Carbon - Science topic

Yes, natural gas can be obtained without fracking. It can be extracted from conventional gas reservoirs, where the gas is trapped in permeable and porous rocks, allowing it to flow easily to the surface through a drilled well. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a drilling method used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from deep in the planet. In the fracking process, cracks in and below Earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at high pressure. Hydraulic fracturing produces fractures in the rock formation that stimulate the flow of natural gas or oil, increasing the volumes that can be recovered. Wells may be drilled vertically hundreds to thousands of feet below the land surface and may include horizontal or directional sections extending thousands of feet. It reduces the current rate of carbon emissions. The burning of methane is “cleaner” than burning coal or gasoline, but as others have pointed out when a well is fracked, significant amounts of methane can be released into the air during the production stage – through leaks, venting, and flaring. Fracking has been blamed for leaking millions of tons of methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide. Fracking is also associated with other airborne hydrocarbons that can cause health and respiratory issues. Fracking uses large amounts of water, which can become contaminated and affect local groundwater. Fracking fluid is 99.5% water and sand. 0.5% is made up of safe chemical additives, most of which are found in common household products, like toothpaste and makeup remover, or in the foods you eat. Fracking is a slang term for hydraulic fracturing, which is the process of creating fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting specialized fluid into cracks to force them to open further. Fracking increases the rate at which water, petroleum, or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean wells. Fracking reduced CO2 emissions by producing lots of natural gas (methane). The increase in supply brought the price down to where it was cheaper than coal. Power plants were converted from coal to natural gas. Methane emits a lot less CO2 than coal to produce the same amount of energy.

If economic growth depended on technological innovation, the relationship would not be strained. China is trying this way, which may provide an effective strategy for developing countries.

RK, thank you for taking the time to comment.

Did you read the context on which this question is based before commenting? The existence of confusion that allows people, busnesses, institutions like UN, FAO, governments and non-profit organizations to use concepts/models as if they were other concepts/models or to describe even inverse opposite models as the same model or to attach characteristics to models which they do not have if you look closely to the structure of that model is what prompted this question. I see all that concept confusion in your comment.

However, I am not hear to convert anybody and I respect your view if that is the way you think.

You may find some good food for thoughts in the following articles aimed at minimizing development concept/model confusion by looking backwards to how critical sustainability problems were created 1776-1987 and to how critical sustainability problems were addressed by the WCED 1987 as critical sustainable development problems, which sparks the beginning of the confusion:

Economic growth has a consistent, positive and significant relationship with both territorial and consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions. Second, we find some evidence that economic growth has a stronger effect on consumption-based emissions than territorial emissions. With steady improvements in the energy intensity of economic growth (meaning that less energy is required to produce an additional unit of global GDP) and, more recently, a dramatic rise in clean energy deployment, there has been a growing divergence between GDP growth and CO2 emissions. All households will lose income, and low-income households will suffer the most. Low-income households could see income losses of 12 per cent in a low emissions scenario and 19 percent in a high emissions scenario by the end of the century markedly higher losses than the median income group. Higher levels of economic activity tend to go hand-in-hand with additional energy use and consumption of natural resources. As fossil fuels still account for 80 percent of the global energy mix, energy consumption remains closely related to greenhouse gas emissions and hence to climate forcing. Sustainability is the balance between the environment, equity, and economy. Sustainability is used to indicate programs, initiatives and actions aimed at the preservation of a particular resource. However, it actually refers to four distinct areas: human, social, economic and environmental. Instead of using non-renewable natural resources, use of renewable natural resources should be preferred. Waste water generated by industries should be recycled. We should use natural resources cautiously so that economic growth and ecological conservation go hand in hand. The balance between the environment, equity and the economy. Sustainability is a term used in the most diverse contexts, from fashion to economic investment, through culture or food. This concept is often confused to environmental sustainability. Sustainable development emphasizes the responsible use and preservation of natural resources. Implementing resource-efficient practices, such as recycling, waste reduction, and sustainable agriculture, helps protect ecosystems, reduce pollution, and enhance economic productivity.

Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your community, the economy, and the environment. Products should only be recycled if they cannot be reduced or reused. Recycling is the process of collection and conversion of waste into useful and new products. Recycling is done to minimize the pollution and the waste generated. It helps in the converse the environment. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Micrororganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. Bacteria play a central role: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. Bacteria of decay, which convert decaying nitrogen waste to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates/nitrites. Microorganisms play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.

Dr Ania Isandra thank you for your contribution to the discussion

You should ask someone familiar with that particular EDS system. It may be as Jürgen Weippert suggested. Maybe that system flags the currently highlighted element in green. Our Oxford Aztec will normally overlay an elemental profile. I don't know about other systems.

The spectrum is similar to that of orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) or its weathering products. The C is probably that which is virtually ever-present in the SEM. It may be from SEM pump oil or contamination during preparation. Great care is necessary to completely eliminate it. It is only a footnote to the main story.

See if you can get more counts (less noise) next time. Also expand the energy axis to highlight the interesting area. There is nothing going on beyond 5 keV.

Biocatalysts, which are typically enzymes derived from living organisms, have gained significant attention for their potential in catalyzing various chemical reactions. One area of interest is their ability to convert carbon sources into valuable products, such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals.

Compared to traditional chemical catalysts, biocatalysts offer several advantages:

1. Specificity: Enzymes often exhibit high specificity for their substrates, leading to fewer side reactions and higher product purity compared to chemical catalysts. This specificity can also lead to higher yields of the desired product.

2. Mild Reaction Conditions: Enzymes usually operate under mild conditions (e.g., ambient temperature and pressure, neutral pH), which can reduce energy consumption and minimize the need for costly equipment.

3. Renewable and Sustainable: Biocatalysts are derived from living organisms and can be produced from renewable resources, making them more environmentally friendly compared to chemical catalysts, which may rely on non-renewable resources and generate hazardous waste.

4. Compatibility with Aqueous Systems: Many biocatalysts are water-soluble and function well in aqueous environments, which simplifies reaction conditions and downstream processing.

5. Biodegradability: Enzymes are generally biodegradable, which can simplify purification and reduce environmental impact.

However, biocatalysts also have some limitations compared to traditional chemical catalysts:

1. Stability: Enzymes can be sensitive to temperature, pH, and other environmental factors, which may limit their stability and reusability in industrial processes.

2. Cost: Production and purification of enzymes can be expensive, especially for complex or low-yield reactions, which can impact the overall cost-effectiveness of biocatalytic processes.

3. Substrate Limitations: Enzymes may have specific substrate requirements, limiting their applicability to certain reactions or substrates.

4. Reaction Rate: While enzymes can exhibit high specificity, they may also have slower reaction rates compared to chemical catalysts, especially for large-scale industrial processes.

Overall, the efficiency of biocatalysts in converting carbon sources into valuable products depends on various factors, including the specific reaction, substrate, enzyme properties, and process conditions. In many cases, biocatalysis offers significant advantages in terms of selectivity, sustainability, and compatibility with aqueous systems, making it an attractive option for certain applications despite its limitations.

Dr Joseane Maria Hammes thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Determining the binary layer structure of Urea derived Carbon Nitride (UCN) involves a few steps:

1. **Synthesis**: UCN can be synthesized through the pyrolysis of urea under ambient pressure without additive assistance¹.

2. **Characterization**: After synthesis, the structure of UCN can be characterized using various techniques. These may include X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)².

3. **Microscopy**: Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to visualize the binary layer structure³.

4. **Analysis**: The data obtained from these techniques can be analyzed to determine the binary layer structure of UCN³.

Remember, the specifics of your experimental design might need to be adjusted based on the characteristics of the UCN and the specific objectives of your research. It's always a good idea to consult with a materials scientist or chemist to ensure your experimental design is robust and appropriate for your study.

(1) Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable .... https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/jm/c1jm12620b.

(2) Carbon nitrides: synthesis and characterization of a new class of .... https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/cp/c7cp02711g.

(3) Layered graphitic carbon nitride: nano-heterostructures, photo/electro .... https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40097-021-00442-5.

Measure the Double Layer Capacitance of the Electrode: The double layer capacitance (Cdl) of the electrode can be measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or cyclic voltammetry1.

Remember, the specifics of your experimental design might need to be adjusted based on the characteristics of the electrode and the specific objectives of your research. It’s always a good idea to consult with a materials scientist or electrochemist to ensure your experimental design is robust and appropriate for your study.

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(1) Best Practices for Reporting Electrocatalytic Performance of Nanomaterials. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.8b07700.

(2) Reporting activities for the oxygen evolution reaction - Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42004-023-01024-y.pdf.

(3) New insights into evaluating catalyst activity and stability for oxygen .... https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2018/se/c7se00337d.

(4) undefined. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-01024-y.

Addition: I just found a (German) safety data sheet on which it says that the ignition temperature for a dust layer (Mindestzündtemperatur der Staubschicht) is 450°: https://www.gischem.de/download/01_0-000108-78-1-000000_1_1_400.PDF

So I would say you're lucky there was no severer incident.

There are C/N analysers that function well

Here are a few examples:

1. Bloomberg NEF (BNEF): BNEF provides data and analysis on various aspects of sustainable energy and finance, including green bonds, renewable energy investments, and clean energy funds. They offer a range of subscription plans and have a comprehensive database on renewable energy projects and financial transactions.

2. Climate Bonds Initiative: The Climate Bonds Initiative maintains a database that tracks global green bond issuance. They provide information on the types of projects funded by green bonds, such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation. Their database is freely accessible on their website.

3. CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project): CDP is a global platform that collects and discloses environmental data from companies, cities, states, and regions. They manage a comprehensive database of climate-related information, including financial metrics and performance indicators related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

4. United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI): UNEP FI is a partnership between the United Nations and the financial sector. They provide a range of resources and initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable finance. While they may not have a specific public database for green finance indicators, they publish reports and guidelines related to sustainable finance practices.

5. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (GSIA): GSIA is an international network of organizations that promote sustainable investment practices. While they don't maintain a public database, they publish an annual report that provides insights into the size and growth of the global sustainable investment market.

Carbon emission projections can be incorporated into unstructured data through various methods such as natural language processing (NLP) to analyze textual reports, sentiment analysis on news articles, or topic modeling on social media discussions.

From 900 Celsius to more

Dear friend Antonio Ilderlânio de Sousa Leite

Surface area and amorphization degree in high-energy ball-milled activated carbon can indeed be related, and the main source can influence this relationship. When milling activated carbons from different sources, such as shell nut and bituminous coal, variations in surface area and amorphization can occur due to differences in their intrinsic properties.

Regarding your Antonio Ilderlânio de Sousa Leite observation, it's intriguing that while the shell nut activated carbon didn't increase in surface area, it exhibited some degree of amorphization post-milling. Conversely, the bituminous coal activated carbon maintained its graphitic structure but showed a doubling in surface area.

Firstly, changes in surface structure can indeed impact the surface area measured by the BET method. Amorphization, characterized by the disruption of the ordered carbon structure, can lead to the creation of new surface sites and defects, potentially increasing the measured surface area despite a reduction in crystallinity.

Secondly, it's plausible that amorphization could remove micropores, especially if the milling process is severe. Micropores are inherently part of the porous structure of activated carbon and contribute significantly to its surface area. Therefore, their removal could result in a decrease in measured surface area.

The influence of the main carbon source on these results is multifaceted. Differences in precursor materials can lead to variations in the initial structure and composition of the activated carbon. This variance can affect how the carbon responds to the milling process, impacting factors such as the extent of amorphization and the preservation of micropores. For instance, bituminous coal may have a more robust crystalline structure that resists amorphization, while shell nut-derived activated carbon may be more prone to structural changes.

In conclusion, the relationship between surface area and amorphization in high-energy ball-milled activated carbon is complex and influenced by factors such as the carbon source and the milling conditions. Understanding these relationships is crucial for tailoring activated carbon properties for specific applications.

Every time the CO2 concentrations rise by 10 ppm, the mean global temperature increases by 0.1 °C. A temperature rise of just one degree Celsius would also intensify extreme heat waves, which would become more frequent and last longer. This would in turn increase the risk of heat-related illnesses, which especially affect members of the most vulnerable populations. Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry totaled 37.15 billion metric tons (GtCO₂) in 2022. Without carbon dioxide, Earth's natural greenhouse effect would be too weak to keep the average global surface temperature above freezing. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. It has been estimated that 2,400 gigatons of CO₂ have been emitted by human activity since 1850, with some absorbed by oceans and land, and about 950 gigatons remaining in the atmosphere. The relationship between carbon emissions and the increase in Earth's temperature is complex and not directly quantifiable in terms of tons of carbon emissions per degree of temperature rise. The impact of carbon emissions on global warming depends on various factors, including the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, feedback loops, and the Earth's climate system.

decomposition? No

Follow the article

Yes you can by following paper

Dear friend Valeria Izeppi

Determining the sand content in soil aggregate fractions after wet sieving involves a meticulous approach to ensure accurate results, especially when these fractions are intended for further analysis.

To calculate the sand content of a fraction, subtracting the determined carbon content from the total weight of the fraction is not typically the correct approach. Instead, sand content is usually determined directly through methods specific to soil analysis.

One common method involves texture analysis, where the soil sample is dispersed and separated into different particle size fractions using sieves. The sand fraction, typically consisting of particles with diameters between 0.05 mm and 2 mm, is collected and weighed separately.

In some cases, determining sand content may involve post-carbon analysis adjustments, but this depends on the specific protocol followed. However, it's essential to ensure that the method used is well-documented and follows established procedures to maintain accuracy and consistency.

Literature on soil analysis may sometimes lack specific details on how sand content was determined for each fraction. In such cases, it's beneficial to refer to established methodologies or consult with experts in the field for clarification.

In summary, determining sand content in soil aggregate fractions after wet sieving involves a combination of sieving, weighing, and possibly additional analyses, with the specific method chosen based on the requirements of the study and established protocols in soil science.

Dr Ilan Kelman thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Chandan De thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The stored energy is released during periods of low energy generation with grid integration, ensuring continuous power supply and enhancing grid stability.

Your calculation of the combined electrode potential (E = E⁰_Zn -E⁰_Ag/AgCl) is correct

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The water cycle and the carbon cycle are intimately linked through their interactions within the biosphere, Earth's zone of life. Here's how:

This intricate dance between the water cycle, carbon cycle, and the biosphere is vital for life on Earth. It regulates climate, supports healthy ecosystems, and influences the long-term storage of carbon.

The interaction between the hydrosphere and biosphere plays a crucial role in moving water through the water cycle and connecting it with the carbon cycle. Here's how they interact, particularly concerning plants and algae:

Overall, the interaction between the hydrosphere and biosphere, particularly through the activities of plants and algae, plays a critical role in moving water through the water cycle and connecting it with the carbon cycle. Through processes such as transpiration, photosynthesis, and respiration, plants and algae influence the distribution, movement, and transformation of water and carbon within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, shaping ecosystem dynamics and global biogeochemical cycles.

In summary, cellular respiration is a key process in the carbon cycle, contributing to the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. It involves the conversion of organic carbon compounds into CO2, which can then be utilized by photosynthetic organisms to produce organic carbon again. This cycling of carbon through cellular respiration and photosynthesis helps regulate the global carbon balance and influences Earth's climate and ecosystems.

Greetings of the Day sir,

I presented one seminar on carbon-neutral farming and came across some insightful case studies. I am hereby recommending three case studies, Pls see. Hope, it will help you.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Biofuels can be a sustainable energy solution, particularly if produced from waste materials or dedicated energy crops grown sustainably. However, certain biofuel production methods can have varying impacts on carbon emissions:

In short, biofuels can be a sustainable energy solution depending on their production methods and feedstock sources, but careful consideration of their environmental impacts, particularly on carbon emissions, is necessary.

Biomass and biofuels derived from microalgae can be used in power production. Microalgae biofuels has high potential to replace fossil fuel for internal combustion engine. Electricity can be generated using microalgae in coal co-firing to mitigate greenhouse emission and reduce coal consumption. Algae-derived renewable diesels and jet fuels are drop-in fuels that directly replace petroleum fuels without modification of engines. They meet all the specifications for the petroleum fuel they replace. Algae cultivation on non-arable land allows it to produce biofuel while not competing with them for resources. Algae biofuel has many advantages over fossil fuels, including reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon emissions. Because algae use carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, algae biofuel is carbon neutral. The CO2 produced by burning the fuel is the same amount of CO2 that the algae took to grow and produce the fuel. This means that the net CO2 emission is zero, the same as if the algae had never been grown. Biofuels are said to be carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel is burned. This means it doesn't release any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Within the biospheric carbon cycle, bioenergy can be carbon neutral because the carbon that is released during combustion has previously been sequestered from the atmosphere and will be sequestered again as the plants regrow. Microalgae were found to be the largest renewable, clean energy resource with the potential to replace fossil fuels. Cultured microalgae in a photobioreactor could meet the biomass requirements for continuous biofuel generation in addition to repairing CO2 emissions and treating wastewater. It's estimated that under the right conditions, algae could produce up to 60 times more oil per acre than land-based plants. Since algae needs carbon dioxide to grow, it takes greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere, making it nearly carbon-neutral.

Respected Sir, Rk Naresh

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Hello, the microbial biodiversity in soil depends from geographical regions can variate more than 3000 type strains of microorganisms (what about non cultiveble forms?). The count of microorganisms highly variate from how deepest you can take the soil sample. The amount of microorgaanisms even with estimatin you can not calculate. Even if you try to calculate that the value that you receive will be far from reality. It will be samething lake X -+ 3000000%.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Respected Sir, Regenerative agriculture has the potential to sequester significant amounts of carbon in soils, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. While it may not single-handedly stop or reverse global warming, widespread adoption of regenerative agriculture practices could play a meaningful role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Carbon recycling in ecosystems is crucial for maintaining ecosystem health and function. It helps regulate the carbon cycle, supports plant growth, improves soil fertility, and enhances ecosystem resilience to environmental stressors such as climate change. Therefore, promoting carbon recycling through practices like regenerative agriculture is essential for the long-term sustainability of both agricultural systems and natural ecosystems.

Respected Sir, Rk Naresh

· No-Till Farming: Minimizing soil disturbance by avoiding tillage helps preserve soil structure and organic matter, reducing carbon loss through erosion and decomposition.

· Cover Cropping: Planting cover crops during fallow periods provides living roots in the soil year-round, which enhances soil organic matter and microbial activity, leading to increased carbon sequestration.

· Crop Rotation: Rotating crops diversifies root systems and improves soil health, contributing to greater carbon storage in the soil.

· Agroforestry: Introducing trees and woody perennials into agricultural landscapes enhances carbon sequestration in both aboveground biomass and soil organic matter.

· Compost and Organic Amendments: Applying compost and other organic amendments increases soil fertility and carbon content, promoting carbon sequestration and improving soil structure.

· Managed Grazing: Rotational grazing practices optimize forage utilization and promote plant growth, which can enhance carbon sequestration in grassland soils.

Respected Sir, Soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture involves practices that enhance the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil. This is achieved by increasing organic matter inputs, promoting soil health, and reducing soil disturbance, leading to improved soil structure and microbial activity. Regenerative agriculture techniques include no-till farming, cover cropping, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the use of compost and organic amendments. Carbon farming, on the other hand, refers to agricultural practices specifically designed to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils. While carbon farming encompasses various approaches, including regenerative agriculture, it also includes practices such as afforestation (planting trees on agricultural land), reforestation, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. In summary, soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture is a subset of carbon farming, focusing specifically on enhancing carbon storage in agricultural soils through sustainable farming practices. Carbon farming, meanwhile, encompasses a broader range of techniques aimed at sequestering carbon in both vegetation and soils across various land use types.

Dr Trung Thanh Anthony thank you for your contribution to the discussion

AI algorithms can enhance energy efficiency by optimizing resource allocation, predicting energy demand, and improving control systems. They enable smart grids to balance supply and demand, reducing wastage. Machine learning can optimize HVAC systems in buildings, reducing energy consumption. By leveraging machine learning, AI algorithms can automatically optimise energy generation, distribution, and consumption across buildings as demand requires. This can lead to more efficient use of energy resources and reduced carbon emissions. By monitoring energy consumption, AI develops customized predictive models to predict consumption patterns based on several variables such as time of day, weather, asset type, occupancy, usage and other relevant factors. By predicting consumption patterns, AI automatically detects unusual deviations in real time. Using smart sensors, AI can identify the source of gas leakage and the time of convenience. Similarly, AI-powered drones can monitor pollution levels in real-time, enabling authorities to detect and respond to incidents quickly. This helps prevent large-scale environmental disasters. AI-driven sensor networks have emerged as a cornerstone in the ongoing effort to monitor and improve air and water quality. These sophisticated systems offer a real-time, data-driven approach to environmental protection, yielding a wealth of benefits for public health and ecological sustainability. AI can also contribute to carbon reduction by promoting advanced industrial structures, rationalizing industrial structures, and facilitating the development of ecological industrial structures. By adopting these strategies, AI can play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting green energy. One of the most common uses for AI by the energy sector has been to improve predictions of supply and demand. Developing a greater understanding of both when renewable power is available and when it's needed is crucial for next-generation power systems. As the global urgency for sustainable solutions grows, the role of technology in pioneering green initiatives to reduce the impact of climate change has become critical. At the heart of this evolution is artificial intelligence (AI), which has the potential power to supercharge green technologies.

Crystallinity plays a crucial role in determining the catalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a promising metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst. The catalytic activity of g-C3N4 largely depends on its structural properties, including crystallinity, surface area, and electronic structure.

In summary, the enhanced catalytic activity of highly crystalline g-C3N4 can be attributed to improved charge separation, facilitated adsorption of reactants, extended π-conjugation, π-π interactions, and possible synergistic effects with other structural features. These factors collectively contribute to the efficient conversion of light energy into chemical energy and promote various catalytic reactions.

Dr Prem Baboo thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Basel Ahmed the reason is that each electrode material has different electrocatalytic efficiency and may also be due to different electroactive surface area. When you register a lower overpotential it means that less energy is required for the charge transfer reaction to occur. Therefore, the electrode where you have lower overpotential is more favorable for the reaction to occur.

In this paper we made some observations about this:

Regards!

Hi. This is some very basic information. There is a lot more to find with Google.

Clays - Assist in water retention but may also be ion-exchangers that help hold important metal ions required by plants.

Sand - Allows aeration which is required for healthy root development. Gives better drainage so soil doesn't become waterlogged.

Humic acids - an organic ion exchanger which plays a similar role to clays in that sense but has other effects.

Organic matter - Encourages diverse microbe population. This is important as it assists in preventing one type of microbe from becoming dominant. Also provides soluble organic nutrients for plants and can reduce the need for inorganic sources of nitrate and phosphate which can lead to excess sodium addition to soils.

Good Question

All of your questions (and more) will be answered in the lecture (1.5 hours) at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2H60ritjag

Dr Elaine Ingham's lecture is nearly 10 years old but it provides a solid grounding about how plants grow based on interaction with soil microbiota. Soil organic matter is fundamental.

i tried to help u by reading>>>

this is what i got:

Purifying carbon nanodots (C-dots) is crucial for obtaining high-quality samples. Dialysis tubing is a common method for purification, and the choice of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) plays a significant role. Let’s explore the options:

Remember that purification protocols can vary based on specific C-dot properties and intended applications. If possible, consult with experienced researchers in your field for personalized advice. Best of luck with your purification process! 🌟

· Carbon storage refers to the long-term retention of carbon in various natural or artificial reservoirs, where carbon remains stored over extended periods. These reservoirs can include terrestrial ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, and soils), oceans, geological formations (such as fossil fuels and carbonate rocks), and carbon-based products (such as wood products and building materials).

· Carbon storage encompasses both natural processes, such as the accumulation of organic matter in soils and the growth of vegetation in forests, as well as human activities, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that store CO2 emissions underground in geological formations.

· Carbon sequestration refers specifically to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or from industrial sources to prevent its release into the atmosphere, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change.

· Carbon sequestration can occur through natural processes, such as photosynthesis in plants, which absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and stores carbon in biomass and soils, as well as through human interventions, such as CCS technologies that capture CO2 emissions from industrial sources and inject them underground for long-term storage.

You have to check emission of carbon dot in cell culture media first, if it is ok then probably it has high negative surface charge which creates obstacle for interaction with the folate receptors overexpressed cell line. After confirmation, you can do suface modifications with amine terminated ligands. I think your problem may be solved.

Não esquecer que muitas vezes a fonte de energia provém de sistemas fósseis.

Dear friend Thoa Le

Absolutely, utilizing nickel salt solutions like nickel acetate tetrahydrate or nickel(II) chloride anhydrous for impregnating biomass-derived cellulose to synthesize Ni-doped carbon aerogel is indeed feasible. While Ni(NO3)2.6H2O is commonly employed, other nickel salts can also effectively facilitate the doping process.

When selecting a nickel salt solution, consider factors such as solubility, cost, and ease of handling. Nickel acetate tetrahydrate, for instance, is water-soluble and offers convenience in preparation, while nickel(II) chloride anhydrous, being hygroscopic, may require careful handling to prevent moisture absorption.

It's prudent to review literature in the field for guidance tailored to your specific application. Engaging with peers who have experience in synthesizing Ni-doped carbon aerogels can provide valuable insights and recommendations.

In summary, exploring alternative nickel salt solutions for impregnation aligns with your goal of synthesizing Ni-doped carbon aerogel from biomass-derived cellulose for supercapacitor applications. Conducting thorough research and seeking advice from knowledgeable individuals will aid in optimizing your synthesis process.

Md. Tanvir Hossain thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Electrochemical reduction in NO3- electrolyte was investigated for the hydrophily of carbon materials, which seem to be facile and effective. Please see Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 3581-3587; Journal of Power Sources

Volume 249, 1 March 2014, Pages 48-58.

Thanks for sharing. Wishing you every success in your task.

thank you Te.hmina Khan

Dear friend Khaled F. El-Nemr

Ah, JPDS [XRD] reference? That's a crucial piece to the puzzle when comparing XRD patterns for activated carbon derived from agricultural waste. Here's the scoop: you Khaled F. El-Nemr want to dig into the literature and find a JPDS (Journal of Powder Diffraction Standards) reference that aligns closely with the material you're working with.

Start by hitting the databases. Look for articles or papers that have thoroughly characterized activated carbon samples using XRD. Once you've got your hands on a promising reference, scrutinize it closely. Pay attention to the methodology, sample preparation techniques, and, most importantly, the XRD patterns.

Compare those patterns to the ones you've obtained for your activated carbon. Look for similarities, differences, peaks, and trends. This comparison will help you Khaled F. El-Nemr gauge the structural properties and crystallinity of your material in relation to the established standards.

Remember, precision is key. Ensure your measurements are accurate, and your comparisons are meticulous. With a solid JPDS reference in hand, you'll be well-equipped to analyze and interpret your XRD data with confidence.

To balance the chemical equation:

Co(NO3)2⋅6H2O+12Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O+C6H8O7→CoFe12O19+ProductsCo(NO3​)2​⋅6H2​O+12Fe(NO3​)3​⋅9H2​O+C6​H8​O7​→CoFe12​O19​+Products

Given the information about the number of oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) atoms on the reactant side, let's balance the equation:

The balanced equation is:

Co(NO3)2⋅6H2O+12Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O+C6H8O7→CoFe12O19+2Co(NO3)2+24Fe(NO3)3+3H2O+12CO2+6N2Co(NO3​)2​⋅6H2​O+12Fe(NO3​)3​⋅9H2​O+C6​H8​O7​→CoFe12​O19​+2Co(NO3​)2​+24Fe(NO3​)3​+3H2​O+12CO2​+6N2

I think you will find that this is the standard method described in water analysis compendia

Hello

The vacuum causes the water to boil at a lower temperature and evaporate

The connections in the vacuum cause no water to escape from the reaction vessel, so the water will remain as it is

During the reaction, you should see steam in the glass container

The broken yellow line with the distance indicator (6.2) looks like a simple distance monitor which you generate with a "measure" command, although I do not know how you generated the blue tubes around it. At 6.2Å, the Ca-Ca distance indicated by the broken line is far larger than the sum of the carbon Van der Waals radii (3.4Å). It is just about short enough that you might classify the contact as a solvent excluding contact (hydrophobic interaction)

Péter Gyarmati thank you for reply sir

Selvakrishnan Sankar Состав композита определяется назначением. Для чего композит предназначен? Тогда надо делать модель процесса и считать, что получится в каждом случае. Я всегда делаю материалы с заранее заданными свойствами.

The different carbon fractions of the soil amended with fresh residues showed significantly higher mineralized rates than with same quantity of compost because the higher amounts of humic substances and fulvic and humic acids that serves to support plant life.

@Mohammad, I clicked the file and it is opening to my computer. Please try to do it again.

Alvena Shahid Hello ma'am, I connected that wire to the negative and positive side of the electrode. Red is connected to the positive electrode(working material) and black is connected to the negative electrode (activated carbon).

Lactate is the best carbon source for sulphate reducers. Substituting it for acetate can work for some species of SRB but basically you could get minimal growth or no growth. Also, the iron sulphate solution is very important.

This is nothing to do with the question, but I found it interesting to my lower level of understanding of this subject and thought that it might be of interest to other RG readers:

The 'snapshot' is of the initial introduction to the subject.

Prosopis juliflora is a small tree in the family of Fabaceae, & native to Mexico, South America. It is the most serious xerophytic invasive weed. in some extent it has some importance for the Intensive desert area since it has ability to thrive in arid and semi-arid environments, but it has great negative impact on diversification of vegetation and growth and production of crops around the farm area b/c of the plant which have concentrated chemicals that is direct effect on the native species .

Regarding whether to measure total COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), nitrogen, and phosphate, or total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphate, it depends on the specific requirements of your analysis and the information you need.

- If you're interested in the organic content and overall pollutant load, measuring total COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphate would be advisable.

- If you need more specific information on the elemental composition and stoichiometry for biological processes (such as microbial growth or nutrient removal), measuring total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphate would be more appropriate.

In many cases, both sets of measurements may be useful for a comprehensive understanding of wastewater composition and treatment needs. Choose the set of parameters based on your specific goals and analysis requirements.

Yes, doping can affect the texture of carbon dots by changing their surface properties and functional groups, which can influence their size, shape and texture. To obtain completely dried carbon dots (CDs), you can use techniques like freeze-drying, rotary evaporation or vacuum drying to remove any remaining solvent or moisture from the sample. These methods can help remove any remaining moisture and solvent, ensuring that the CDs are completely dried and ready for analysis or use.

Nadia Esmaeildoost

If you place a metal (electrode) in an aqueous solution, then at the boundary of the electrode and the aqueous solution there is an equilibrium:

Metal on electrode < > metal ions in solution. Therefore, there are no metal ions on the electrode.

Alright, buckle up for some wisdom, my friend Suneel Kumar. In the grand scheme of carbon talk, pools and stocks are like the dynamic duo of the carbon cycle.

A carbon stock is like the stash, the reserve, the grand total of carbon stored in a specific reservoir—be it in the atmosphere, soils, oceans, or living organisms. It's the total sum of carbon waiting for its moment to shine.

Now, a carbon pool is more like a specific compartment within that reservoir, a place where carbon hangs out before making its move. It's like the VIP section of the carbon party.

Think of carbon stocks as the bank, and carbon pools as the individual accounts within that bank. You've got your checking account (ocean carbon pool), your savings account (soil carbon pool), and so on. Each has its unique role in the carbon game.

So, in a nutshell, carbon stocks are the big picture, and carbon pools are the finer details, the nuanced compartments within that picture. Easy, right?

A carbon pool is a reservoir that stores carbon, like the atmosphere or oceans. A carbon sink, on the other hand, actively removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, such as forests through photosynthesis. So, while a pool stores carbon, a sink helps mitigate climate change by absorbing and storing carbon.

John Åhlund

You have my full agreement. My posting was explicitely referring to the reviewer request posted in the question, I personally would also consider flood gun usage absolutely valid.

Dr Osama Bahnas thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Hey there Muhammad Tanveer! So, when it comes to extracting both organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) from soot for measuring the band gap using the Tauc plot method, you'll want to choose a solvent that effectively dissolves these components. One commonly used solvent for this purpose is a mixture of toluene and acetone.

Toluene is great for dissolving organic components, including OC, while acetone is effective in extracting elemental carbon. The combination of these two solvents provides a comprehensive approach to extracting a wide range of carbonaceous materials from soot.

Here's a suggested procedure:

1. **Prepare the Solvent Mixture:**

- Mix toluene and acetone in a suitable ratio. A common ratio is 1:1, but you Muhammad Tanveer can adjust it based on your specific requirements.

2. **Soot Extraction:**

- Immerse the soot sample in the solvent mixture and let it soak for a sufficient period, ensuring thorough extraction.

3. **Separation:**

- After extraction, you Muhammad Tanveer can use filtration or centrifugation to separate the dissolved components from the insoluble residue.

4. **Analysis:**

- The extracted OC and EC can then be analyzed further for band gap measurements using the Tauc plot method.

Remember, the choice of solvent and its ratio may vary based on the composition of the soot and the specific properties you're aiming to study. Always conduct preliminary tests to optimize the solvent system for your particular soot sample.

While I am very excited to learn more from your research efforts, some of my work on OC and EC might be interesting for you Muhammad Tanveer to read:

Feel free to hit me up if you Muhammad Tanveer need more details or run into any hurdles along the way. Let's rock this experiment!