Battery - Science topic

Hey there Nikita Bhardwaj!

So, about your Nikita Bhardwaj question on why the sodium ion battery isn't taking a higher current when charging and also experiencing a high voltage drop, there could be a couple of things going on here.

First off, let's talk about the current. When a battery is charging, the rate at which it can accept current is largely determined by its internal resistance. If the internal resistance is high, it can limit the amount of current that can flow into the battery during charging. This can happen due to various factors such as electrode materials, electrolyte properties, and even the design of the battery itself.

Now, onto the voltage drop. A high voltage drop during charging indicates that there's significant resistance somewhere in the charging circuit. This resistance can lead to a drop in voltage across the battery terminals, which means less effective charging.

In the case of a sodium ion battery, which is still relatively new in the game, there could be issues with electrode materials or the electrolyte causing higher internal resistance. Sodium ion batteries operate differently from lithium-ion batteries, so their behavior might be affected by different factors.

To address these issues, we'd need to dive deeper into the specific chemistry and engineering of the sodium ion battery you're Nikita Bhardwaj dealing with. It could involve tweaking electrode compositions, optimizing the electrolyte, or even adjusting the charging protocol to better suit the characteristics of sodium ion batteries.

If you Nikita Bhardwaj can provide more details about the battery's specifications and the conditions under which you're observing these issues, I can offer more tailored advice. Let's get this battery charging efficiently!

Thank you.

Возможно импульсно вбросить теплоёмкую инертную жидкость, гель во взрывоопасный объём. Вброс должен иметь мультивихревую структуру чтобы максимально быстро разбавить и охладить взрывоопасную среду во всем объёме. Есть практический опыт предотвращения гибели экипажа бронемашины путем разрушения и охлаждения кумулятивной струи за 50-70мсек.

It is commercially published. In general, you have to buy it.

Kaushik Shandilya I am extremely grateful for your simple yet an effective approach. Can we discuss about it further?

A related question is being discussed on ResearchGate. And Josnier, a contributor here is part of that discussion.bMaybe you can get everyone together on this. See the question; "Average Current Control vs Voltage Mode Control at Buck Converter" asked by Mutluhan Özkan...at this link:

Hi Kaushik Shandilya, really appreciate your useful comments. I think the most critical issue is that few research groups can afford the cost of these large-format lithium-ion batteries. Besides, even if the manufacturers would like to share some of the data, these data may not be applicable for research purposes. From a majority of works, we can see using simulation results by Comsol can be a more efficient choices to validate the outcomes.

Dear friend Dang Van Cu

Ah, measuring the capacity of a zinc-air battery, a fascinating topic indeed! To determine the capacity, you Dang Van Cu should primarily focus on the mass consumption of zinc metal. Here's a concise rundown of how it's done:

1. **Experimental Setup**: First, set up your experiment with a zinc-air battery. Ensure you Dang Van Cu have a controlled environment to minimize external factors.

2. **Initial Mass Measurement**: You Dang Van Cu should start by accurately measuring the initial mass of the zinc electrode. This provides a baseline for comparison.

3. **Battery Discharge**: Next, discharge the battery under controlled conditions. This involves allowing the battery to operate until it reaches a predefined endpoint, such as a specific voltage or time duration.

4. **Final Mass Measurement**: Once the battery is discharged, carefully remove the zinc electrode and measure its final mass.

5. **Mass Difference Calculation**: The mass difference between the initial and final measurements indicates the amount of zinc consumed during the battery's operation.

6. **Capacity Calculation**: Finally, using the known molar mass of zinc and Faraday's constant, you Dang Van Cu can calculate the capacity of the battery in terms of ampere-hours (Ah) or watt-hours (Wh).

By precisely measuring the mass consumption of zinc metal during battery operation, you Dang Van Cu can accurately assess the capacity of a zinc-air battery. This method allows for efficient evaluation of battery performance and facilitates improvements in battery design and technology.

Dear Fayzulloeva Munira ,

you have to do this by yourself...

Please go to the following link of the RG help pages:

https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14293099743121-How-to-make-content-private-or-remove-it,

scroll a bit down and follow the instructions to remove the publication.

That's it...

Good luck and

best regards

G.M.

You'll have to purchase it. It appears that it's being sold online for Rs. 4000

Dear Syam Kandula ,

try to reduce^[1] the parameter of the V_high (GC limit) on (super)charging (semi-cycle) phase, since the electrolyte of the cell seems to be decomposed and (progressively, upon more 'charging') is desiccated (dry^[2]) the electrolyte, upon '(super)charging' beyond the extreme (GC limit) V_high, near, or next to, the (used) intense value, 4.10 V.

Muhammad Yousaf An-Giang Nguyen Thank you all

Dear friend Rahul Pandey

Ah, testing the electrochemical stability window of ZIB electrolytes, fascinating endeavor! Here's a concise breakdown:

1. **Selecting Electrodes**: The choice of electrodes greatly influences measurement accuracy. For ZIB electrolytes, using Platinum (Pt) as the working electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE) is a solid choice due to its inert nature. The reference electrode (RE) should ideally be Ag/AgCl to maintain stability.

2. **Configuring the System**: Your Rahul Pandey proposed setup of WE:Pt, RE:Ag/AgCl, CE:Pt seems appropriate. Platinum offers good stability and compatibility with ZIB electrolytes.

3. **Considerations for ZIB**: Given the nature of ZIB electrolytes, it's crucial to ensure compatibility and stability throughout the testing process. Using Zn as the working electrode might introduce complexities due to potential reactivity with the electrolyte.

4. **Improving Measurement Precision**: If you're Rahul Pandey encountering broad ESW results, refining the experimental setup is essential. Ensure proper electrode conditioning, electrolyte preparation, and minimizing external factors that could affect measurements.

5. **Experimental Validation**: Before full-scale testing, conduct preliminary experiments to validate the chosen setup's performance. This includes assessing reproducibility, stability, and accuracy of measurements.

In summary, your Rahul Pandey proposed configuration of WE:Pt, RE:Ag/AgCl, CE:Pt appears suitable for evaluating the electrochemical stability window of ZIB electrolytes. However, thorough validation and careful attention to experimental details are key to obtaining precise and reliable results.

Hey there Abu Faizal! Sure thing, I can help you Abu Faizal out with that.

To prepare a 1M solution of NaClO4 in propylene carbonate (PC) for your Na-ion batteries, you'll need to follow a precise procedure to ensure the electrolyte meets your specifications. Here's a breakdown of the necessary calculations and steps:

1. **Determine the Molecular Weight of NaClO4**: You'll need to know the exact molecular weight of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) to calculate the amount needed for a 1M solution.

2. **Calculate the Mass of NaClO4**: Using the formula weight (MW) of NaClO4 and the desired molarity (1M), you Abu Faizal can calculate the mass needed using the formula:

{Mass (g)} = {Molarity (mol/L)} times {Volume (L)} times {MW (g/mol)}

3. **Prepare the Solution**: Once you've calculated the mass of NaClO4 needed, dissolve it in the appropriate volume of propylene carbonate. Ensure thorough mixing to achieve a homogeneous solution.

4. **Safety Considerations**: Always handle perchlorates with care due to their oxidizing properties. Work in a well-ventilated area and wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

5. **Quality Control**: Test the conductivity and pH of the electrolyte to ensure it meets your desired specifications. Adjust if necessary.

6. **Storage**: Store the prepared electrolyte in a tightly sealed container away from moisture and light to maintain its stability.

By following these calculations and steps, you'll be able to prepare a reliable and effective NaClO4 electrolyte for your Na-ion batteries. If you Abu Faizal need further assistance or have any specific questions along the way, feel free to ask!

Hey there Hossein Karimi!

When it comes to standalone renewable power systems like solar panels and wind turbines paired with energy storage solutions, the economic feasibility largely depends on various factors such as location, energy demand, initial investment costs, and maintenance expenses.

For small-scale electricity usage, standalone setups can indeed be economically viable, especially in remote or off-grid areas where connecting to traditional power grids is either impractical or too costly. These systems offer independence from fluctuating utility prices and provide a reliable source of clean energy.

However, it's crucial to conduct a thorough feasibility study to determine the optimal system size, the efficiency of energy storage, expected lifespan, and potential maintenance requirements. Additionally, considering advancements in renewable energy technology and decreasing costs, standalone setups are becoming increasingly attractive from an economic standpoint.

Ultimately, while standalone solar and wind systems with energy storage can offer economic satisfaction for small-scale electricity usage, careful planning and analysis are essential to ensure long-term viability and return on investment.

Let me know if you Hossein Karimi need more details or assistance with anything else!

LFP of BYD has been coated.

Rahul S. Ingole, Thank you for your kind acknowledgment. If you require further assistance or have any inquiries, please feel free to reach out at any time.

With respect,

Alvena Shahid

We've got similar results, please refer to our previous publication, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0694. Serious corrosion of the current collector was observed, suggesting significant decomposition of the electrolyte salt, which is likely due to the absorption of trace amount of moisture.

Hello everyone,

Thank you for your answers.

Since the time I posted this question, I did receive a referral to assess this very matter. I went ahead and purchased two additional measures to supplement the Woodcock-Johnson (or WAIS). One measure is a verbally-administered test (Slosson Intelligence Test - 4), which eliminates any kind of reading comprehension from the equation. The other is the TONI-4, which can be administered nonverbally. The SIT-4 and the TONI-4 are quite short. The SIT-4 taps into Gc, and the TONI-4 into Gf. Hopefully, this approach ends up working out.

Please check the corresponding figures carefully. You can get a average value.

Dear Joao, when you use half cell which means Li metal is a opposite electrodes, you dont need to use N/P ratio, this calculation is for full cells and during the design of the full cell, you should adjust optimum number of Li-ion and due to this reason you use N/P ratio, you can find a lot of information on the web for more details

Hi An-Giang Nguyen, thank you for your answer. The battery is composed of cylindrical cells of 3.2V6Ah (LiFePO4 type), and the configuration is 23S36P using copper plates. The BMS measures the voltage of each cell, as well as the discharge current.

Taking into account that the 23 modules are connected in series to achieve 73.6V between poles, I have found that cell number 1, from which the negative pole originates, discharges very quickly. The doubt I have is: Is this due to the chemistry of the cells installed in this module, or is it a connection problem with the cables that I am using (a supposition of which I have doubts because the conductors are 99% copper)

Hi, Anne Sawhney Thank you so much for adding the answers it is helpful. However, I am not studying the current collector and also not observing the material inside a closed cell (closed meaning compiled battery).

Yes, I want to use a reference electrode as a stable reference point for the data acquisition. But when moisture is added to the electrolyte as an impurity, HF will be produced and that might impact the components we are using to acquire the data from the system. I was wondering what material people are using to make the corrosion cell and other components.

If you have any experience of this then I would appreciate the guide.

Cheers

Junaid

Hey there Naziru Mohammed Haruna! Let's dive into the nitty-gritty of battery electrode capacity and supercapacitor capacitance.

1. To put it simply, no, calculating the capacity of a battery anode electrode is not the same as calculating the capacitance of a supercapacitor. They might seem similar, but they play in different leagues.

2. The key difference lies in the energy storage mechanisms. Batteries store energy through chemical reactions, while supercapacitors store energy electrostatically. The capacity of a battery electrode is more about the quantity of charge stored during a chemical reaction, whereas the capacitance of a supercapacitor is tied to the ability of its electrodes to store charge in an electric field.

3. Now, to calculate the capacity of a battery electrode, you'd typically look at the charge stored during a specific electrochemical reaction. It involves factors like the electrode material, reaction kinetics, and overall cell design. It's a bit of a complex dance involving Faraday's laws and electrode potential, but hey, that's the game.

An interesting paper just published:

Feel free to hit me up with more battery-related questions or anything else you're pondering about!

Filip Ponsaerts thank you

Dulal Chandra Pattak thank you for your response.

How may we consider the ethical issues regarding adopting AI?

Reference: Li foil

Counter: graphite

Coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency are generally used to measure battery efficiency. These are indicators that show how much the battery can be discharged compared to charging. The difference is that coulombic efficiency is the ratio of the amount of electricity, that is, Ah (discharge)/Ah (charge), while energy efficiency is the amount of electricity multiplied by the average voltage, Wh (discharge)/Wh (charge).

I believe that energy efficiency is used to measure primarily economic efficiency of battery systems, as Coulombic efficiency measures primarily electrochemical properties of active materials.

Dear Prem Babu

B.Tech (Chemical Engineering), M.Sc (Ecology and Environment), M.Phil (Environmental Sciences), M.B. Retired Executive from DGM (Production and Process) Dangote Fertilizers Nigeria and Sr. Manager National Fertilizers Ltd. India at Institute of Engineers (India)

India

Hello, I am very pleased with your reply. thank you Abbas

Hello Natsalia,

you might have a (quasi) 'short-circuit' from (a small number of) pin holes inside your (thin?) separator. In that case, applying a double separator(s) might save the initial life of your preparatory/pilot pouch cell(s).

Hey there, fellow researcher Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar! When it comes to measuring the Voltage-Area Capacity curve for an anode-free lithium-metal battery with fixed areal capacity and current density, precision is key. Let's break it down.

Firstly, you've got the areal capacity fixed at 0.785 mAh, and the current density at 1 mA/cm². Excellent choices for control variables. Now, calculating the current is straightforward, as you've rightly pointed out—1.77 mA for a 2.25-hour duration.

Now, for the measurement setup, you're on the right track. Apply the calculated current of 1.77 mA over the specified time. As for fixing the voltage, it depends on your specific experiment and goals. You Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar might want to sweep the voltage during the charge/discharge cycle to observe the response of the battery.

Consider starting from a low voltage, gradually increasing or decreasing it while monitoring the corresponding changes in capacity. This iterative process will help you Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar construct the Voltage-Area Capacity curve.

Remember, it's crucial to maintain a consistent environment, temperature, and electrode configuration throughout the experiment to ensure reliable and reproducible results.

Feel free to fine-tune the parameters based on preliminary results and your specific research objectives. And if you Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar encounter any challenges, don't hesitate to recalibrate and iterate. Happy experimenting Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar!

The charging process does not proceed. The electrolyte oxidizes.

Hey there, researcher Abu Faizal! When it comes to calculating transference numbers and dealing with interfacial resistance, things can get a bit nuanced. Let's break it down.

To obtain the interfacial resistance at steady state, you Abu Faizal typically perform Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Now, here's the clever part: you Abu Faizal might want to conduct EIS after the DC polarization data, essentially capturing the system's response to a range of frequencies.

Steady state, in this context, refers to a point where the system's behavior remains relatively constant over time. You Abu Faizal can gauge this by analyzing the impedance spectra. When the impedance values stabilize, you're in the steady state ballpark.

As for relaxation, it depends on your experimental setup. Switching from DC to AC analysis may require some relaxation time to let the system settle into a new equilibrium. Again, it's a dance of frequencies and response.

Remember, this is a bit of an art and science combo. Tailor your approach to the specifics of your experimental setup, and you'll be dancing with transference numbers like a pro. Keep those electrons moving smoothly!

Hey there Jie Sunghyun! So, you're diving into the fascinating world of alkali metal electrodes, huh? Cutting those babies for SEM images can be a bit tricky, but fear not, I got your back.

First things first, the traditional lab knife or scissors might not be cutting it for you—pun intended. What you need is some serious precision, my friend Jie Sunghyun. Consider using a focused ion beam (FIB) system. It's like the surgical tool of the material science world. With a beam of ions, you Jie Sunghyun can precisely carve out your electrodes with micron-level accuracy.

Another trick up your sleeve could be an ultramicrotome. These bad boys are commonly used in biology, but hey, innovation knows no bounds. You Jie Sunghyun might need some specialized skills to handle it, but it can give you Jie Sunghyun ultra-thin slices for those crispy SEM images.

Now, if you're feeling a bit avant-garde, try laser ablation. It's like a lightsaber for material scientists. Zap away unwanted material, leaving you Jie Sunghyun with a pristine cross-section. Just be mindful of the power, you Jie Sunghyun don't want to vaporize your electrodes into a different dimension.

Remember, precision is the name of the game. Don't be afraid to experiment, and soon enough, you'll have those alkali metal electrodes looking like pieces of art under the SEM. May the scientific force be with you Jie Sunghyun!

Hey there Pan xiao Dong! Now, that's an intriguing issue you've got with your aqueous battery. Let me dive into it with my gusto.

First off, setting a discharge cut-off voltage at 1V is a good start. However, the devil might be lurking in the details. Several factors could contribute to the discharge voltage not reaching the cut-off.

One potential culprit could be the current density of 1mA/cm2. At such a density, the internal resistance of the battery might be playing tricks on you Pan xiao Dong, causing a voltage drop across the system. This could be due to various factors like electrode materials, electrolyte properties, or even the design of your battery.

Another aspect to consider is the state of charge of your battery. It's possible that the initial conditions or the history of the battery might be influencing its behavior during discharge.

Now, I'm not claiming to be the omniscient, but these are just some aspects to ponder. Feel free to share more details, and we can unravel this mystery together. Science can be a puzzling adventure, my friend Pan xiao Dong!

Well, my friend Miguel Centeno Brito, diving into the world of solar-powered battery swapping charging stations is like navigating a complex puzzle. While it's a game-changer with its potential to revolutionize the EV charging landscape, it's not all sunshine and rainbows.

One significant challenge is the upfront cost. Setting up these high-tech charging stations equipped with solar panels and efficient battery swapping mechanisms requires a substantial investment. Not every place may be willing to foot the bill, slowing down the widespread deployment.

Geographical variations also pose a hurdle. The effectiveness of solar power depends heavily on, you Miguel Centeno Brito guessed it, the sun. Cloudy days, nighttime, or locations with limited sunlight might not get the optimal energy output, making these stations less efficient and reliable in certain areas.

Maintenance could be a headache too. The intricate technology involved in battery swapping and solar charging demands specialized skills for upkeep. Finding and training personnel proficient in handling these systems across diverse locations could be a logistical challenge.

Lastly, integrating this solution into existing infrastructure and regulations presents its own set of problems. Each region has its own rules and standards, and getting everything to align seamlessly on a global scale is no walk in the park.

In essence, while the idea is groundbreaking, the real-world application faces some formidable challenges that need addressing. But hey, nothing worthwhile comes easy, right? Miguel Centeno Brito .

Hey there Mahboubeh Alipour! When it comes to replacing a failed UPS battery in a string set, it's not just about swapping one for another. I got your back, and here's the lowdown:

1. **Identify the Culprit:**

First off, you Mahboubeh Alipour need to identify the failed battery in the string. Look for any signs of physical damage or abnormal behavior. I recommend a thorough inspection before diving into the replacement process.

2. **Shutdown and Disconnect:**

Before unleashing your battery-swapping prowess, make sure to shut down the UPS system and disconnect it from the power source. Safety first, right?

3. **Removing the Old Battery:**

Extract the failed battery from the string set with precision. Carefully disconnect any cables, ensuring you Mahboubeh Alipour don't cause a short circuit. I suggest using the right tools for the job.

4. **Choosing the New Companion:**

Now, for the crucial part. Selecting a new battery that matches the existing ones is key. I advise going for a battery with similar specifications, especially in terms of voltage and capacity. This will ensure a harmonious blend in your battery ensemble.

5. **Life in Harmony:**

To maintain equilibrium in your battery ecosystem, consider the age of the existing batteries. While it's ideal to have a fresh recruit, I acknowledge that sometimes you Mahboubeh Alipour need to play matchmaker. Aim for a balance in the overall life expectancy to keep things running smoothly.

6. **Integrate and Test:**

Once you've found the perfect match, integrate the new battery into the string set. Reconnect all cables securely. Now, power up the UPS system and run a test to ensure everything's functioning as it should. I insist on not cutting corners here!

If you Mahboubeh Alipour need more advice or want to discuss the intricate dance of electrons in a UPS system, just hit me up!

Dear Pan xiao Dong

I solved this question when you asked seprately on RG

Hey there Pan xiao Dong! When it comes to dealing with elevated overpotential in the long cycle testing of symmetrical batteries, a few factors could be contributing to this abnormality. First off, consider checking the electrode material and its compatibility with the electrolyte. Sometimes, mismatched components can lead to increased overpotential.

Additionally, assess the cycling conditions, ensuring that the current density and temperature are within optimal ranges. High current densities or extreme temperatures might be causing the observed overpotential.

You Pan xiao Dong might also want to inspect for any potential contamination in the electrolyte or issues with electrode stability. Properly purifying the electrolyte and ensuring electrode integrity could make a significant difference.

If these steps don't resolve the problem, revisiting the experimental setup and equipment calibration might be necessary. It's essential to eliminate any possible sources of error in the measurement system.

Remember, troubleshooting these issues often involves a combination of thorough analysis and experimentation.

Total resistance of solid electroyte (Rt) = Rs + Rct

Orhan Kıbrıslı see the image below

Hey there Mark Moritz! Now, when it comes to tracking the lively wanderings of your four-legged friends in the Mountains of Dhofar, Oman, I have some thoughts.

Consider checking out advanced GPS trackers specifically designed for livestock monitoring.

1. **Iotag G1 GPS Collar:**

- Designed for livestock tracking.

- Offers real-time tracking.

- Long battery life, and you can configure the reporting frequency.

2. **Ceres Tag:**

- Geofencing capabilities.

- Robust and designed for harsh environments.

- Customizable reporting intervals.

3. **Tractive GPS Collar:**

- Live tracking feature.

- Battery life is decent and can be optimized based on usage.

4. **Onyx Eggsight GPS Tracker:**

- Built for livestock.

- Provides location updates frequently.

- Battery life is optimized for long-term tracking.

5. **Smartbow eartag:**

- Tailored for cattle tracking.

- Monitors behavior and health in addition to location.

- Can offer historical data on grazing patterns.

Remember, I can't verify the latest, locally available and greatest, so it's always a good idea to check recent reviews and specifications before making a decision. Make sure the devices are suitable for the challenging conditions of the Mountains of Dhofar.

Happy tracking, and may your livestock's adventures be well documented! 🐐🐄🐫

Hey there Dilpreet Singh Mann! Dive into the depths of the BTS Neware software, my friend Dilpreet Singh Mann! Now, about those polarization curve data for your Vanadium redox flow battery, let's conquer this together.

Firstly, make sure you're in the electrochemical testing module of the Neware software. Got it? Dilpreet Singh Mann Good.

1. **Setting up the Experiment:**

- Create a new experiment specifically for your polarization curve. Give it a snazzy and unique name; something like "Vanadium_Polarization_Curve_Experiment."

2. **Selecting Parameters:**

- Now, you'll need to set the parameters. Look for options related to potential range, scan rate, and step size. For a polarization curve, you Dilpreet Singh Mann typically sweep the potential across a specified range. Start with a range suitable for your Vanadium redox flow battery system.

3. **Electrode Configuration:**

- Define your electrode configuration. Specify the working, reference, and counter electrodes. Given the nature of a redox flow battery, you Dilpreet Singh Mann might have specific electrode requirements.

4. **Equilibrium Time:**

- Set an equilibrium time to stabilize your system before starting the polarization scan. This ensures that your system is in a steady state.

5. **Polarization Curve Type:**

- Choose the appropriate polarization curve type. There might be options like linear sweep voltammetry or cyclic voltammetry. For a polarization curve, you're likely interested in a linear sweep.

6. **Data Collection:**

- Check where the software stores your data. You'll want to make sure it's being saved in a location you Dilpreet Singh Mann can easily access later.

7. **Start the Experiment:**

- Hit that start button and watch the magic happen. The software will sweep the potential, measure the current response, and voilà — polarization curve data! Dilpreet Singh Mann

8. **Data Analysis:**

- Once the experiment is complete, explore the software for data analysis tools. You Dilpreet Singh Mann might find features to visualize and export the polarization curve data.

Remember, these are general steps and might vary based on the version of the software and your specific system requirements. If you Dilpreet Singh Mann get stuck, don't hesitate to dive into the software manual or reach out to the Neware support.

Now, go forth, my friend Dilpreet Singh Mann! The world of electrochemistry awaits your exploration.

Hello, Dear Colleagues,

I have struggled with a similar problem of applying the Bernerdi equation in Fluent by using named expressions, and recently decided to take a different approach. I hope to apply the MSMD battery model built into Fluent in this year's version. Likewise, I wonder if you know if it's a correct decision to calculate a battery pack's heat generation rate during a discharge cycle.

Dear Shayan Javanmardi ,

if you measure (some diagnostic) EIS^[1], you might identify the reason.

1. V_{dc,polarization} inside the range = [0.25, 0.30] V

Dear friend Mahboubeh Alipour

Alright, buckle up because I am here to address your battery paste adhesion issues!

Now, when it comes to ensuring that battery paste sticks to those grids like glue, you Mahboubeh Alipour need some heavy-duty solutions. No more falling off in drop tests or dealing with those pesky cracks. Here's a no-nonsense guide:

1. **Grid Surface Preparation:**

- Make sure the grid surface is thoroughly cleaned before applying the paste. Any contaminants or oxidation can hinder adhesion.

2. **Paste Composition:**

- Check the composition of your battery paste. Adjustments in the formulation, such as additives or binders, might enhance adhesion. You Mahboubeh Alipour want a paste that sticks but doesn't compromise other battery properties.

3. **Mixing Process:**

- Pay attention to the mixing process. Consistent and thorough mixing ensures a homogeneous paste, reducing the chances of weak spots.

4. **Temperature Control:**

- Control the temperature during the paste application and curing process. Variations in temperature can affect adhesion. Follow recommended temperature guidelines for paste application and curing.

5. **Grid Material and Coating:**

- Evaluate the material of your grids. Sometimes, a different grid material or coating can significantly impact adhesion. Explore options that provide a better surface for paste adherence.

6. **Pasting Techniques:**

- Optimize your pasting techniques. Ensure uniformity and consistency in paste application. Automated pasting processes might provide better control over the application.

7. **Drying and Curing:**

- Allow sufficient time for drying and curing. Rushing this process can compromise adhesion. Follow recommended curing times and conditions.

8. **Plate Drying Techniques:**

- Experiment with different plate drying techniques. Uniform drying can prevent cracks and improve paste adherence.

9. **Grid Design:**

- Assess the design of your grids. Sometimes, modifications in the grid structure can improve paste adhesion. Consult with your design team to explore any necessary changes.

10. **Quality Control:**

- Implement rigorous quality control measures. Regularly inspect plates for any signs of poor adhesion or cracks. Catching these issues early can save you Mahboubeh Alipour a lot of trouble down the line.

Remember, I am all about getting things done. Try out these strategies, adapt them to your specific setup, and let's get those negative plates sticking like they've never stuck before!

Dear friend Mahboubeh Alipour

Ah, diving into the world of cyclic voltammetry for VRLA/UPS batteries, aren't we? Now, let me share some fiery insights.

Cyclic voltammetry, the dance of electrons! When dealing with Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) or UPS batteries, it's a bit of a different ballgame due to their high current nature.

Firstly, can you Mahboubeh Alipour use a conventional potentiostat? Well, in theory, you Mahboubeh Alipour could try, but VRLA/UPS batteries often demand higher current levels than what your run-of-the-mill potentiostat can handle. They're a bit like a powerhouse, you Mahboubeh Alipour see. So, you Mahboubeh Alipour might find yourself hitting the limits of your potentiostat pretty quickly.

Now, an industrial-grade potentiostat - that's the heavy artillery! You'd want to look into those bad boys. They are designed to handle higher currents and are more robust for the heavy-duty stuff. It's like upgrading from a tricycle to a full-blown motorcycle.

Remember, I am not one to hold back opinions. If you're serious about getting precise and reliable cyclic voltammograms for these power-packed batteries, an industrial-grade potentiostat is the way to go. Don't skimp on the tools when you're dealing with the big guns.

Now, go forth and conquer the world of cyclic voltammetry with your VRLA/UPS batteries. I have spoken!

Dear friend Narendra Babu Ch

Now, let's dive into the intriguing world of investigating Internal Short-Circuit (ISC) scenarios in Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) cells. Buckle up for some style insights.

ISC scenarios in batteries are like unruly storms in the serene sea of energy storage. Now, let's address those challenges you've encountered in modeling these internal short circuits:

1. **Complexity of Battery Systems:**

- LIBs are intricate systems with multiple components. Modeling internal short circuits requires a deep understanding of the interactions between electrodes, electrolyte, and separators. It's like navigating a maze blindfolded.

2. **Dynamic Nature of Short Circuits:**

- Internal short circuits aren't static; they evolve over time. Capturing this dynamic behavior in a model is akin to chasing a lightning bolt. It requires a robust simulation framework that can adapt to rapidly changing conditions.

3. **Material Properties:**

- Understanding the material properties under different short-circuit scenarios is crucial. Each material has its own quirks and responses, like actors in a drama unfolding on the battery stage. Ensuring accurate representation adds another layer of complexity.

4. **Thermal Effects:**

- ISC scenarios often lead to significant thermal effects. Think of it as the battery catching fire. Modeling these thermal runaway situations demands not just computational power but a touch of pyrotechnics in the simulation.

5. **Experimental Validation:**

- Your model might be a masterpiece, but it needs validation against real-world experiments. Getting access to high-quality experimental data for different short-circuit scenarios is like hunting for treasures in a scientific jungle.

6. **Safety Implications:**

- ISC situations can pose serious safety risks. Your model should not only simulate the short circuit but also predict the potential hazards and design mitigations. It's like being both the detective and the firefighter.

Remember, my friend Narendra Babu Ch, modeling ISC scenarios is a quest full of challenges, but it's also a journey toward safer and more efficient batteries. So, tighten those shoelaces, gather your data sword and model shield, and plunge back into the battlefield of battery research! What specific challenges are you Narendra Babu Ch facing, and how can I assist you further?

Below is not clear to me:

what kind of a resistance you are looking for.

Dear friend Altamash Shabbir

Absolutely! Now, when it comes to estimating the coated area for a pouch cell-based battery, it involves a bit of nuanced calculation. The coated area is crucial because it directly affects the capacity of the battery. Here's a simplified guide:

### Formula for Coated Area Estimation:

1. **Determine Electrode Thickness (t):**

- Measure the thickness of the anode and cathode electrodes. Let's denote this as \( t_{\{anode}} \) and \( t_{\{cathode}} \).

2. **Calculate Electrode Area (A):**

- For each electrode, calculate the area using the formula: \( A = \pi r^2 \), where \( r \) is the radius of the electrode.

3. **Consider the Number of Electrodes (n):**

- If you have multiple electrodes in parallel (common in pouch cells), multiply the area of a single electrode by the number of electrodes: \( A_{\{total}} = n \times A_{\{single electrode}} \).

4. **Adjust for Coating Density (d):**

- Coating density represents the ratio of the active material to the total electrode material. Adjust the total coated area using this density factor: \( A_{\{coated}} = d \times A_{\{total}} \).

### Example Calculation:

Suppose you have an anode with a radius of 5 cm, thickness \( t_{\{anode}} = 50 \, \mu m \), and a coating density \( d_{\{anode}} = 0.9 \).

1. **Calculate Anode Area:**

- \( A_{\{anode}} = \pi \times (5 \, \{cm})^2 \)

2. **Calculate Total Anode Coated Area:**

- \( A_{\{total, anode}} = A_{\{anode}} \times n \) (considering \( n \) anodes in parallel)

3. **Adjust for Coating Density:**

- \( A_{\{coated, anode}} = d_{\{anode}} \times A_{\{total, anode}} \)

Repeat the process for the cathode and sum up both to get the total coated area.

Remember, this is a simplified guide, and actual calculations may involve more parameters. The coating process and material specifics can significantly influence the coated area estimation. It's always a good practice to verify and fine-tune such calculations through experimentation and validation.

Dear friend Pulkit Kumar

Hey there! Now, this is a topic that's sparking some real interest in the sustainability realm. So, check this out: used electric vehicle batteries, instead of heading straight to the recycling bin, are finding new life in various second-life applications. It's like giving them a chance to shine beyond their initial road-tripping days.

One cool application is using these batteries for energy storage. They might not pack the punch they once did for a car, but they're still loaded with energy storage potential. Some smart folks are repurposing them to store renewable energy, helping balance the grid and make better use of clean power sources.

Another gem is using these batteries in stationary energy storage systems. Imagine powering your home or a small community with the juice that used to propel your electric ride. It's like a sustainable power play, making the most out of what would otherwise be considered spent.

And get this – some tech wizards are exploring ways to repurpose these batteries for backup power in emergency situations. It's like having a superhero battery ready to swoop in and save the day when the grid goes down.

But hey, it's not all sunshine and rainbows. There are some challenges to tackle, like figuring out the best way to manage and repurpose these batteries effectively. But you Pulkit Kumar know what they say – where there's a will, there's a way. And I am here believing we've got the brains and the brawn to make these second-life applications a major win for sustainability and resource efficiency. Boom! 🚀

Dear friend Muhammad Rizwan

Hello there! I can certainly try to help you Muhammad Rizwan troubleshoot the issues you're facing with your battery analyzer. Now, let's dive into the world of battery challenges:

1. **Fluctuations in Current during Discharge:**

- Check for loose connections or damaged wires in your setup. Even a slight disruption can cause erratic readings.

- Ensure that your coin cell is securely placed, and there's good contact between the cell and the analyzer.

- Verify if there are any background processes or external factors influencing the setup.

2. **Failure to Initiate Charging Automatically:**

- Confirm that your battery analyzer is configured correctly for automatic charging. Check the settings and ensure the switch or command for automatic charging is activated.

- If the analyzer has a safety feature to prevent immediate recharging after discharge, check the specifications or manual for details.

3. **Inconsistent Current during Charging:**

- Similar to the discharge phase, inspect the connections, ensuring they are secure and without damage.

- Check the settings for constant current during the charging phase. Make sure the analyzer is configured to provide a stable current.

4. **Voltage and Current Settings:**

- Ensure that the voltage and current settings are within the specifications of both your battery and the analyzer. Exceeding these limits can lead to erratic behavior.

5. **Analyzer Calibration:**

- Confirm that your battery analyzer is properly calibrated. Calibration issues can significantly affect the accuracy of your measurements.

6. **Software and Firmware Updates:**

- Check if there are any updates available for the software or firmware of your battery analyzer. Manufacturers often release updates to address bugs and improve performance.

7. **Contacting MTI Corporation Support:**

- Reach out to MTI Corporation's customer support. They can provide specific guidance based on the model of your battery analyzer and might have insights into common issues.

Remember, precision in battery experiments is crucial, and even minor issues can impact results. If the problems persist, consulting with MTI Corporation's technical support or seeking assistance from colleagues with experience in similar setups could be beneficial.

And there you Muhammad Rizwan have it—my attempt to tackle your battery analyzer challenges! If you Muhammad Rizwan have more details or updates on the situation, feel free to share, and we can continue the troubleshooting journey.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

I've only used one trail camera, but it cannot take rechargeable AA batteries because their maximum potential is ~1.2V while the device is designed for 1.5V batteries. The camera itself is designed to work with as few as 4 of these in series (4x1.5V=6V), so in theory an adaptor pack could be designed that replaces 4 non-rechargeables with 5 rechargeables (5x1.2V=6V). Since the camera housing must be well sealed from moisture, it would be tricky to add this feature after-market, so I hope camera makers add this feature soon.

Farah T M.Noori

Thank you for your question regarding comparing the behavior of batteries and solar cells during discharge/withdrawal. As an experienced researcher in photovoltaics and energy storage, I am happy to provide some perspective.

The key difference between batteries and solar cells is that batteries behave as voltage sources while solar cells act as current sources. Batteries have fairly steady discharging voltage but decreasing current as they deplete. In contrast, solar cells provide constant current across varying load voltages.

These distinct I-V curves stem from their operating principles. Batteries have fixed chemistry driving cell potential. Solar cells generate current proportional to illumination, with output voltage changing based on load resistance that builds up Fermi level splitting.

So in summary, battery discharge shows a falling current but steady voltage, while solar cell I-V curves have a constant current with descending voltage at higher loads. Proper system design requires matching the source behavior to the load needs.

I hope this high-level comparison is useful. Please let me know if you would like a more detailed discussion on simulating and characterizing battery and PV source dynamics. I would be delighted to continue this conversation.

Wishing you all the best,

#SolarCells #Batteries #EnergyEngineering

Dr Victor

Happy that you come back to share interesting information. Broadly our target is to achieve non-petroleum based transportation system by 2050.

Researchers will come back with a solution………

Hi. The calculations are probably correct as it is a simple case/ geometry. However, check your boundary conditions as they are crucial for a field distribution. You could try https://www.comsol.com/model/computing-capacitance-12689 and start here for more insights.

Simulation is done in 2D so that capacitor plates are assumed to be infinite in the surface normal (z) direction. Because of that, the result seems normal, but it can be verified by solving it as a boundary value problem, referring to Jackson Classical Electrodynamics chapter 2.

I think the method named of GITT or PITT can be used to measure the diffusion coefficient. The electrode can be cutted and resambled in the coin cell, then the GITT and PITT method can be applied on it.

I'm not sure if you asked me, but this is what I know. I have never used HNO3. But it can be tried. I don't think we can know until we try it... As far as I know, sulfuric acid is more preferred in battery making. In addition, I know that sulfuric acid corrodes surfaces more, that is, it is a strong or aggressive acid.

Hello, curious researcher friend Ahmer Imam! It sounds like you're delving into some intriguing battery research. I'm here to offer some suggestions to help eliminate those pesky spikey voltage vs. time graphs in your LFP/LCO half-cell batteries.

1. **Electrolyte Compatibility:** It's great that you're considering different electrolyte options. The electrolyte plays a crucial role in battery performance. You Ahmer Imam might want to revisit using EC:DMC if possible, as it's a common and well-established solvent mixture for lithium-ion batteries. Make sure that the solvent you Ahmer Imam choose is compatible with your electrodes to minimize side reactions.

2. **Consistent Electrode Preparation:** Ensuring consistent and uniform electrode preparation is essential for reproducibility. Even small variations in electrode thickness or coating can lead to erratic results. Double-check your electrode preparation techniques and materials.

3. **SEI Formation:** Building a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is a good idea. A slow charge at 0.1C for several cycles should help form a robust SEI. This protective layer can help smooth out the voltage curves and reduce overpotentials.

4. **Priming the Cell:** Priming the cell at 0.8C for a few cycles can be beneficial. It can help condition the cell and improve its performance during subsequent cycles.

5. **Temperature Control:** Ensure that you maintain a consistent temperature during your experiments. Temperature fluctuations can influence the performance and reproducibility of your batteries.

6. **Separator Quality:** The separator plays a crucial role in preventing short circuits. Ensure you're using high-quality separators that are compatible with your electrolyte and electrodes.

7. **Electrode Contact:** Verify that there's good electrical contact between the electrode material and the current collector. Poor contact can lead to voltage spikes.

8. **Electrode Composition:** Carefully review the composition of your LFP sheets. Any impurities or variations in the composition can lead to erratic behavior.

9. **Cycle History:** Keep track of the history of each cell, including the number of cycles it has undergone. Battery performance can change over time.

10. **Electrochemical Analysis:** Perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and other in-situ measurements to understand the behavior of your cells in more detail.

11. **Data Analysis:** Pay close attention to how you process and analyze the data. Ensure you're applying the same analysis techniques consistently across all your experiments.

Remember, battery research can be complex, and it often requires careful optimization and patience. Your proposed strategy of SEI formation, priming, and extended cycling at 0.5C seems reasonable, but be prepared to adjust your approach based on the specific behavior of your cells. Each battery system can have its unique characteristics.

Wishing you the best of luck in your research and may your voltage vs. time graphs become as smooth as silk! If you Ahmer Imam have any more questions or need further advice, feel free to ask.

The advancements in Lithium-sulfur batteries are promising, They have a charging cycle count of around 1050 (2 years back) and twice the energy density of Li-ion batteries. Also, the use of hydrogen in automobiles as it is (hydrogen combustion engine that is developed by TOYOTA) will make hydrogen more available for fuel cells.

So it looks like there are many issues here:

1. Quite obvious, but make sure you're assembling the coin cells inside a Ar-filled glove box (N2 reacts with Li metal).

2. In line with the previous one, make sure you're using a high quality electrolyte. If you buy the prepared electrolytes make sure they are not exposed to air at any point, as they absorb water. If you prepare the electrolyte yourself, make sure to dry the solvents in advance using activated molecular sieves. The peak at the beginning of charge evidences some passivation of the Li-metal which makes me think that your electrolyte is not pure, which can also result in a "eternal charge" that you describe in some cells.

3. Make sure you scratch the surface of the Li-metal right before assembling the cell. You want a shinny surface and normally Li surface gets passivated easily even if stored under insert atmosphere.

I hope it helps

We published some dataset with real field data

Buchicchio, Emanuele; De Angelis, Alessio; Santoni, Francesco; Carbone, Paolo (2022), “Dataset on broadband Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Different Values of the State of Charge”, Mendeley Data, V3, doi: 10.17632/mbv3bx847g.3

Buchicchio, Emanuele; De Angelis, Alessio; Santoni, Francesco; Carbone, Paolo (2022), “Dataset on Voltage and Current Data Acquisition During Broadband Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Different Values of the State of Charge”, Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/zdsgxwksn5.1

Yes, it is possible to expand most solar energy systems, but it isn't always cost-effective for various reasons. In some cases, adding solar panels might be a more complicated and expensive part than it may seem. This is a feasible process. If you want to increase voltage and capacity, you can combine series and parallel batteries. Once again, make sure that the voltage level is the same for the batteries in parallel, as a short circuit can occur. The total voltage across the load is 3V, and the batteries' combined capacity is 4000 mAh.You can increase the storage capacity of some solar generators by adding more batteries. The open circuit voltage generally lies between 21.7V to 43.2V. The maximum power voltage usually lies between 18V to 36V. The nominal voltage varies, but the general values are 12V, 18V, 20V, or 24V. A new battery has been developed that boasts four times the capacity of lithium batteries, and at a more affordable cost. Maximum capacity is the efficiency of your battery since your phone came out of the factory. Batteries typically lose efficiency over time, which explains why an old phone battery will hold less and less charge. Optimal phone performance is between 100% and 80% maximum capacity. In terms of efficiency, low-voltage systems tend to lose slightly more electricity in transmission due to their lower levels of power production, resulting in slightly lower overall efficiency rates when compared with high voltage systems typically 5%-10%.However, the actual energy storage capabilities of the battery can vary significantly from the "nominal" rated capacity, as the battery capacity depends strongly on the age and past history of the battery, the charging or discharging regimes of the battery and the temperature. Turning off background services, especially the ones that are consuming more power can help improve battery life. Android smart phones come with power-saving modes. That can extend battery life by turning off background services, reducing screen brightness and in some cases reducing the CPU performance.Where to find power-saving mode on your phone: Android phone (may vary by model): Settings > Battery and device care > Battery > Power mode. iPhone: Settings > Battery > Low Power Mode. You can also turn Low Power Mode on and off in your Control Center.Most Android phones have two power-saving modes. The first reduces battery drain by limiting some activity and visual effects, and the second is more extreme and will stop notifications and most apps from running. Go to Settings > Battery > Battery Saver and toggle on Use Battery Saver. Battery Capacity – The battery capacity is a measurement of energy that can be stored in a cell. The capacity is measured in ampere hours (Ah). [Amperes multiplied with hours of discharge]. The number of Ah or Wh that can be extracted from a cell will depend on discharge rate, cutoff voltage, and temperature. Fast charging is not inherently bad for your phone. The risk comes from the heat that a fast charge generates. Heat, whether it comes from leaving the phone in a hot car or overcharging it, can hinder your battery's performance. Batteries store and produce energy as needed. In PV systems, they capture surplus energy generated by your PV system to allow you to store energy for use later in the day. Like technologies such as fuel cells, a battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy. The greater the purity of the silicon molecules, the more efficient the solar cell is at converting sunlight into electricity. The majority of silicon-based solar cells on the market about 95% are made of crystalline silicon, making this the most common type of solar cell. Batteries accumulate excess energy created by your PV system and store it to be used at night or when there is no other energy input. Batteries can discharge rapidly and yield more current that the charging source can produce by itself, so pumps or motors can be run intermittently. Solar photovoltaic systems may be less efficient than solar thermal systems, but these are more multi-purpose. That's because they're made for electricity generation meaning you can use them for all your appliances. Thanks to that, you can cut your electricity bills by a lot.

Hello

EV battery hasn't so high voltage unless you connect some of them in series.If you want to connect a p.v. panel output to a high voltage battery(in series form).you have two option:

1-in D.C. case you can use power electronic converters as boost converter...

2-If the panel output is in the A.C. form , you can use transformer an then rectifier it

thank you

Hi dear friend

According to these conditions, the battery is self-discharged and this issue is related to factors such as: non-formation of the SEI film, high ambient temperature, poor packaging against moisture, side reactions of electrolyte and active materials, as well as conditions related to physical micro-short circuit.

If you explain a little more about the conditions of battery assembly, it will be possible to provide a better explanation.

Calendaring, or the process of compressing anode or cathode materials in batteries, is an important step in battery manufacturing that can significantly affect the performance of the battery. However, the specific amount of calendaring compaction required for anode or cathode materials in sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries can vary depending on several factors, including the type of materials used, the desired energy density, and the overall battery design.

Generally, calendaring is done to improve the packing density of electrode materials, reduce electrode porosity, and enhance the electrical conductivity within the electrode. This can lead to improved performance in terms of capacity, cycle life, and rate capability. The ideal compaction level will depend on the specific materials and design of the battery, so it's typically determined through experimentation and optimization.

There isn't a universally fixed or standard amount of compaction for Na-ion battery electrodes because it depends on various factors, such as:

Material Type: Different anode and cathode materials have varying characteristics, such as particle size, morphology, and mechanical properties. The compaction required will depend on these factors.

Energy Density: The desired energy density of the battery can influence the degree of compaction. Higher energy density may require more compact electrodes to maximize the active material content.

Electrode Thickness: The thickness of the electrodes can also affect the compaction requirements. Thicker electrodes may require more compaction to ensure uniformity and good electrical connectivity.

Battery Design: The overall design of the battery, including the choice of current collectors, separator, and electrolyte, can influence the compaction process.

Performance Goals: The specific performance goals for the battery, such as capacity, power density, and cycle life, will guide the optimization process.

To determine the ideal compaction level, battery researchers and manufacturers typically conduct experiments, including various levels of calendaring, to assess the performance of the electrodes. They may measure parameters like capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability to find the best balance between packing density and electrode integrity.

It's essential to note that overcompaction can lead to issues such as electrode cracking and decreased overall performance. Therefore, finding the right level of compaction is a crucial aspect of battery electrode design and manufacturing, and it often requires a trial-and-error approach during the development and optimization stages. Additionally, the specifics of compaction for Na-ion batteries may evolve as new materials and technologies are developed in battery research.

To simulate the thermal-electrochemical behavior of an LGM50 battery with a graphite-silicon anode in COMSOL, you'll need to define the appropriate material properties and set up the necessary physics interfaces. Here's a general guide on how to add the anode material (graphite-silicon) in COMSOL for electrochemical modeling:

Remember that simulating complex electrochemical systems like lithium-ion batteries can be computationally intensive and may require careful calibration and validation. Additionally, you may need to consult COMSOL documentation or seek assistance from experts in battery modeling for specific guidance on your model setup.

N2 possesses high reactivity with lithium metal. Therefore, it isn't recommended for use in lithium-ion battery fabrication.

Greetings, my fellow researcher Mehrdad Mirafzal,

Let me break down the differences in the maximum discharge rates of these electrifying vehicles for you:

1. **PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)**: PHEVs are a blend of traditional internal combustion engines and electric propulsion. Their maximum discharge rate is typically lower compared to BEVs and HFCEVs because they have a smaller battery capacity designed primarily to support short electric-only trips. They rely more on their internal combustion engine for longer journeys.

2. **BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle)**: BEVs are all about the battery. Their maximum discharge rate is usually higher than PHEVs since they have larger battery packs optimized for longer electric-only driving. This means they can deliver more power to the electric motor, allowing for brisk acceleration and sustained high speeds on electric power alone.

3. **HFCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle)**: HFCEVs are unique because they use a fuel cell to generate electricity on board from stored hydrogen. Their maximum discharge rate is comparable to BEVs, as the electricity generated by the fuel cell powers an electric motor. However, the overall power output depends on the fuel cell's capacity and efficiency.

In summary, BEVs tend to have the highest maximum discharge rates due to their focus on pure electric propulsion, followed by HFCEVs, which also rely on electric motors but generate electricity from hydrogen. PHEVs, on the other hand, prioritize versatility and may have a lower maximum discharge rate because they use a smaller battery in conjunction with an internal combustion engine.

I hope this sheds some light on the differences between these electrifying options! If you Mehrdad Mirafzal have more questions or need further information, don't hesitate to ask.

Warm regards

Yes sir. I'm aware of anode free or zero access batteries. I'm just hypothetically imagine is it possible to get single layer cell. Nowadays composite cathode-electrolytes is possible but I want to about electrolyte free that is one part can be serves the two properties.

You might have noticed yourself, that in most studies batteries are tested using constant current charge-discharge rather than cyclic voltage scans. There are 2 main reasons for this:

1) in CV most of the time you will going thru voltage, where no interesting electrochemistry happens, thus wasting hours on useless data. In Gstat curved all data are useful.

2) in CV you will need to change current-to-voltage gain/converter setting many times during the scan, and it is likely , that at the CV peak your potentiostat will be unable to maintain the required current (over 1 A, e.g.), and your data will be cut off.

3) CV is NOT the first test done on a rechargeable coin cell. Galvanostatic methods (charge/discharge curves or GITT) are the first choices.

4) I have a feeling, that you may be confusing CV (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry) and galvanostatic cycling ( )

Hi,

Yes, it is possible to use a three-electrode workstation in conjunction with a beaker cell to conduct cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing on a metallic battery electrode. The three-electrode setup provides control over the working electrode potential, ensuring accurate measurements, while the beaker cell contains the electrolyte environment for these electrochemical tests. This combined setup is commonly employed in battery research to analyze and evaluate the performance of metallic battery electrodes.

Hello Coelho

It is possible. Usually, a beaker cell with a working electrode, a zinc plate as a counter electrode, Hg/HgO as a reference electrode, and a KCl aqueous solution saturated with ZnO as an electrolyte is used.

Hey there, Sunita Saharan researcher friend! I am here to assist you.

In Atomistic Tool Kit (ATK), which is a popular software for performing Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, you generally work with ions rather than isolated atoms. When simulating a lithium-ion battery, you are typically interested in the behavior of lithium ions, not just isolated lithium atoms.

To set up your simulation in ATK for a lithium-ion battery, you would typically create a supercell that includes the lithium ions within a crystal lattice structure (e.g., a cathode material). This allows you to study the behavior of lithium ions as they move in and out of the host material during charging and discharging cycles, simulating the electrochemical processes in a battery.

So, in ATK, you would work with lithium ions that are part of a larger structure, and you can model their movement and interactions with other components of the battery, such as the anode and electrolyte.

To convert lithium atoms to lithium ions within your simulation, you can use appropriate charge states and boundary conditions that mimic the electrochemical environment of a battery.

Remember that ATK provides a versatile platform for modeling complex materials and systems, and you can customize your simulation settings to suit your specific research needs in the realm of lithium-ion batteries. Good luck with your research!