow the water to seep and infiltrate through different layers to recharge groundwater.
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Do you think nano-fertilizers are really effective in soil and why nano-fertilizers are considered a game changer for agriculture?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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What is the efficiency of nano-fertilizers and role of Nanofertilizers in smart agriculture an effective approach to increase nutrient use efficiency?
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Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How does climate change affect agriculture and food security and effect of global warming on ecological balance?
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Dr Daniel Siehl thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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According to your experience, what are the common misconceptions about "Agriculture"? Or what are the cliché solutions you hear for every agricultural problem?
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Thank you very much, I think like you
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i am writing a review paper related to iot and sensor in agriculture . As climate change is going to the future threat in agriculture how Iot and sensor can help in agriculture
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You should visit our review on this exact topic. Link: Internet of Things (IoT) in digital agriculture: An overview | Agronomy Journal (wiley.com)
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We are excited to invite you to contribute to our upcoming book titled Sustainable Agricultural Finance: Nurturing Food Security
will be published by Wiley This publication aims to explore and showcase innovative technologies, such as mobile banking, blockchain, and AI, in agricultural finance, with a primary focus on fostering sustainable practices, ensuring food security, and empowering the growth of farmers and agribusinesses.
We welcome contributions from a wide range of disciplines, including but not limited to agricultural sciences, social sciences, engineering, computer science, finance, and economics.
Areas of interest:
Impact Investing in Agriculture • Agricultural Credit Scoring and Risk Assessment • Supply Chain Financing in Agriculture • Sustainable Agriculture and Investment • Circular Economy • Economic Growth and Food Security • Financial Resilience in Agriculture • Technology Solutions for Food Security • Financial Inclusion for Food Security The chapters should be original research papers, review articles, case studies, or conceptual papers, and must be related to the theme of the book. The manuscript should be written in English and follow the guidelines provided by Wiley. If you are interested in contributing to our book, please send us an abstract (500 words) of your proposed chapter by 15th March 2024 to the email address provided below. The abstract should include the title of your chapter, a brief summary of the content, and your contact details. Email: [email protected] Important Dates:
Extended abstract (500 words): March 15, 2024
Abstract Acceptance: March 25, 2024
Full chapter submission: April 20, 2024 (5000-6000 words)
Acceptance/rejection notification: May 30, 2024
Estimated publication date: 25th Sep 2024
Note: This book will be indexed by Scopus. If an article uses AI in its writing process will be rejected outright. To ensure global diversity, it is required that at least one author has an affiliation with a country different from their home country. There is no submission or acceptance fee associated with this requirement.
There will be no submission/publication fee.
We look forward to hearing from you and your valuable contribution to our book. Thank you for your time and consideration. Best regards,
Editors, Dr. Amit Kumar Agrawal Assistant Professor Department of Management & Business Informatics Dr. S. P. Mukherjee International Institute of  Information Technology, Naya Raipur  Chhattisgarh, India Mobile No: 8954167407 Email: [email protected][email protected]
Dr. Kuldeep Singh
Assistant Professor,
Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya
(A Central University sponsored by the Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India)
Lalbaug, Vadodara (Gujarat) - 390004. INDIA
Mobile: +91 9650706700
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Thanks for sharing. Wishing you every success in your task.
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I need ask - What are the key factors influencing the pricing dynamics of agricultural commodities in global markets?
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Prices of agricultural products face different factors that dictate how they will flow in the market. Supply-side factors, such as weather events, pest outbreaks, and resource availability, set the foundation. Technological advances can increase yields, while trade policies and input costs (fertilizers, fuel) impact production decisions. On the demand side, population growth, rising incomes, and evolving dietary preferences influence consumption patterns. Biofuel mandates and policies that favor domestic production also add their effects. Additionally, global interconnectedness plays an important role: exchange rates, geopolitical tensions, and even distant weather events cause market repercussions. Understanding this dynamic interaction is crucial to interpreting the ever-changing landscape of agricultural commodity prices.
I hope this helps.
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Agricultural price policy in India is implemented to protect the farmers against price risk. Inspite of this, many a times it is questioned by the farmers so far as imlementation is concerend. What are other alternatives?
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There are several alternatives to agricultural price policy implementation in India that can address the concerns raised by farmers:
  1. Direct Income Support: Instead of price-based policies, governments can provide direct income support to farmers. This approach involves transferring funds directly to farmers' bank accounts to stabilize their income and mitigate price risks.
  2. Crop Insurance Schemes: Implementing robust crop insurance schemes can help protect farmers against price fluctuations and yield losses due to adverse weather conditions, pests, and diseases. Crop insurance provides financial compensation to farmers in case of crop failure or yield reduction.
  3. Market Diversification: Encouraging farmers to diversify their crops and explore alternative markets can reduce their dependency on traditional agricultural markets, thereby minimizing price risk. Promoting value-added products and facilitating access to export markets can enhance farmers' bargaining power and income potential.
  4. Contract Farming: Facilitating contract farming agreements between farmers and agribusinesses or food processing companies can provide price stability and market access to farmers. Contract farming ensures a predetermined price for agricultural produce, reducing price uncertainty for farmers.
  5. Price Forecasting and Information Systems: Establishing reliable price forecasting systems and information networks can empower farmers with timely market information, enabling them to make informed decisions about crop selection, production, and marketing strategies.
  6. Investment in Agricultural Infrastructure: Investing in agricultural infrastructure such as storage facilities, cold chains, and transportation networks can minimize post-harvest losses and improve market access for farmers. Enhanced infrastructure can also facilitate value addition and premium pricing for agricultural products.
  7. Promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs): Supporting the formation and strengthening of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) empowers farmers to collectively market their produce, negotiate better prices, and access credit and inputs at competitive rates.@
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Bio-dynamic Agriculture ?
Principles and Objectives ?
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Biodynamic agriculture is the ecological niche of the factors (especially; environmental, plant, and microbial factors of cultivation) involved in the cultivation of crops.@
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Helle fellow researchers,
I have the following problem and also after long research have not find a good way to analyze my data. I want to find groups within my data and I have the following variables avaiable:
Age (in groups e.g. 21-25, 26-30 etc.)
Farm mode (Main occupation or part time)
Farm system (conventional vs organic)
Farm status (owner vs. family member vs. other)
Three yes - no type answers
School education (5 answer possibilities, one could be chosen)
Professional training (several answer could be chosen, can be transformed in yes - no for each type of training)
Sex (male-female-divers-no answer)
Two continous variables with agricultural and grassland area
Four likert scale answer
I have looked into farmer typologies and into PCA and/or clustering, however as I have not a very high number of variables and many categorical variables it is quite difficult to find a method that is adequate.
Would you have any suggestions? I would be very grateful as this is my first analysis regarding those kind of methods.
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What are the characteristics of Indian monsoons? And what are the conditions? What do climatologists answer?
Indian monsoons are the biggest concern for agriculture, economy and livelihood of billions of people in this country.
South Asia. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility of distinct sub-seasonal episodes in the locked phase
The annual cycle of the Indian monsoon. This study has objectively addressed this gap using the self-organizing map (SOM) method
Six distinct subseasonal phases are classified based on 850 hPa wind fields. Each sub-seasonal stage is between 23 and 90 days.
The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) consists of three subphases: ISM onset, ISM peak, and overall ISM withdrawal.
It accounts for 82% of the annual rainfall. The three sub-stages represent the rapid progress towards the north, dominance and
The gradual retreat of southwest winds from mid-May to early October. The winter monsoon also includes three
sub-phases (autumn, winter and spring), recognizable by the latitude of the high-pressure ridge of the Arabian Sea and hydrological
The conditions of this research suggest two compact indices based on regional winds in the north and south of the Arabian Sea.
Measure the winter and summer monsoons respectively. These indicators show development and rotation
Six phases are derived from SOM and can be used to monitor and predict sub-seasonal monsoons. Spring and the start of the ISM
Episodes are highly susceptible to the combined risks of drought and heat wave, while the greatest flood risk occurs during
The peak phase of the ISM, the autumn phase, reflects the peak season of tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Prem Baboo added a reply: Professor from India:
There are four seasonal divisions in India, out of which two are monsoon divisions. This automatically makes us aware of the importance of Indian monsoon. Also, India is an agricultural country and the onset of monsoons in India mainly contributes to the country's GDP. A good monsoon brings an economic boom to the entire country and boosts India's economy as agriculture accounts for about 16% of its total GDP. High temperature and heavy rainfall in summer months are important for all kinds of kharif crops
Based on the time of year when these winds hit India, monsoons can also be divided into two periods:
1. Summer monsoons (May to September)
2. Winter monsoons (October to November)
Indian Monsoons, the world's most prominent monsoon systems, mainly affecting India and its surrounding waters. It blows from the northeast. At the equator, the region near India is unique in that prevailing or frequent westerly winds at the surface occur almost continuously throughout the year.
Indian monsoon features:
Dry spells and wet spells: Monsoon in India clearly has a wet phase and a dry phase, characterized by weeks in which there is no rainfall.
Uneven distribution: Monsoons are unevenly distributed and the peninsular part of India receives more rainfall than the plains.
Influence of Topography: Monsoons are influenced by topography. The western part of the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall while the eastern side is deficient.
Fixed schedule: Monsoons in India usually have a fixed schedule. It usually starts by the first week of June and ends by September. Read more at: https://www.studyiq.com/articles/characteristics-of-indian-monsoon/
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Dear Sunil Magwanshi
M.Sc.Agronomist, Research Fellow at Gyan Jyoti Institutes, Bhilwara
Bhilwara, India
Greetings and respect. Thank you very much for your complete answer. Abbas
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What are the characteristics of Indian monsoon rains? And what are the conditions?
India's monsoons are of greatest concern to agriculture, economy and the livelihood of billions of people in the country.
South Asia. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility of distinct subseasonal episodes in the locked phase
The annual cycle of the Indian monsoon. This study objectively addresses this gap by using the self-organizing map (SOM) method
Six distinct sub-seasonal phases are classified based on 850 hPa wind fields. Each sub-seasonal stage is between 23 and 90 days.
The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) consists of three subphases: ISM onset, ISM peak, and overall ISM exit.
It accounts for 82% of the annual rainfall. The three sub-stages represent rapid progress to the north, dominance and
Gradual retreat of southwesterlies from mid-May to early October. The winter monsoon also includes three
sub-phases (autumn, winter and spring), recognizable by the latitude of the Arabian Sea high pressure ridge and hydrological
The conditions of this study suggest two compact indices based on regional winds in the north and south of the Arabian Sea.
Measure the winter and summer monsoons respectively. These indicators show development and rotation
Six stages are derived from SOM and can be used to monitor and predict sub-seasonal monsoons. Spring and the start of the ISM
Episodes are highly susceptible to the combined risks of drought and heat wave, while the greatest flood risk occurs during
The peak phase of the ISM, the autumn phase, reflects the peak season of tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
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Dear Prem Babu
B.Tech (Chemical Engineering), M.Sc (Ecology and Environment), M.Phil (Environmental Sciences), M.B. Retired Executive from DGM (Production and Process) Dangote Fertilizers Nigeria and Sr. Manager National Fertilizers Ltd. India at Institute of Engineers (India)
India
Greetings and respect to my dear teacher and professor. Thank you very much for your complete answer. Abbas
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What are the most important criteria that are taken into consideration when estimating the Capability of lands for agricultural use according to (Klingebiel, Montgomery1961) ?
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En Mendoza, Argentina primero la disponibilidad de agua y su calidad, características fisicoquimicas del suelo
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transfer of technology in agriculture starting points
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Naziru Ibrahim You should look for real cases of technology transfer.
At 2018 Bayer AG agreed to transfer plant biotechnology experience to Russia in exchange for approval of Bayer's takeover of Monsanto on Russian market (https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-bayer-details-conditions-of-russia-idUSFWN1RX0CC/)
A special Centre for Technology Transfer was established to coordinate the transfer of the technology. The Centre selected the interested recipients of the technology transfer and monitored the implementation of the order. The company trained local specialists in the field of breeding and provided "non-discriminatory access to digital applications and the digital platform on which Monsanto operates". Some of the technology used in seed selection were shared, and molecular resources concerning the breeding of corn, rapeseed, wheat, soya, and vegetable crops (tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbage), as well as the individual germplasm for these crops were transferred too.
Local recipient of the technology transfer had to be a company/institution with high reputation with 5-year good business history. It must have own ongoing plant breeding program at least for one considered in the agreement crop, and recipient of molecular plant breeding technology must have 5-years experience in this particular field.
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Conservation Agriculture V/S Conventional Agriculture ?
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Conservation agriculture and conventional agriculture are two different approaches to farming that have distinct principles and practices. Here are some key differences between the two:
1. Soil disturbance:
Conservation Agriculture (CA) emphasizes minimal soil disturbance. CA practices include no-till or reduced tillage, which helps to maintain soil structure and reduce erosion.
Conventional Agriculture: Typically, it involves intensive tillage, which can disrupt the soil structure, expose it to erosion, and contribute to soil degradation.
2. Crop Residue Management:
Conservation Agriculture: Encourages the retention of crop residues on the field surface. This helps in moisture retention, erosion control, and the improvement of soil organic matter.
Conventional agriculture often involves removing crop residues through tillage or burning, which can result in loss of organic matter and decreased soil fertility.
3. Crop Rotation and Diversification:
Conservation agriculture promotes diversified cropping systems and crop rotations, which can enhance soil health and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
Conventional agriculture may involve monoculture, where a single crop is grown repeatedly on the same land, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.
4. Chemical Input Use:
Conservation Agriculture: Advocates for judicious use of agrochemicals, aiming to minimize reliance on synthetic inputs and promote sustainable pest and weed management practices.
Conventional Agriculture: often agriculture relies more heavily on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which can have environmental and health implications if not used responsibly.
5. Water Management:
Conservation Agriculture: Promotes water conservation practices such as the use of cover crops, reduced tillage, and improved water infiltration, leading to better water use efficiency.
Conventional agriculture May involve less efficient water use due to practices such as extensive tillage and a lack of soil cover.
6. Environmental Impact:
Conservation Agriculture: Aims to reduce the environmental footprint of agriculture by promoting sustainable practices that maintain soil health and biodiversity.
Conventional agriculture: This can contribute to environmental issues such as soil erosion, water pollution from runoff, and loss of biodiversity.
7. Economic viability:
Conservation Agriculture: In the long term, CA can lead to improved economic viability by reducing production costs, enhancing soil fertility, and improving resilience to extreme weather events.
Conventional Agriculture: Immediate economic gains may be seen through increased yields, but long-term sustainability and profitability may be compromised.
It's essential to note that the choice between conservation agriculture and conventional agriculture often depends on various factors, including local climate, soil conditions, crop types, and farmer preferences. Some agricultural systems may also integrate elements from both approaches, known as conservation-based conventional agriculture or sustainable intensification.
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With climate change, high temperatures, and scarcity of rain in Iraq, we find it difficult to determine future agricultural plans based on the abundance of water and temperatures and providing agricultural sustainability.
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Agriculture and finance availability and planning in Kenya together with the prediction of rain patterns is a determining factors when planning agriculture. In most part of the country, farmers start to prepare there farms as early as January to February in every year. With availability of early rain within those months, planting will follow, after six months crops will be harvested with good yields.
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Answer in short
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conventional tillage producers did not use Roundup as extensively prior to seeding. Conventional tillage usually consists of primary tillage, or plowing, and secondary tillage, Conventional tillage, such as moldboard plowing, leaves the soil surface bare and loosens soil particles, making them susceptible to the erosive forces of wind and water. Conservation tillage practices reduce erosion by protecting the soil surface and allowing water to infiltrate instead of running off. Mould board plough, disc plough, soil stirring plough, ridger plough, tool frames/carriers with mouldboard plough or tillage sweeps, etc.
Zero tillage not only reduce the cost of cultivation it also reduces the soil erosion, crop duration and irrigation requirement and weed effect which is better than tillage. Zero Tillage (ZT) also called No Tillage or Nil Tillage. The zero machine or zero tillage machine makes it quite effective and also reduces the tillage cost for a farmer.
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Climate change can have significant impacts on domesticated agricultural animals, affecting various aspects of their well-being, productivity, and overall health.
How, and to what extent, can climate change affect global food availability?
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What is the importance of productivity in ecosystem and how can farmers implement regenerative agriculture to promote soil health and carbon sequestration?
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Dr Henrri Uzcategui thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Explain the significance of vermicomposting in organic agriculture, considering its role in nutrient cycling, soil structure improvement, and pest management.
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Dear Sir,
Vermicompost, prepared by using different varieties of Earthworms having much importance because it has almost all kinds of physicochemical parameters , useful to plant growth and their development. In addition, use of Vermicompost into the soil system increase the soil fertility, water holding capacity, soil aeration, microbial development, organic matter & carbon content etc. and works as plant growth regulator substance. Thereby, current research& researchers suggested to the farmers that they should apply ballanced biofertilizers in the form of Vermicompost and FYM for better crop yield of various crops in their cropping fields with avoidation of chemical fertilizers.
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  • Compare the restrictions on nutrient use in organic farming with conventional agriculture.
  • Discuss the impact of these restrictions on crop yields, and evaluate strategies employed by organic farmers to overcome nutrient limitations.
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Crop growth was mainly restricted by the infertile soil due to the increased usage of inorganic chemical fertilizers. Though these inorganic fertilizers help provide immediate nutrients to the crops, they also lead to poor soil fertility and environmental pollution. So farmers can use organic fertilizers, which can help restore the soil's native nutrients and also lead to a better microbial population.
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What is the role of water management in climate smart agriculture practice and regenerative development as a natural solution for sustainability?
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Dr Coskun Kayum thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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How do microbes help in agriculture and which microorganisms are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen in agriculture?
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Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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UAVs are being widely employed in agriculture, security and disaster management to mention a few. What are the potential application areas of UAVs in transportation?
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You may read my recent articles on drone-based delivery in the pandemic situation. I hope it will be helpful for you in future research.
Article JRCS: Joint Routing and Charging Strategy for Logistics Drones
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Summarize the STCR approach for fertilizer recommendations in agriculture. Analyze the components of the approach and discuss its effectiveness in optimizing nutrient management for different crops.
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Based on soil testing results fertilizer recommendations in crops are more effective in increasing yield and quality crop production. Plants' nutrient deficiency and toxicity are not balanced in the growth and development of plants. Therefore regular soil tests and plant-tissue tests are needed to ensure improved high-yield crop productivity and high-quality crop production. Yes, analyze the components of the approach and discuss its effectiveness in optimizing nutrient management for different crops. We should study soil health and smart crop production with soil fertility management.
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The quantitative and qualitative performance of essential oils in a plant and the gene expression levels of key enzymes in the synthesis of its essential oil compounds
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Frontiers in plant science
Indian Journal of Horticulture
Scientia horticulturae
Indian Journal of agricultural sciences
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Summarize the major agricultural resources in India, including land, water, biodiversity, and human capital, and highlight their significance in sustaining agricultural activities.
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TECHNOLOGY is biggest driving factor, besides FINANCE capital, both deciding the outcome greatly. For instance, if you have POLYHOUSE & capital, you will grow ROSES & EXPORT & strike GOLD! You may do HYDROPONICS (automated) & not labour intensive, as it costly. late. if neither are available, you would grow COTTON if irrigated & suicide if pest attack is devastating if you miss on BT Cotton correct technology (e.g. refuge plot of non-BT crop for pink bollworm) so BT-Cotton farm share is saved. Most farmers avoid refuge & lose 50-70% crop). if you are rainfed, you would rather grow food grains/ crops & escape suicide but be poor.
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Why soil carbon is important to ecosystem productivity and what is the role regenerative agriculture can play in carbon sequestration?
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Dr Gummadala Kasirao thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Hello,
What are the new topics/research-fields that combine agriculture (plants) and information technology (like bioinformatics)?
Thank you!
P.S:
That was the formal question.
The informal one is: to understand exactly what I mean, I have two passions: Plants and IT, and I want to work on something cool and exciting that involve both.
Thanks!
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This can include issues to do with use of Atificial Intelligence to solve agricultural problems.AI to assess farmer perception is vital
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Describe the Vedic Period's Influence on Agricultural Systems and the transition in agricultural practices during the Vedic Period.
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Agriculture following many vedic texts are available
1. Krishi Parashara,
2. Kautilya's Artha-shastra,
3. the Sangam literature of early Tamils,
4. Manusmriti,
5. Varāhamihira's Brhat-Samhita,
6. Amarakosha,
7. Kashyapiya Krishisukti and
8. Surapala's Vrikshayurveda.
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Why are microorganisms important in soil agriculture and how do microorganisms living in soil help producers like plants?
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Microorganisms in soil, such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, play crucial roles in soil agriculture. They contribute to soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and plant health. Here are some key ways in which soil microorganisms benefit producers like plants:
1. **Nutrient Cycling:** Microorganisms break down organic matter into simpler forms through processes like decomposition. This releases essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which plants can then absorb for growth and development.
2. **Nitrogen Fixation:** Certain bacteria, like rhizobia, have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form (ammonia or nitrates) that plants can utilize. This process is known as nitrogen fixation and is essential for plant nutrition.
3. **Disease Suppression:** Some soil microorganisms can suppress plant pathogens. For example, certain fungi can form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, offering protection against harmful pathogens and enhancing the plant's disease resistance.
4. **Decomposition:** Microorganisms break down dead plant material and organic residues into humus. This not only enriches the soil but also improves its structure, water retention, and aeration.
5. **Mycorrhizal Associations:** Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots. They extend the plant's root system, increasing its ability to absorb water and nutrients, especially phosphorus. In return, the plant provides the fungus with sugars.
6. **Soil Structure:** Microorganisms produce substances that help bind soil particles together, contributing to soil structure. Improved soil structure enhances water infiltration, root penetration, and overall plant growth.
In essence, the diverse community of microorganisms in soil forms a complex ecosystem that directly and indirectly supports plant growth, nutrient availability, and overall soil health in agricultural systems. Sustainable agricultural practices often focus on fostering a healthy soil microbiome to optimize crop production.
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I have been doing feasibility studies on the use of microbial biostimulants in agriculture. Compared to conventional fertilizers, they have many advantages, they require a much smaller application and if they can help with increasing yield, a small application can provide a large value proposition.
My question is, if biostimulants are used in a real world agricultural setting, what increases in yield could one see with optimistic assumptions (assuming the choice of crop and associated biostimulant are matched, etc) while being reasonable.
Thank you !
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The effects would depend on whether the stimulant is increasing efficiency of internal nutrient use or uptake. One would need to consider whether you were simply driving the system more rapidly to exhaustion.
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What was the agriculture heritage of ancient India and importance of agriculture heritage in India?
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Rk Naresh India is one of 7-8 Vavilov's Centers of Cultivated Plants Diversity (Origin). According to History of Horticulture, Jules Janick, Purdue University, 2002, Indo-Burmian Center gave 117 plants, including:
  • chickpea, pigeon pea, urd bean, mung bean, rice bean, cowpea,
  • eggplant, cucumber, radish, taro, yam
  • mango, tangerine, citron, tamarind
  • Sugar, Oil, and Fibre Plants: sugar cane, coconut palm, sesame, safflower, tree cotton, oriental cotton, jute, crotalaria, kenaf
  • hemp, black pepper, gum arabic, sandalwood, indigo, cinnamon tree, croton, bamboo, turmeric, etc.
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How did agriculture production increase in the Vedic period and aspects of agriculture in the Vedic age?
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Agricultural Advances in the Vedic Period:
The Vedic period, spanning roughly 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, witnessed significant advancements in Indian agriculture, laying the foundation for future growth and societal prosperity. Let's explore the key factors behind this increase in production:
Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BCE):
  • Expansion of Cultivated Land: As the Aryans settled into the Gangetic plains, they cleared forests and brought more land under cultivation, increasing the potential output.
  • Crops and Technologies: Wheat, barley, and rice were the primary crops, supplemented by pulses and oilseeds. Simple tools like wooden plows and bronze sickles were employed for farming.
  • Animal Husbandry: Cattle played a crucial role, providing traction for plowing, manure for fertilization, and dairy products for sustenance.
Later Vedic Period (1000-500 BCE):
  • Technological Advancements: Iron tools like plows and axes became available, making cultivation more efficient and enabling deeper tilling. Improved irrigation systems, including wells and canals, helped mitigate reliance on rainfall.
  • Crop Diversification: Rice cultivation gained prominence, alongside the introduction of new crops like sugarcane and cotton. Improved storage techniques allowed for surplus production and trade.
  • Land Management: Crop rotation practices (fallow periods) were adopted to maintain soil fertility, and the use of cow dung as manure further enhanced yields.
Additional Aspects of Vedic Agriculture:
  • Religious Significance: Agriculture was intertwined with religious rituals and beliefs. Deities like Indra, the rain god, and Sita, the goddess of agriculture, were invoked for bountiful harvests.
  • Social Structure: Farmers, known as "krishakars" or "kinasas," formed a vital part of Vedic society. Landownership was prevalent, and agricultural produce was used as currency and offerings to priests and chiefs.
  • Limited Knowledge: Though advanced for their time, Vedic agricultural practices lacked scientific understanding of soil chemistry, pest control, and crop genetics.
Overall, the Vedic period saw a remarkable transformation of Indian agriculture from its semi-nomadic roots to a more settled and productive system. Technological advancements, diversification, and sustainable practices laid the groundwork for agricultural growth in the subsequent centuries.
Remember, this is a general overview. If you have any specific areas of interest within Vedic agriculture
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What change took place in agriculture around Vedic age and why is shifting agriculture harmful for the environment?
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The Vedic age, spanning roughly from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, witnessed significant changes in agricultural practices in the Indian subcontinent. Here are some of the key transformations:
1. Adoption of iron tools: The introduction of iron tools, particularly ploughshares, around 1000 BCE revolutionized agriculture. Iron proved far more durable and efficient than wood or stone, allowing for deeper ploughing, better weed control, and cultivation of previously inaccessible lands. This led to increased agricultural productivity and surpluses.
2. Shift to settled agriculture: From a primarily nomadic pastoralist lifestyle, communities gradually transitioned to settled farming. This involved clearing forests for cultivation, establishing permanent settlements, and developing irrigation systems to manage water resources. While this enabled stable food production, it also put pressure on natural ecosystems.
3. Cultivation of new crops: Rice cultivation gained prominence alongside traditional staples like wheat and barley. Rice's ability to thrive in wet conditions opened up new areas for agriculture, particularly in riverine plains and deltas. However, extensive rice farming can contribute to water depletion and soil salinization.
4. Development of irrigation systems: To cope with erratic rainfall patterns, communities constructed elaborate irrigation systems. These included canals, tanks, and wells, enabling controlled water distribution and mitigating the risk of droughts. However, poorly managed irrigation can lead to waterlogging, salinization, and groundwater depletion.
Harmful effects of shifting agriculture:
Shifting cultivation, a traditional practice where farmers clear and burn new plots of land for temporary agriculture before moving on, can be detrimental to the environment if not done sustainably. Here's why:
  • Deforestation: Clearing land for cultivation destroys natural habitats, reduces biodiversity, and disrupts ecological balance.
  • Soil erosion: Exposed soil becomes vulnerable to erosion by wind and water, leading to land degradation and loss of fertility.
  • Greenhouse gas emissions: Burning vegetation releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.
  • Loss of soil nutrients: Repeatedly clearing and burning land depletes essential soil nutrients, leading to decreased crop yields.
  • Water pollution: Runoff from agricultural lands can contaminate waterways with fertilizers, pesticides, and sediments.
While shifting cultivation can be practiced sustainably under certain conditions, such as long fallow periods and limited plot sizes, it's crucial to adopt responsible land management techniques to minimize its environmental impact.
To promote sustainable agriculture, practices like crop rotation, agroforestry, and integrated pest management can be employed. These methods help maintain soil health, conserve water, and reduce reliance on harmful chemicals. By adopting sustainable agricultural practices, we can ensure food security for future generations while protecting the environment.
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What changes took place in agriculture around the Vedic age and tools were used in agriculture during the later Vedic period?
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Changes in Agriculture during the Vedic Age:
The Vedic Age, spanning roughly 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, witnessed significant shifts in agricultural practices in India. Here are some key changes:
Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BCE):
  • Semi-nomadic lifestyle: Early Vedic people had a mixed economy, relying on both agriculture and cattle herding.
  • Crops: They primarily cultivated barley, wheat, and millets.
  • Tools: Stone and flint tools were used for plowing and other tasks.
  • Techniques: Rainwater harvesting, crop rotation, and fallowing were practiced.
Later Vedic Period (1000-500 BCE):
  • Shift to settled agriculture: With the rise of larger populations, there was a gradual transition to settled agriculture.
  • New crops: Rice cultivation gained prominence, leading to the development of techniques like wet-rice cultivation and paddy seedling transplantation.
  • Technological advancements: Adoption of iron implements like plowshares revolutionized tillage and land preparation.
  • Irrigation: Simple canal systems were built to utilize water from rivers and streams.
  • Manure: Use of cow dung as fertilizer became widespread.
  • Animal husbandry: Cattle remained crucial, providing milk, manure, and draft power.
Tools Used in Agriculture during the Later Vedic Period:
Following the technological advancements:
  • Iron plowshares: Increased efficiency and depth of plowing, enabling cultivation of tougher soils.
  • Wooden plows: Still used for lighter tasks or by smaller farms.
  • Sickles: For harvesting grains and pulses.
  • Axes and hoes: For clearing land and weeding.
  • Winnowing baskets and sieves: For separating grain from chaff.
  • Wooden carts and oxen: For transportation of produce and materials.
These improvements in technology and practices led to higher agricultural yields, supporting larger populations and paving the way for the development of complex societies in India during the post-Vedic era.
Remember, our understanding of the Vedic period is derived from ancient texts and archaeological evidence, so some details might be debated or uncertain.
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Why are microorganisms important in soil agriculture and role of microorganisms in formation of soil organic matter?
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Soil organic matter and soil organisms are inextricably connected. Microbial biomass is the living component of soil organic matter, and microorganisms are the catalysts for most nutrient-releasing processes. They make it possible for crops to grow and for soils to be productive. Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. These organisms fix atmospheric nitrogen and supply it to plants. Biological fertilizers obtained from microorganisms are very good for improving soil quality and fertility. They are also environmentally friendly and do not cause any toxic or dangerous effects.Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Microorganisms play an important role in the nutrient cycle. Some bacteria (Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria) secrete phytochemicals and organic acids that are helpful in the growth and development of plants. Microorganisms help maintain soil pH but balance nutrients and minerals. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) are responsible for biomass decomposition, biogenic element circulation, which makes nutrients available to plants, biodegradation of impurities, and maintenance of soil structure. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. One of the most important roles of soil organisms is breaking up the complex substances in decaying plants and animals so that they can be used again by living plants. This involves soil organisms as catalysts in a number of natural cycles, among the most prominent being the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Soil bacteria form microaggregates in the soil by binding soil particles together with their secretions. These microaggregates are like the building blocks for improving soil structure. Improved soil structure increases water infiltration and increases water holding capacity of the soil.
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Various agricultural residues have been employed for corrosion testing. Which specific agricultural residues are optimal for testing under a particular analysis?
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The biggest global producers of palm oil are Indonesia, who produced 60% of it in 2022, followed by Malaysia, Thailand, and Nigeria. Indonesia produces biodiesel primarily from palm oil. Agricultural wastes have inspired new opportunities for the production of eco-friendly, cheap and sustainable inhibitor for engineering materials. In this study, we examined the adsorption and corrosion inhibitive performance of palm kernel shell extract (PKSE) as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor on stainless steel (SS) in a simulated seawater environment. Maximum inhibition efficiency (≈ 96.67%) is obtained at PKO concentration 8 v/v %. This result revealed that palm kernel oil can act as a corrosion inhibitor in an alkaline medium. Corrosion rates of carbon steel decrease as the concentration of inhibitor is increased. palm oil are excellent corrosion inhibitors with protection efficiencies greater than 98%. Fatty amides molecules act as cathodic inhibitors decreasing the anodic dissolution of iron. Rust & Corrosion Preventive Oil is formulated to displace moisture and protect metal surfaces from humidity that could cause rust and corrosion whether in use or storage. The coconut shell acted as mixed–type corrosion inhibitor.
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World Skill Council is the International Standard Skill Training, Skill Assessment and Skill Certification Body of World Skill Corporation, a legal entity, constituted in London, UK, which has worldwide presence of Educators & Skill Masters on various skills who train thousands of skill aspirants across the world.
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To
All ResearchGate Members who are interacting on this Question:
#🌎🌎🌍🌍🌏🌏#
We had never before the following:
*Highly informed global society due to information technology,
*Importance to knowledge sharing, *Interdependency requirement of all,
*Importance to cooperation at all levels.
Please remember “Mother Earth” has given enough to satisfy everyone's need, but not everyone's greed.
Let us believe, we have one life hence contribute towards humanity and develop a new concept “One Earth and One Family”.
Wish you all a happy and prosperous New Year.
🙏🙏
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How can we increase microorganisms in soil and which microorganisms are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen in agriculture?
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Increasing Microorganisms in Soil
A thriving community of microorganisms is essential for healthy soil, as they contribute to numerous vital processes like nutrient cycling, decomposition, and disease suppression. Here are some ways to boost their numbers:
Feed the Microbes:
  • Compost: Rich in organic matter and beneficial microbes, compost provides a readily available food source for existing microbes and attracts new ones. Apply compost regularly to your soil.📷Opens in a new window📷blackearthcompost.comCompost for soil
  • Cover Crops: Growing cover crops, like legumes and clovers, adds organic matter to the soil when tilled under and also supports nitrogen-fixing bacteria.📷Opens in a new window📷www.agri-pulse.comCover crops for soil
  • Mulch: Organic mulches like leaves, straw, or wood chips suppress weeds, retain moisture, and provide a slow-release food source for microbes as they decompose.📷Opens in a new window📷grow.ifa.coopMulch for soil
Create a Favorable Environment:
  • Minimize Tillage: Excessive tillage disrupts the soil structure and harms microbial communities. Practice no-till or minimal tillage methods whenever possible.
  • Maintain Moisture: Microbes need moisture to thrive. Water your soil deeply and regularly, avoiding overwatering.
  • Diversify Plant Life: Planting a variety of crops encourages a wider range of beneficial microbes adapted to different plant needs.
Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms
Several types of microorganisms play a crucial role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen and making it available to plants:
  • Rhizobia: These bacteria form symbiotic relationships with legumes, living in root nodules and converting atmospheric nitrogen into plant-usable forms.📷Opens in a new window📷www.krugerseed.comRhizobia bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria: Found in both soil and water, cyanobacteria fix nitrogen independently and contribute to soil fertility in rice paddies and other environments.
  • Azospirillum: These free-living bacteria live in the soil around plant roots and fix small amounts of nitrogen while also promoting plant growth through other mechanisms.
Encouraging Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms:
  • Inoculate seeds: Introduce specific strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to legume seeds before planting to ensure their colonization and nitrogen fixation.
  • Rotate crops: Include legumes in your crop rotation to build up soil nitrogen over time.
  • Provide adequate nutrients: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria require other nutrients like phosphorus and molybdenum to function effectively. Ensure your soil has balanced nutrient levels.
By implementing these practices, you can create a thriving microbial community in your soil, leading to improved soil fertility, plant health, and overall ecosystem resilience.
Remember, a healthy soil teeming with life is the foundation for a productive and sustainable agricultural system.
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I'm trying to find research on wildlife population estimation of a species in which individuals cannot be differentiated from each other. We have used Mark-recapture to estimate population size, now we're wanting to use other methods to verify our findings.
Being a dense vegetation, camera trapping is proving to be difficult and so is walking transects.
Can you suggest other methods by which population estimation can be done?
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We used CT in agricultural fields and setasides/game fields to count small game species and meso predators.
In front of the CT we did cut (in accordance with the farmers) a "window", a small clearance of 5x5m.
I recommend to read the several publications/guidances of ENETWILD.