Carbon Dioxide - Science topic

Thanks for your answer

I don't know the system but the usual way of controlling pressure build up is some type of expansion arrangement

I don't know the answer but I do know that plastic films with selective gas permeability are available. Anyway, airflow through the dishes sounds undesirable

The ratio of gases is subject to their initial concentrations and the reaction temperature and what atmosphere you're pyrolysing the CH4 in. Most likely as noted by Akhmat, you have a system with air still present and its not been adequately purged or your CH4 is not 100vol% CH4. You've not given concentrations of the CO and CO2, but there's more going on than you think.

Hey there Rahul Sinha!

So, you're diving into the world of CO2 photocatalysis for liquid product synthesis – that's exciting stuff! I've got your Rahul Sinha back on optimizing your GC-FID method to nail down those quantifications and identifications.

First off, let's talk sample prep. You'll Rahul Sinha want to ensure your samples are well-prepared for analysis. This means proper extraction and concentration techniques to get the most accurate results.

When it comes to column selection, it's all about finding the right balance between resolution and analysis time. I'd recommend exploring columns with polar phases for better separation of your Rahul Sinha target compounds.

Now, onto detection parameters. You'll Rahul Sinha want to fine-tune your detector settings to ensure sensitivity and accuracy. Pay close attention to factors like temperature, flow rates, and injection volume to optimize your results.

Lastly, data interpretation is key. With the variety of compounds you'll Rahul Sinha be dealing with, it's important to establish reliable calibration curves and peak identification methods to confidently analyze your results.

Feel free to reach out if you Rahul Sinha need further assistance or have any questions along the way. Happy to help you ace this GC-FID analysis!

It is important to also consider that the availability of oxygen to the outer layer of cells is different to what the inner cells in the 3D culture are receiving.

Dr Amir Ghahremanlou thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Thank you very much for your inspiration and answer to this question. Pramod Gawal

Quantifying the quantity of CO2 adsorbed by the membrane requires multiple processes, which are important to examine CO2 capture simulation on activated carbon filters in a duct. First, employing activated carbon filters, an experimental setup or simulation model must be created to mimic the CO2 capture conditions inside the duct. To ascertain the activated carbon's relevant characteristics for CO2 adsorption, such as surface area, pore size distribution, and functional groups, characterization is essential. The relationship between the concentration of CO2 in the gas phase and the amount adsorbed by the filters is then determined via adsorption isotherm tests or simulations.

The amount of CO2 adsorbed is then determined by mass balance calculations that take into account the gas flow rate, adsorption capacity, and concentrations at the input and output. In addition, CO2 adsorption behavior under various operating conditions can be predicted using mathematical models or computational simulations; the quality of these predictions is ensured by confirmation against experimental data. This scientific methodology allows for the development of CO2 capture applications for increased efficiency by providing data on the CO2 capture performance of activated carbon filters in ducts.

Through the greenhouse effect, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere is a significant contributor to global warming with many other greenhouse gases. Heat from the sun is trapped in the atmosphere when CO2 and other greenhouse gases build up, preventing it from escaping back into space. Global warming is the term for the total rise in temperature that results from this. Rainfall patterns can be impacted by Earth's atmosphere warming, while there is a complex relationship between CO2 concentrations and rainfall that varies based on local climate dynamics. Higher temperatures generally have the potential to alter the rates of evaporation and atmospheric circulation, which in turn can affect the patterns of precipitation. higher moisture can be held by warmer air, which could result in higher evaporation from lakes, oceans, and land surfaces. In certain areas, the increased moisture in the atmosphere may be a factor in the intensity of rainfall events. Higher temperatures, however, can also bring about modifications to weather patterns, including adjustments to air circulation and modifications to precipitation distribution. Also, variables including local geography, atmospheric stability, and variations in cloud cover can all have an impact on changes in rainfall patterns. While some places might have more rainfall than others, other regions might see less rainfall or changes in the frequency and severity of precipitation events. The ecosystems, agricultural practices, water supplies, and human societies may all be significantly impacted by these modifications in rainfall patterns. All things considered, even while the rise in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming, temperature variations that follow can have an impact on precipitation patterns, which can have complicated and varied impacts on the distribution and intensity of rainfall.

Microorganisms play both the role in the carbon cycle, contributing to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) through decay and decomposition, and the reduction of carbon buildup through processes such as carbon sequestration. Through decomposition, microorganisms break down organic matter, releasing carbon stored within it back into the atmosphere as CO2. On the other hand, certain microbes facilitate carbon sequestration by forming symbiotic relationships with plants, fixing atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules through photosynthesis, and stabilizing carbon in soil organic matter or biochar. Additionally, engineered microbes are being explored for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, offering potential solutions to mitigate climate change by capturing CO2 from the atmosphere or industrial emissions and converting it into stable forms for long-term storage. Harnessing the capabilities of these diverse microorganisms presents promising avenues for addressing carbon emissions and reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.

The oxygen cycle in polyol production from CO2 capture involves capturing carbon dioxide from industrial processes or the atmosphere, converting it to carbon monoxide, then synthesizing syngas. This syngas is hydrogenated to produce polyols, requiring oxygen as a reactant. Finally, oxygen used in the hydrogenation process is released back into the atmosphere, completing the cycle and maintaining oxygen balance.

The relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and global temperature increase is complex and not easily quantified in a simple manner. However, scientists use a metric called "climate sensitivity" to estimate how much the Earth's temperature would increase in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Climate sensitivity is typically expressed as the increase in global temperature per doubling of CO2, and it is usually measured in degrees Celsius.

Estimates of climate sensitivity vary among different climate models and studies, but the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a likely range based on various lines of evidence. According to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), the likely range for equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is between 1.5°C and 4.5°C, with a best estimate of around 3°C.

So, if we consider the midpoint of this range, a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations would lead to an increase in global temperature of approximately 3°C. However, it's important to note that this is a long-term equilibrium response, and the actual temperature increase could be spread out over many decades or centuries.

As for how carbon dioxide emissions affect the Earth's natural cycle of temperature change, it's essential to understand that the Earth's climate has naturally fluctuated over geological time scales due to various factors, including changes in solar radiation, volcanic activity, and natural variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. However, human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Industrial Revolution.

These additional CO2 emissions have enhanced the greenhouse effect, trapping more heat in the Earth's atmosphere and leading to global warming. This disrupts the Earth's natural cycle of temperature change by accelerating the rate of warming beyond what would occur naturally. As a result, the Earth is experiencing rapid changes in temperature, weather patterns, ice melt, sea level rise, and other climate-related impacts, which pose significant challenges to ecosystems, economies, and human societies worldwide.

If the crops are burned in a power plant to produce electricity, and the carbon dioxide from the smoke is captured and stored underground, carbon would be moved out of the atmosphere. Planting forests and managing existing forests can help take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. While the effects of human activities on Earth's climate to date are irreversible on the timescale of humans alive today, every little bit of avoided future temperature increases results in less warming that would otherwise persist for essentially forever. For a 100 GtC pulse of CO2 released into the atmosphere with a background CO2 concentration of 389 ppm, and time between an emission and maximum warming to be 10.1 years, with a 90% probability range of 6.6–30.7 years. Between 65% and 80% of CO2 released into the air dissolves into the ocean over a period of 20–200 years. The rest is removed by slower processes that take up to several hundreds of thousands of years, including chemical weathering and rock formation. Climate change that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible for 1,000 years after emissions stop. Temperatures will likely stop rising in a few years or decades but it could take centuries for them to fall to the levels humans enjoyed before we started burning fossil fuels. If emissions of CO2 stopped altogether, it would take many thousands of years for atmospheric CO2 to return to “pre-industrial” levels due to its very slow transfer to the Deep Ocean and ultimate burial in ocean sediments.

Every time the CO2 concentrations rise by 10 ppm, the mean global temperature increases by 0.1 °C. A temperature rise of just one degree Celsius would also intensify extreme heat waves, which would become more frequent and last longer. This would in turn increase the risk of heat-related illnesses, which especially affect members of the most vulnerable populations. Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry totaled 37.15 billion metric tons (GtCO₂) in 2022. Without carbon dioxide, Earth's natural greenhouse effect would be too weak to keep the average global surface temperature above freezing. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. It has been estimated that 2,400 gigatons of CO₂ have been emitted by human activity since 1850, with some absorbed by oceans and land, and about 950 gigatons remaining in the atmosphere. The relationship between carbon emissions and the increase in Earth's temperature is complex and not directly quantifiable in terms of tons of carbon emissions per degree of temperature rise. The impact of carbon emissions on global warming depends on various factors, including the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, feedback loops, and the Earth's climate system.

By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. Likewise, when carbon dioxide concentrations rise, air temperatures go up, and more water vapor evaporates into the atmosphere which then amplifies greenhouse heating. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, causing climate change. Human activities have raised the atmosphere's carbon dioxide content by 50% in less than 200 years. Without carbon dioxide, Earth's natural greenhouse effect would be too weak to keep the average global surface temperature above freezing. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. This means that it causes an effect like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping heat and warming up the inside. This effect is important: without the CO2 that naturally exists in the atmosphere, Earth might be too cold to support human life. As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun's heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. Many of these greenhouse gases occur naturally, but human activities are increasing the concentrations of some of them in the atmosphere, in particular: carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 accounts for about 76 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, primarily from agriculture, contributes 16 percent of greenhouse gas emissions and nitrous oxide, mostly from industry and agriculture, contributes 6 percent to global emissions.

The first units are a rate and the second are not so the simple answer is no.

Are you instead asking how to convert µmol m⁻² to gCm2?

Methane (CH4) persists in the atmosphere for around 12 years, which is less time than carbon dioxide, but it is much more potent in terms of the greenhouse effect. In fact, pound for pound, its global warming impact is almost 30 times greater than that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas. It increases as the earth's atmosphere warms but unlike CO2, which can remain in the earth's atmosphere for centuries, water vapour persists for only a few days. Due to its structure, methane traps more heat in the atmosphere per molecule than carbon dioxide (CO2), making it 80 times more harmful than CO2 for 20 years after it is released. Cutting methane emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 could help us meet the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Carbon dioxide is widely reported as the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas because it currently accounts for the greatest portion of the warming associated with human activities. Combustion of natural gas and petroleum products for heating and cooking needs emits carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions from natural gas consumption represent about 81 percent of the direct fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the residential and commercial sectors. The high level of CO2 at sunrise in a greenhouse is caused by plants respiring and releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. The respiration process continues in light but at a reduced rate.

Dr Langat Kipkirui Benson thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

No, CO2 causing global warming is fundamentally tied to a rise in temperature. Here's why:

So, CO2 directly affects temperature by trapping heat.

As for how much CO2 needs removal, it's a complex question. Scientists estimate we need to bring CO2 levels down to around 350 ppm (parts per million) to achieve long-term climate stability. However, the exact amount depends on various factors and requires ongoing scientific evaluation.

Abbas,

1) Yes, the rising carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere does lead to an increase in the surface and globally-averaged air temperature.

2) As the partial pressure of water vapour is a strong function of temperature (and that vapour is also a 'greenhouse gas') we expect to see a rise in the global humidity - that in various locales should result in more rainfall.

Neither of these are contentious matters and are well-addressed in the literature.

1) https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/47/4/1520-0469_1990_047_0475_ccatma_2_0_co_2.xml

2)

I recommend Google Scholar.

Very useful.

Carbon capture and storage is at best an unproven, transitional strategy

In substrate-induced respiration (SIR) assays, the measurement of microbial activity through the quantification of produced CO2 is a common practice. These assays often involve the absorption of CO2 in a base, such as NaOH, and subsequent titration with an acid, like HCl, to determine the amount of CO2 produced. The lack of observed difference between a blank (control without substrate) and a sample (with substrate) after titration against HCl could be attributed to several factors, each of which must be considered systematically to troubleshoot and address the underlying issue.

1. Inadequate Substrate Concentration

2. Microbial Activity

3. Experimental Setup and Titration Accuracy

4. CO2 Absorption Efficiency

5. Interference or Contamination

6. Analytical Sensitivity

Conclusion

A lack of difference between the blank and sample in a substrate-induced respiration assay after titration against HCl suggests issues with either the experimental setup, microbial activity, substrate concentration, or analytical sensitivity. By methodically examining and addressing these potential factors, one can identify the root cause and take appropriate measures to rectify the problem, ensuring accurate and reliable measurement of microbial respiration in response to the substrate.

With this protocol list, we might find more ways to solve this problem.

The global conveyor belt, also known as the thermohaline circulation, is a system of ocean currents that circulates water throughout the world's oceans. It plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate by redistributing heat and nutrients around the globe. Here's how it works:

Regarding the role of oceans in controlling climate change with atmospheric CO2:

In summary, the global conveyor belt helps circulate water throughout the ocean, redistributing heat and nutrients, while oceans play a crucial role in controlling climate change by absorbing atmospheric CO2 through processes such as carbon sequestration and the biological pump.

Overall, the effectiveness of different carbon mitigation strategies depends on a combination of technological, economic, and policy factors, and a holistic approach that considers multiple approaches is often necessary to achieve meaningful emission reductions.

The deadline has been moved to the 14 April 2024.

Best wishes,

thank you so much! @Haiwei Su

any ideas why co2.earth has stopped issuing daily readings ?

are they not getting the data from mauna loa ?

some editorial policy change to investigate unexpected rate of change ?

If you have planned maintenance on your power supply, having a battery powered incubator at hand could facilitate the time before it comes back on. For people in similar situations, check out the Cellbox devices

We cannot feel the increase in the speed of rotation of the earth.

Because the clock is still ticking.We feel the same time.

The explosions in the sun affect the earth by changing energy waves.

Its rotation speed is affected by energy waves.

In fact, CO2 carbon dioxide is a good gas for nature.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Firstly water and carbon dioxide are not minerals. Also use of reactive oxygen species are mostly used for organic pollutants. The basis for the mechanism is photo Fenton chemistry to generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. These then can perform hydrogen abstractions, oxidations and scissions.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Hi Prisicila, I have just read your comment from 2023. I bought the same cells and used the same conditions. I observed low growth during the first 3 weeks more or less. It is important to cultivate them in small flasks at the beginning, be patient and centrifuge them at least at 1000 rpm to obtain a precipitate before changing the flask

Yes, some minerals naturally react with CO2, turning carbon dioxide from a gas into a solid and keeping it out of the atmosphere permanently. This process is commonly referred to as “carbon mineralization” or “enhanced weathering,” and it naturally happens very slowly, over hundreds or thousands of years. Some carbon dioxide makes its way out of the atmosphere through the carbon cycle, but we are emitting so much that the amount of carbon dioxide in the air keeps increasing. There are various ways to remove carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere, ranging from early-stage technologies that suck the warming gas from the air and sequester it in artificial stone to more natural interventions involving reforestation or fertilizing parts of the ocean to promote the growth of algae. The current global average concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is 421 ppm. This is an increase of 50% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, up from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years prior to the mid-18th century. The increase is due to human activity. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) can contribute to the fight against climate change. Existing AI systems include tools that predict weather, track icebergs and identify pollution. AI can also be used to improve agriculture and reduce its environmental impact. The global goal for affordable and clean energy for all by 2030 (SDG 7), AI can optimize grids and increase the efficiency of renewable sources. Predictive maintenance using AI can also reduce downtime in energy production. That can mean reducing the planet's carbon footprint. AI algorithms can be trained on past data to predict hazardous material releases and environmental pollution. AI solutions for environmental monitoring, thus, would include early warning systems for hazardous material release, autonomous pollution monitoring systems as well as decision support systems. AI is playing a vital role in the conservation of wildlife and their habitats through the deployment of AI-enabled cameras and sensors. These tools are designed to monitor, track, and safeguard endangered species by providing invaluable data on wildlife populations and their behaviors’. AI is pivotal in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of non-invasive cardiac output monitoring. Machine learning algorithms can process complex data from various non-invasive sensors, improving the precision of cardiac output estimates and providing valuable insights for clinical decision-making. Additionally, technology can help us monitor and track emissions, identify areas for improvement, and develop more sustainable practices. By leveraging technology, we can accelerate our transition to a low-carbon economy and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

The chemical absorption process carbon capture and separation technologies. This process comprises two stages: The absorption of CO2 into the solvent and the desorption, to regenerate the solvent and produce the high concentrated CO2 gas.Validated simulation models are essential for the scale-up of the chemical absorption process and they are typically validated using only data from one pilot plant. The simulation model of the desorption column can be built in ASPEN PLUS v8.6 validated using four experimental pilot campaigns using 30 wt% MEA. The desorbers in the different campaigns varied in the diameters, structured packing heights and packing types.

For detail, please see following links

Dr Abhishek Verma thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Li Tao Sorry, I misunderstood the question earlier. In this case, perhaps the same procedure could be applied what is used for the exchange of biogenic carbon to carbon dioxide. In this calculation, the amount of carbon can be multiplied with 3.67 (44/12) to get the potential amount of CO2. I think it can be applied in the case of coke as well. Maybe this could be further specified by the efficiency of burning of coke.

Are you asking about establishing CO2 concentrations? This is something commonly done in studying post-harvest storage conditions, e.g., for fruit and vegetables. The concentrations of CO2 etc are monitored and controlled.

Thank you!

Hey there Ahmad Alsuwaidi,

That's a fascinating research direction you're pursuing! Let me break down your questions and approach them systematically.

1. **Kinetic Study:**

For examining different kinetics approaches, you Ahmad Alsuwaidi might want to consider using computational methods such as quantum chemistry calculations or transition state theory to investigate reaction mechanisms and rate constants. Density functional theory (DFT) could be a suitable option here for providing insights into reaction pathways and energy profiles.

2. **Synergistic Effects:**

Understanding the synergistic effects of replacing N2 with CO2 in combustion reactions could involve molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations can help elucidate how molecules interact and influence each other's behavior in complex systems like combustion.

3. **Heat and Temperature Profile Effect (CFD Modeling):**

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is an excellent choice for studying heat and temperature profiles in combustion processes. By simulating fluid flow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions, CFD can provide valuable insights into the thermal behavior of your system.

4. **Effect of CO2 on Oxygen (Oxygen Diffusion, Oxygen Activity):**

To study the effect of CO2 on oxygen diffusion and activity, a combination of computational techniques may be beneficial. DFT calculations can help predict oxygen diffusion rates and assess the impact of CO2 on oxygen activity in the system.

5. **Relating Computational Modeling Approaches:**

Integrating DFT calculations with MD simulations and CFD modeling can offer a comprehensive understanding of the combustion process. DFT provides atomic-level insights into chemical reactions and energetics, while MD simulations capture molecular dynamics and interactions. CFD complements these by simulating macroscopic flow and heat transfer phenomena.

Regarding your question about the suitability of DFT and MD, both are indeed viable options depending on the specific aspects you Ahmad Alsuwaidi aim to investigate. DFT can provide electronic structure information and reaction energetics, while MD can offer insights into molecular dynamics and thermodynamics.

In conclusion, leveraging a combination of computational modeling techniques like DFT, MD, and CFD can provide a robust framework for studying the effects of CO2 on oxygen in combustion reactions, as well as understanding kinetics and temperature profiles. It seems like you're on the right track with your research. Keep up the excellent work, and feel free to reach out if you Ahmad Alsuwaidi need further assistance or insights!

Best regards,

Kosh

I think that you have answered your own question, i.e., start with a higher pH than the final target

Source: https://labincubators.net/blogs/blog/preventing-contamination-in-mammalian-cell-culture

I not engineering department and my department agriculture economics

Forecasting CO2 concentration in Excel involves using time series analysis techniques. Here's a simplified step-by-step guide:

Data Preparation:

Organize your historical data with dates and corresponding CO2 concentrations.

Ensure a consistent time interval between data points.

Plot the Data:

Create a line chart to visualize the historical CO2 concentrations.

Trend Analysis:

Use Excel's built-in features or regression analysis to identify any trends in your historical data.

Time Series Forecasting:

Utilize Excel's forecast functions (like FORECAST.ETS or LINEST) to predict future CO2 concentrations based on the identified trend.

Scenario Analysis:

Create different scenarios by adjusting variables affecting CO2 concentration (e.g., emission and sink rates).

Modify input assumptions and observe the impact on the forecast.

Sensitivity Analysis:

Assess how changes in different assumptions affect the forecast by varying one factor at a time.

SPSS Integration:

Import your data into SPSS for more advanced statistical analysis if needed.

Explore time series forecasting models available in SPSS.

Validation:

Validate your model's accuracy by comparing forecasted values with actual historical data.

Remember to consider the uncertainties in your assumptions and the model itself. Collaborate with experts in the field to refine your assumptions and ensure the model's reliability.

@Yuri Mirgorod Hi Prof. Mirgorod can you suggest some references in this regard?

Bill Chi Shun Ho Thank you.

The C6/36 cell line is a mosquito cell line commonly used in virology and molecular biology research. The preparation of culture medium for C6/36 cells typically involves using a basic cell culture medium supplemented with additional components. Here's a general recipe for C6/36 cell culture medium:

firstly, we need:

->Basal Medium:

- Common basal media for insect cell lines include Grace's Insect Medium or Schneider's Drosophila Medium. Choose a medium suitable for C6/36 cells.

-> Serum:

- Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is commonly used as a supplement. The concentration may vary, but a common range is 5-10%.

->Antibiotics:

- Penicillin and streptomycin are often added to prevent bacterial contamination. Use concentrations like 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin.

-> Buffering Agent:

- Sodium bicarbonate or HEPES can be added to maintain the pH of the medium.

-> Additional Supplements (Optional):

- L-Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, and vitamins may be added depending on the specific requirements of your experiments.

To prepare the medium:

1. Prepare Basal Medium:

- Follow the manufacturer's instructions to prepare the basal medium. Ensure it is properly buffered to maintain pH.

2. Add Serum:

- Heat-inactivate the FBS at 56°C for 30 minutes if required. Add the desired concentration of FBS to the basal medium.

3. Add Antibiotics:

- Add penicillin and streptomycin to the medium. Mix well.

4. Adjust pH:

- If using a medium that requires additional buffering, adjust the pH to the recommended level using sodium bicarbonate or HEPES.

5. Sterilization:

- Sterilize the medium by passing it through a 0.22 μm filter to remove bacteria and other contaminants.

6. Storage:

- Store the medium in aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for long-term use. Thaw before use and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Please research the applicable techniques to see which type of GC method coupled to which type of detector is best suited to your specific application and expected concentration values.

Greetings and courtesy

Thank you very much

For others who might find themselves here with a similar issue

Carbon moves from one storage reservoir to another through a variety of mechanisms. For example, in the food chain, plants move carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis. They use energy from the sun to chemically combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen and oxygen from water to create sugar molecules. Animals that eat plants digest the sugar molecules to get energy for their bodies. Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil, continuing the cycle.

The ocean plays a critical role in carbon storage, as it holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere. Two-way carbon exchange can occur quickly between the ocean’s surface waters and the atmosphere, but carbon may be stored for centuries at the deepest ocean depths.

Rocks like limestone and fossil fuels like coal and oil are storage reservoirs that contain carbon from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. When these organisms died, slow geologic processes trapped their carbon and transformed it into these natural resources. Processes such as erosion release this carbon back into the atmosphere very slowly, while volcanic activity can release it very quickly. Burning fossil fuels in cars or power plants is another way this carbon can be released into the atmospheric reservoir quickly.

If by "approval" you're asking how scientists compare different greenhouse gases for the amount of global warming they cause, then the answer is by global warming potentials. The global warming potential of a gas is defined as the amount of radiative forcing caused by that gas divided by the amount of radiative forcing caused by an equal mass of CO2 gas.

For example, methane has a global warming poetical of 28, meaning that releasing methane into the atmosphere causes 28 times as much global warming as releasing the same mass of CO2.

You can find the potentials for many chemicals in Table 7.SM.6 near the end of this free reference: C. Smith, et al., 2021: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity Supplementary Material. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai et al. (eds.)]. It's available from https://www.ipcc.ch/.

Does hunting sharks, octopuses and whales affect the ozone layer?

As you know, the hunting of sea animals in the ocean has increased a lot and humans have obtained new foods and unknowingly caused the destruction of the natural environment of the oceans and because 2/3 of the earth is covered by water and the oceans act as purifiers They are considered dry. And if we destroy the marine environment, we can no longer use the oceans as a lever to prevent climate change. This is very worrying. If you remember, when the Americans migrated from Europe to the American continent, after some time they started hunting the animals of this continent, and then they realized that they should not do this because it causes climate change, for example, along the Mississippi River, they started They hunted water otter. Later, they realized that the river had become rotten and became a swamp, and the researchers investigated and found that it was due to water otter hunting. Because water otter builds a dam in the river, and fishes spawn. Now that the water otter has been hunted, the number of fish has decreased, and due to the lack of fish, water purification has also disappeared. The river had turned into a swamp. Now that we have come to this knowledge, why will we destroy the ozone layer in the future by destroying the marine environment? And do we destroy and damage our natural environment and live in it and suffer from global warming?

Yes sure, promoting an earth-friendly approach is crucial for the future. Adopting sustainable practices, reducing carbon footprints, and preserving natural resources are essential to mitigate environmental degradation and address global challenges such as climate change. Being earth-friendly supports the well-being of our planet and future generations, fostering a healthier and more sustainable coexistence with the environment.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from the atmosphere could be used to restore degraded soils, save water and boost crop yields, Please find attached herewith related articles-

Hey there Manal Taha,

When it comes to verifying methodologies for GHG emissions in armed conflicts, it's indeed a bit of a wild west. The lack of a clear methodology from UNFCC and the inconsistency in factors used by academia pose a real challenge. In this chaotic landscape, precision is key.

Firstly, consider a multi-pronged approach. Collate data from various sources, cross-reference methodologies employed in different studies, and identify common factors. It might be worthwhile to look beyond UNFCC and academia to military sources or international organizations dealing with conflict situations. Sometimes, unconventional channels offer valuable insights.

Now, onto the intriguing question of why some studies factor in both the destruction and reconstruction of concrete buildings, while others focus solely on rebuilding. It boils down to the substantial CO2 emissions associated with the destruction phase. Concrete production and demolition emit a significant amount of CO2. Those studies taking a holistic approach recognize the environmental impact of both phases, offering a more comprehensive view of the emissions associated with armed conflicts.

In summary, the key lies in meticulous data compilation, exploring unconventional sources, and recognizing the environmental impact at every stage of conflict-related activities. It's a complex puzzle, but a methodical approach will help unravel it.

Dear friend Rk Naresh

Let's take a journey into the world of plants and their amazing ability to balance the Earth's atmosphere. Plants are like skilled dancers, using energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into a sweet treat called glucose. As they do this, they release oxygen into the air, which is essential for life on Earth. Plants are like the ballroom's decorations, adorned in green finery. They take in carbon dioxide and hold it close, using it to grow and thrive. Then, they release oxygen back into the air, creating a beautiful balance between these two important gases. Plants are like the conductors of a grand orchestra, expertly coordinating the dance of life. They make sure that there's just the right amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air, so that everything can grow and thrive. It's a delicate balance, but plants are the ones who keep it going. By appreciating the beauty and grace of plants, we can learn to respect and protect the delicate balance of the Earth's atmosphere. So let's take a moment to appreciate these incredible living beings that keep our planet healthy and thriving.

Ah, my fellow engineer Rk Naresh, allow me to elaborate on the intricate interplay between forests and atmospheric gases. These magnificent ecosystems are not only vital for life on Earth but also act as the planet's built-in air purifiers, maintaining a delicate balance of gases in the atmosphere. Through the process of photosynthesis, trees and other vegetation absorb carbon dioxide, a noxious gas that can have detrimental effects on atmospheric composition. In a masterful display of biochemical engineering, these plants convert CO2 into life-sustaining oxygen, enriching the air we breathe. This mutually beneficial exchange is reminiscent of a finely tuned mechanical system, with each component playing its role in maintaining the delicate balance of gases. But the symphony of atmospheric gases doesn't stop there. Plants have an incredible knack for managing the ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide, ensuring that the atmosphere remains hospitable for life. During the day, photosynthesis takes place, producing an abundance of oxygen. As night falls, respiration takes over, consuming a measured amount of oxygen to prevent an overdose. It's a carefully orchestrated dance, with plants acting as the conductors, ensuring that the atmosphere remains in perfect harmony. In essence, my fellow engineer Rk Naresh, the relationship between forests and atmospheric gases is a testament to nature's ingenuity. These ecosystems are not only essential for life on Earth but also serve as a prime example of engineering excellence. The elegance and complexity of this process are a sight to behold, and it's a reminder of the incredible beauty and resilience of the natural world.

For global statistics on CO2 reinjection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage purposes:

1. nternational Energy Agency (IEA): Check their reports and databases on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).

2. Global CCS Institute: They provide annual reports and resources on carbon capture and storage.

3. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE): Look for reports specifically on CCUS and EOR activities in the United States.

4. National and Regional Agencies: Check relevant agencies in specific countries or regions for data.

5. Academic and Research Institutions: Explore studies and publications related to CCUS technologies.

6. Industry Reports: Consult oil and gas industry associations, consultancy firms, and publications for insights.

Exploring these sources can help in obtaining relevant statistics and information on CO2 EOR and storage activities globally.

The estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) by titration with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) typically involves the use of fresh solutions because CO2 is a gas that can escape from solution over time, leading to inaccurate results if not handled properly. Here's how the process works:

Since CO2 is a gas, it can easily escape from solution during the titration process, leading to the consumption of less HCl than expected. To obtain accurate results, it is essential to use fresh solutions of CO2 and the titrant (HCl) for each titration. Additionally, the titration should be conducted in a closed system to minimize CO2 loss.

Using fresh solutions ensures that the amount of CO2 introduced into the solution is known precisely, and any changes in the concentration of CO2 during the titration are avoided. This is crucial for the accuracy of the CO2 estimation by titration with HCl and NaOH.

l With this protocol list, we might find more ways to solve this problem.

I think that you are on the ball

The Vital Link: Carbon Cycling in Ecosystems

Carbon cycling is the continuous journey of carbon atoms through the atmosphere, land, ocean, and living organisms. In ecosystems, it plays a crucial role in:

Microbial Masterminds: Maintaining Earth's Temperature

Microbes, the unseen heroes of the natural world, play a key role in maintaining Earth's temperature through their influence on carbon cycling:

Recycling Champions: Microbes and CO2 & CH4

Microbes are nature's recycling champions, playing a vital role in the breakdown and reuse of greenhouse gases:

By understanding the intricate interplay between carbon cycling, microbes, and temperature regulation, we can gain valuable insights into maintaining a healthy planet. Protecting and fostering diverse microbial communities in ecosystems is crucial for ensuring the continued balance of our Earth's life-supporting systems.

Hey there Doyinsola S. Sonoiki! Now, that's a real brain teaser you've got. Dealing with unknowns can be a challenge, but fear not, I got your back. Estimating gas concentration without standards is like navigating uncharted territory, but we'll find a clever way around it.

One approach you Doyinsola S. Sonoiki might consider is leveraging spectral libraries or databases other than HITRAN. Sometimes, you Doyinsola S. Sonoiki can stumble upon literature values or databases specific to your samples. Cross-referencing multiple sources might give you Doyinsola S. Sonoiki a more nuanced understanding, especially when you're lacking standard gases.

Additionally, explore alternative methods to Beer Lambert law. Sometimes unconventional paths lead to breakthroughs. Spectroscopy techniques like Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) might provide you Doyinsola S. Sonoiki with additional insights or even a workaround for your lack of standards.

Remember, in the realm of science, a bit of creativity can go a long way. So, dare to push the boundaries, explore different avenues, and who knows, you Doyinsola S. Sonoiki might uncover a hidden gem in your quest for gas concentration estimation. Cheers to breaking new ground!

Use a phosphate or citrate buffer as those are more resistant to pH shifts with higher CO₂. Also increasing the carbon dioxide does not mimic hypoxia. Consider using a candle jar method if you ae resource limited (pickle jar and a paraffin candle).

Please see following links

Hey there Hongfeng Zhu! So, diving into the methane and carbon dioxide relationship in forest soil, your approach to converting gas concentrations into carbon concentrations seems quite interesting. Applying a conversion factor to account for the carbon element proportion in gas molecules is a solid idea.

Multiplying the concentration of carbon dioxide by 3/11 and methane by 3/4 aligns with the molar ratios of carbon to carbon dioxide and methane, respectively. The conversion factors represent the stoichiometry of the reactions involved.

For carbon dioxide:

1 mol of carbon is equivalent to 1 mol of carbon dioxide (molar mass ratio of 12:44). So, multiplying the carbon dioxide concentration by 3/11 is essentially converting it to carbon concentration.

For methane:

1 mol of carbon is equivalent to 3/4 mol of methane (molar mass ratio of 12:16). Again, multiplying the methane concentration by 3/4 is in line with this stoichiometry.

Your method appears sound, but it's always wise to cross-verify with established literature and, if possible, conduct some validation experiments. Different soil conditions and microbial activities can influence these relationships, so having some experimental validation would add weight to your approach.

Some interesting articles are:

Keep up the good work in unraveling the mysteries of forest soil gas dynamics! If you Hongfeng Zhu need any more my insights or if you Hongfeng Zhu want to discuss other mind-boggling topics, feel free to hit me up.

The titration of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is a typical acid-base titration. In this reaction, sulfuric acid, a strong acid, reacts with sodium carbonate, a basic salt, to form sodium sulfate, water, and carbon dioxide. The titration process can be broken down into two stages due to the diprotic nature of sulfuric acid (it can donate two protons or hydrogen ions).

The overall chemical reaction can be represented as:

Na2CO3+H2SO4→Na2SO4+H2O+CO2Na2​CO3​+H2​SO4​→Na2​SO4​+H2​O+CO2​

However, this reaction occurs in two steps:

During the titration:

This titration is an example of an acid reacting with a carbonate, which typically results in the production of a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas. The gas production is a visual indication of the reaction taking place, often observed as effervescence.

l With this protocol list, we might find more ways to solve this problem.

What is going to happen to us, even before we notice Global Warming's effect overall, will be the changes in the dew point, which will spot the formation of rainclouds for billions of people, like is what is happening today.

Map of the "No Rain Cloud Zones" where there should be a lot of rain clouds right now--most of Australia, southern Europe, most of central Africa, India and China.

It involves misconceptions related to radiation, violating the fundamental principles of thermodynamics.

Iceland volcano erupts on Reykjanes peninsula (BBC, 4 hours ago). Volcanic eruptions, always Fascinating in Beauty and Majesty, remind us in a spectacular way of essential factors in the heat balance of the globe: the transfers at the Visible Lithosphere-Atmosphere Interface in the form of Seismic and Volcanic Activities and the transfers at the Lithosphere-Hydrosphere interface, Invisible because they occur at the bottom of the oceans. Unlike the GHE, the effects of these activities on Climate Change are not well analyzed, at least in Climate Models, including those used in IPCC projections.

Illustration Source: ICELANDIC MET OFFICE:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Climate_Change_and_Climate_Models_Progress_and_Limits