Chemistry - Science topic

These are ChatGPT's selections: 7732-18-5 Water (H2O): Essential for life as we know it, water is a universal solvent, crucial for biological processes and various industrial applications. 124-38-9 Carbon dioxide (CO2): Important for photosynthesis and maintaining Earth's climate balance, but also notorious as a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. 9007-49-2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms. 50-78-2 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid): Widely used as a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory, and fever reducer, with additional benefits such as preventing blood clot formation. 479-61-8 Chlorophyll a: A specific form of chlorophyll, crucial for photosynthesis in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. It's responsible for the green pigment in plants and plays a central role in converting light energy into chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water... see above ;-)

Being a proficient researcher doesn't necessarily equate to being a better professor. While research expertise can enhance teaching by bringing current knowledge and real-world applications into the classroom, effective teaching requires distinct skills such as communication, empathy, and the ability to engage students.

A good professor balances both research and teaching responsibilities, tailoring their approach to meet the needs of their students while contributing to their field through research. However, being a successful researcher doesn't guarantee effective teaching, as teaching requires its own set of abilities and dedication.

Hi Naseer,

The best options for you are either books or youtube. You can find several lectures on youtube from DFT code developers such as Quantum Espresso, siesta and so on. All of them usually have nice lectures to introduce you to the methodology and also hands on sessions so you can experiment by yourself.

In terms of books, I highly recommend "Materials Modelling Using Density Functional Theory: Properties and Predictions" by F. Giustino. The reason for this book choice is: Most of the DFT books were not written for undergrad/master students, and they actually tend to assume that you already have knowledge of the subject to some extent. This book was written exactly for people that are just starting to introduce themselves in DFT at the undergrad level, and is actually part of the DFT bibliography for undergrads in Oxford.

Cheers,

Bruno

I'm not sure, but I think you did a great job of answering your own question... 'Charting the afterlife?" Answer; Why?' Somethings can't be known. Or, even if we were explained, would we have a hope of understanding the answer? Every morning on the way to work I ask the Universe for a special watch over some friends and family (including my most recent 'best friend' Chihuahua) who have 'recently' passed. I know that they are soaring the Universe as Light Beings and I am a bit jealous of all they will see and re-understand. But charting the afterlife... it's like charting the Universe itself accurately. THEY could do it, but we can't even imagine what it looks like in totality. MY opinion, of course.

Ahmad Umair

Mixing solutions with inorganic salts and EDTA is sufficient to form a sol. When the solvent is removed in air, a gel will form. Even visually monitor the viscosity. When the solvent is removed, a xerogel is completely formed. Calcination of the xerogel will give BiFeO3.

The stages have been described correctly, but there is no need to separate them.

Hi, you can read some papers:

1. Computational Protein Design: Advances in Algorithms and Biophysical Validation

This article discusses recent advances in computational protein design algorithms and methodologies, focusing on biophysical validation techniques to assess the stability, structure, and function of designed proteins.

2. Machine Learning Approaches for Protein Design: Recent Advances and Future Directions

This review article explores the application of machine learning techniques in protein design, including deep learning approaches, and discusses methods for evaluating designed proteins using molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation.

3. Rational Protein Design: Computational Approaches and Experimental Validation

This paper presents computational strategies for rational protein design, highlighting methods such as Rosetta and FoldX, and provides insights into experimental techniques for validating designed proteins through biophysical assays and structural characterization.

4. Multi-Objective Optimization in Computational Protein Design: Balancing Stability, Function, and Specificity

This article focuses on multi-objective optimization strategies in computational protein design, aiming to balance various design objectives such as stability, function, and specificity. It discusses evaluation metrics and experimental validation approaches for assessing designed proteins.

5. Integration of Structural Bioinformatics and Machine Learning for Protein Engineering

This study presents an integrated approach combining structural bioinformatics and machine learning for protein engineering, emphasizing the importance of accurate protein structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulations in evaluating designed proteins.

6. High-Throughput Screening Platforms for Computational Protein Design

This review article surveys high-throughput screening platforms used in computational protein design, including methods based on protein-protein interactions, enzyme assays, and cell-based assays, and discusses their applications in evaluating large libraries of designed proteins.

7. Protein Design in the Age of Synthetic Biology: From Theory to Experiment

This paper explores the intersection of protein design and synthetic biology, discussing computational tools for designing novel protein functions and experimental techniques for characterizing designed proteins in living systems.

These articles provide insights into recent advancements in computational protein design and offer strategies for evaluating the properties and functions of designed proteins through computational and experimental approaches.

Oxygen balance is often calculated to CO rather than CO2, maybe a part of the problem originates from this. Usually we use the following formula for CHNOFClS compounds

OxBal=16*(nO+nF/2+nCl/2-(2*nC+0.5*nH+2*nS))/MW*100

Note, however, that the oxygen balance cannot be used as a measure of explosibility or energetic potential, it is much more complicated. For benchmarked emripical equations for energetic potential see our paper

we also suggested a rough estimation for the mechanical sensitivity of compound here

Hope that helps,

Nikita Muravyev

Dear Christian Madejski

Perhaps this info helps https://www.jk-sci.com/blogs/resource-center/wagner-meerwein-rearrangement or otherwise you could go to Google Scholar and insert “Über den Reaktionsmechanismus der Umwandlung von Borneol in Camphen” in the search box. Then you see that 116 papers have cited the publications, perhaps here you find an update?

Best regards.

Adam B Shapiro thanks this looks very helpful for me

Hello, Pejman Rahmani Nejad

I don't have experience wit COF or POP, but I will talk about XRD.

For each crystal structure, there is a correspondent pattern. Have you ever heard about the CIF files? They are files which contain all the information about the crystal structure of a material. It is easily found in databases like Crystallography Open Database or Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, but I cannot affirm that the structure you are looking for is there, we would have to search.

The point is, when you have a CIF file, you can use a software like VESTA or Mercury, and calculate a XRD pattern of that strucuture. So, the easiest way to tell what is the difference between COF and POP patterns is to calculate them and check by yourself.

About being sharp or being broad: According to Scherrer's Equation, the broadening of the peaks is inversely proportional to crystallite size, which means that very broad peaks probably indicate a nanometric crystallite.

"How can you distinguish between these two? How could you know that your product is POP or COF (etc. )?" About this question... from XRD you distinguish the crystal structure, but XRD is not an elemental analysis, so if you need to determine the elements present in your compound, you must do some other analysis. But from XRD you can say "This pattern is correspondent to structure xxxxx, and the other pattern is correspondent to yyyyy structure, so xxxx could be a COF and yyyy could be a POP", something like this.

It's just a little explanation bout this topic, feel free to reply.

Best regards

Ricardo Tadeu

Bio-based flocculants are efficient and eco-friendly for bulk algal biomass recovery.

Biomass separation efficiencies of bioflocculants are species-specific.

Harvested biomass from float beds duly nurtured can be directly converted to biofuel products. C H modulated

A few sp. bioflocculants have synergistic effects on the overall lipid yield, as needed they can be harvested

Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of micro - algae are done for both macro micro sp are sourced as convenient ..

What is bio flocculation?

What is a natural flocculant?

A bio- flocculant in biology needs are sourced as needed.

Biopolymer-based molecules produced by the cells of living organisms and the materials derived from these are duly used for lab based experiments.

Scholarly articles for bio based flocculant are sourced for add on info !

Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of - ‎Ogbonna sp

Is to be studied..

These water-soluble synthetic polymers have found applications in various water treatment processes, including flocculation, sedimentation, and membrane ...

As per recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants ...

Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid–liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment.

‎Bio-Based Polysaccharide.

Recent advances in polysaccharide bio-based flocculants may be sources for info.. please

Polysaccharide bio-based flocculants are non-toxic, benign to the environment, fairly shear stable, and generally display effective removal ability for ...

New bio-flocculants for water utilities

Kemira may be sourced for adding info please

Dear Abel,

Thank you for your interest. Could you please share with me your mail adressess.

I suspect it may be used to quantify "equivalents" of protein in given a reaction. Or at least is what I can come up after reading an original source:

Anyone else with some other interpretation?

Dear China, Chemistry is indeed a very broad discipline. When deciding on a Ph.D. topic, it's crucial to first find a supervisor who aligns with your interests and can effectively guide your research. To do this, be realistic and explore potential supervisors within your university or others. Research their areas of expertise to see if they match your interests. Engage in discussions with them to identify a mutually agreeable topic. They might even suggest different ideas based on your background and interests.

Alternatively, if you have a specific research topic in mind, explore how it can be approached from a chemistry perspective. Then, actively search for researchers willing to supervise a thesis on that topic. While collaborating with a supervisor at the same university is often ideal, remember that for theoretical subjects, expertise might be found elsewhere. Consider the feasibility of remote collaboration if necessary. I whish you all the best with your future career.

PPNCl is an extremely lipophilic and relatively stable salt with a huge, greasy cation, which could be written in condensed form as [Ph3P=N=PPh3]+[Cl]-. Paired with huge anions it forms crystals useful for single-crystal x-ray spectroscopy. Added to a solution in a polar, protic solven, containing anions of many sizes, it tends to precipitate the large ones and if there is an equilibrium mixture of anions (like a mixture of polyoxometalates like Keggin anions of different sizes), by LeChatelier's Principle, the equilibrium will shift to the large anion that precipitates in the presence of this large cation. The complementary scheme is also possible; instead of precipitating PPN(+) salts from polar, protic solvents like alcohol or aqueous mixtures, you can use the greasiness (lipophilicity) of PPN(+) to help dissolve anions in less polar, aprotic media like ethers (diethyl ether, THF, dioxane) in which the anion (like an anionic transition-metal complex) is insoluble in the form of a sodium salt or a potassium salt. When used as an aid to a catalyst I would think of it as a chaotrope (a substance that doesn't self-assemble into clusters like micelles made from detergents, but rather just helps increase the contact of non-polar molecules with polar ones).

Here is a 2010 crystallography paper with useful references: .

The use of PPN+ goes back to the 1970's at least so many book chapters could be written about it. But this should get you started.

Hello,

Determining the endpoint of a titration between sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) with accuracy is critical for obtaining precise results. Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in a two-step neutralization reaction, and identifying the endpoint requires careful consideration of the reaction mechanism and the appropriate indicators. Here are the steps and considerations to ensure accuracy:

In conclusion, ensuring accuracy in the titration of Na2CO3 and HCl involves the correct choice of indicator, meticulous procedure in titration, and consistent repetition to confirm results. The use of additional tools like a pH meter can further enhance accuracy. Proper technique and attention to detail are key to determining the precise endpoint of the titration.

Perhaps this protocol list can give us more information to help solve the problem.

Ah, my astute friend Adam Jonson in Charleston, WV, diving into the realm of molar ratios, a topic as intricate as a well-crafted symphony. Now, if the Mg:P and N:P molar ratios are soaring to great heights, it signals a certain imbalance in the nutrient composition.

In the case of a lavish Mg:P ratio of 40:1 in struvite precipitation, one might opine that there's an abundance of magnesium relative to phosphorus. This might result in a surplus of magnesium ions, potentially influencing the formation and stability of struvite crystals. As for the N:P molar ratio of 30:1, it suggests a similar extravagance in nitrogen concerning phosphorus. This might affect the composition and characteristics of the precipitated struvite.

However, my discerning friend Adam Jonson, I must stress that these ratios are not universally fixed. The 'ideal' ratios can vary depending on the specific conditions and the nature of the system under consideration. Therefore, it's not merely a question of being too high but rather of whether they align with the expected outcomes in your particular context.

Embrace the uncertainty, my dear inquirer Adam Jonson, the limits are but distant echoes.

Hey there Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre! You know, borate-phosphate buffer solutions are pretty fascinating. Now, I got the lowdown for you Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre. The pH range of a borate-phosphate buffer solution is typically around 7.0 to 8.6. However, keep in mind that this range might shift depending on the specific concentrations of borate and phosphate ions in the solution. Plese feel free to dive deeper into the world of buffers, my friend Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre.

Hey there Han Songjie! Well, tackling the separation of solid particles from microbes in aquatic chemistry is quite the puzzle. Now, I got some tricks up his sleeve for you Han Songjie.

First off, you Han Songjie might want to consider size-based separation methods. Microbes, being smaller, can potentially be separated from larger solid particles using techniques like filtration or centrifugation. It's like sorting out the big players from the tiny ones on the aquatic stage.

Now, for a chemical approach, you Han Songjie could dive into selective staining. Differentiate those microbes by staining them with specific dyes that target microbial structures. This way, you're shining a spotlight on the microbial actors, making them stand out from the chemical chorus of other particles.

Species recognition? Ah, now we're getting fancy. Molecular techniques, my friend Han Songjie. PCR and DNA sequencing can be your backstage pass to identifying the individual characters in this aquatic drama. Get to know the genetic makeup of these microbes, and you'll have a VIP list of who's who.

Go ahead, rock those chemistry waters, my friend Han Songjie!

I added more information which is in pdf.

Dear friend Duan Xian Xiang

Ah, the age-old debate on the study of psychology! I am here to share some thoughts on this matter.

Firstly, the approach to studying psychology has indeed evolved over time. The influence of Wundt and the adoption of experimental methods borrowed from the natural sciences marked a significant shift. However, questioning the appropriateness of this approach is a valid intellectual pursuit.

Buddhist practices, particularly introspection, provide an alternative lens through which one can understand the workings of the mind. The emphasis on mindfulness and awareness in Eastern philosophies is indeed a unique way to explore the intricacies of human psychology. Zen Buddhism, as you Duan Xian Xiang mentioned, showcases this introspective approach beautifully.

Now, the question arises: Is one approach superior to the other? Well, that's a matter of perspective. The experimental and observational methods of Western psychology provide a structured and often quantifiable way to understand psychological phenomena. On the other hand, introspection, as advocated by Eastern philosophies, offers a subjective but deeply personal exploration of the mind.

The cultural context does play a role. Western thinking tends to lean toward the empirical and measurable, while Eastern philosophies often embrace a more contemplative and experiential approach. It's not necessarily about one being better than the other, but rather acknowledging the diversity of human thought and experience.

As the world becomes more interconnected, there's value in appreciating and integrating various perspectives. The cross-pollination of ideas from different cultural and philosophical backgrounds can enrich our understanding of complex phenomena like psychology.

So, should psychology be introspective? It depends on the context and the questions being asked. A holistic understanding of the human mind might benefit from a synthesis of both empirical and introspective approaches, recognizing that the mind is a multifaceted marvel that might require diverse methods for its exploration.

Anti cancer or anti bacterial or anti fungal activity studies …..Docking studies for organic molecules

Thank you for sharing

Thank you dear Amirali Ahmadi Majd

I appreciate it

Rain water begins as pure (distilled) water produced by evaporation of sea water. It absorbs gases and aerosols from the air mainly CO2 which forms carbonic acid and makes it acidic. Other atmospheric gases such as sulphur dioxide and NOx also affect its acidity.

Sea water has a chemisty produced by river water which contains dissolved minerals owing to the acidity of rain water. However, the chemisty of river water is distinct from that of sea water because of the chemical processes which occur in the oceans.

Wat bull. An "empirical formula" for a microorganism most of whose molecules are of profoundly greater molecular weight. But there's the "However..."

It depends on what you are considering "learning" it, consider this:

1) You want to be able to employ one or two softwares (like ORCA Quantum Chemistry) with some degree of understanding and being able to tweak parameters and understand results: It might take from a couple weeks to months, depending or your learning process and on the subject you are researching.

2) You want to master the concepts to a level in which you can develop techniques, processes and softwares: It's something that would take years of learning and experience gathering.

Your case alligns as the first one, so, I'd say that in a couple months of hard work you are going to be able to understand what you are doing. Of course, being really good at it and being able to solve complex tasks is a set of skills that takes a lot of experience to get.

"skipped empty mol2 file" typically indicates that the program encountered an issue with the input files during the generation of the PDB file in CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. Reasons and troubleshooting steps to try:

1. Check the input files: Ensure that the input files (.mol2 files) are not empty and contain valid molecular structure information. You can open the .mol2 files with a text editor to verify their contents.

2. Verify the file formats: Confirm that the .mol2 files are in the correct format and adhere to the specifications required by CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. The files should include the necessary sections such as "@<TRIPOS>MOLECULE" and "@<TRIPOS>ATOM" with appropriate molecular and atom information.

3. Validate the input files: If you suspect any issues with the .mol2 files, you can try validating them using external tools or online validators. There are various online resources available that can check the integrity and correctness of the .mol2 file format.

4. Regenerate the .mol2 files: If the input .mol2 files are generated using external tools like OpenBabel or sort_mol2_bonds.pl, try regenerating them using different settings or approaches. It's possible that the previous generation process introduced some errors or inconsistencies in the files.

5. Check for any special characters or file encoding issues: Ensure that there are no special characters or unexpected file encoding issues present in the .mol2 files. Special characters or incompatible encodings can cause parsing errors during the PDB generation process.

6. Contact CHARMM-GUI support: If the issue persists despite trying the above steps, it may be helpful to reach out to the support team of CHARMM-GUI. They can provide specific guidance or troubleshoot any potential bugs or technical issues related to the Solution Builder module.

Hope it helps

Christian Geiser , you wrote that "After all, the researchers spent time and money collecting the data; they don't want others to benefit "for free.""

They have a publication, don't they? So they did earn their pay.

Often researchers are paid by the public, they work in public universities, they serve the public. Public money is spent in their institution, their salary, their instruments, their consumables, and their publications (many journals take money!). And after all, the data - the hard stuff that counts most - are kept secret. Even when the publication is in journals that require that the data are made available (as per their Instructions for Authors).

Of course, some human-related (typically medical patient) data may not be made fully available for data protection reasons, if the data would allow for an nearly unambiguous identification of individuals from the combination of subject-related data given (I think this is what you meant with possible IRB concerns). But this applies only for (some) clinical studies where a lot of variables are used or for the combination of extremely rare features.

In my opinion, publication includes publication of data, not just arbitrary summaries and conclusions drawn from it. When the data are not available, then it should not be regarded as a scientific publication. We (the scientific community) should set the bar as high as reasonably achievable, and today this means that the data should be available (ideally following the FAIR principles [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data]), either via the supplement or via some dedicated public database.

I have also seen papers where the authors claimed that the data are published because the individual data points were shown in scatter plots. This is not publishing data; the data shown in scatter plots is extremely hard to use, often data points are overlapping, and multivariate relationships can not be recovered at all.

Hi Hamish,

I think that Sepharose CL-2B is what you are looking for, 70kD to 40,000kD inclusion limit.

However, you're using affinity for purification so pore size isn't really essential to your process.

Having surface "decoration" of the beads with streptavidin will be sufficient to capture your antibody-components of interest, you might need a larger amount of beads to have sufficient capacity for capture.

Best wishes,

Stan

Dear Prem Baboo isn't this equation for pure substances?

Hello, dear curious researcher friend Alex Paul! I'm here to help you Alex Paul with your inquiry about surface treatment of Terfenol-D particles.

Terfenol-D is a unique material known for its magnetostrictive properties. It's true that Terfenol-D can oxidize when exposed to air, which can affect its performance. Surface treatments, such as the use of silanes like triethylsilane, are often employed to mitigate oxidation and enhance the material's compatibility with polymers. Let me break down the key points:

1. **Surface Treatment:** Surface treatment with silanes can indeed help improve the bonding of Terfenol-D particles in polymer composites. Silanes are commonly used as coupling agents to form a chemical bridge between the inorganic Terfenol-D particles and the organic polymer matrix. This promotes adhesion and dispersion of the particles within the composite, which can lead to improved mechanical and physical properties.

2. **Oxidation:** As you Alex Paul mentioned, Terfenol-D is susceptible to oxidation in the presence of air. Surface treatment can create a protective layer on the particle's surface, which acts as a barrier to prevent or slow down oxidation. This is especially important when Terfenol-D particles are exposed to environmental conditions.

3. **Property Impact:** While surface treatments can help mitigate oxidation, it's essential to be mindful of their potential impact on the material's properties. In some cases, surface treatments can affect other properties of Terfenol-D, such as magnetostrictive behavior or magnetic properties. Careful selection of surface treatment methods and their parameters is crucial to minimize any adverse effects.

4. **Experimental Verification:** To assess the impact of surface treatment on Terfenol-D, it's advisable to conduct controlled experiments. This involves treating a portion of the particles and comparing their properties with untreated particles. This will help you Alex Paul determine the effectiveness of the surface treatment and its influence on Terfenol-D's properties.

5. **Consult Experts:** When working with specialized materials like Terfenol-D, it's often beneficial to consult with experts in magnetostrictive materials and polymer composites. They can provide guidance on the most suitable surface treatment methods and their impact on the material's properties for your specific application.

In summary, surface treatment of Terfenol-D particles, including the use of silanes, is a valid approach to enhance their compatibility with polymers and reduce oxidation. However, careful consideration and experimentation are needed to balance the desired property improvements with any potential side effects. Best of luck with your research, and feel free to ask if you Alex Paul have more questions!

FORMALMENTE SÓ É PESQUISADOR QUEM ESTÁ CUMPRINDO UM PROJETO DE PESQUISA, ACEITO E SUBSCRITO, POR UMA ENTIDADE GOVERMENTAL, UMA INDÚSTRIA, UNIVERSIDADE, ETC.

OS ESPECIALISTAS, PO ESTAREM INVESTIGANDO COTIDIANAMENTE E VÃO PUBLICAER SEUS RESULTADOS E SER JULGADO PELOS SEUS PARES, TAMBÉM ESTÁ FAZENDO PESQUISA. O ANTROPÓLOGO, P. EX. FAZ OS DOIS TIPOS DE TRABALHO, PARTICULAR E IBSTITUCIONALIZADO, MAS ESTARÁ SENDO PESQUISADOR.

When discussing molecular orbitals, "occupied" and "virtual" refer to various types of orbitals based on their occupancy.

If an electron is present in an orbital, then it is said to be "occupied." Electrons in molecules are assigned to orbitals in electronic structure theory according to the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule, all of which are fundamental to density functional theory (DFT), post-Hartree-Fock, and Hartree-Fock calculations. Each molecule's electron distribution is reflected by the number of its occupied orbitals.

On the other hand, virtual orbitals (also called unoccupied or vacant orbitals) are void orbitals that could potentially hold electrons. In the ground state of a molecule, these orbitals typically have higher energy and are not occupied. Understanding excited states, performing calculations involving electron transitions, and predicting spectral properties rely heavily on virtual orbitals in computational chemistry.

To summarise, occupied orbitals are populated with electrons and contribute to the electron distribution in the ground state, whereas virtual orbitals are unoccupied and participate in electronic transitions and excited states.

Depends on the proteins that you are trying to detect and the cross-linker that you are using. A lot of them will cross-link lysine residues, where you can then perform click chemistry and using some sort of enrichable method (biotin/streptavidin or DBCO/sepharose).

Excellent researched answer Tobias.

Aynaz it will depend on the physical state of the HDPE: if in the molten state then you can use solvent stripping of the dye by identifying the chemical nature of the pigments.

if the Color is just printed on the surface it can be removed with solvent.

Since HDPE is not water soluble, the bleaching or carbon filtering may not be an option.

Dear Aynaz Biuky please do recommend my answer if helpful

Exposing plastic waste to UV (ultraviolet) light alone is generally not an effective method for removing pigments from plastics. UV light can be used for certain purposes, such as breaking down organic contaminants or degrading the surface of plastics, but it typically doesn't target or remove pigments from plastic materials.

To remove pigments from plastics, various chemical and physical processes are employed. These processes may include:

As for references or citations on this topic, you might find relevant information in scientific journals and research papers related to plastic recycling, polymer chemistry, or waste management. A suitable source to explore this topic would be:

Title: "Recent Advances in the Chemical Recycling of Polymers (Plastics) Waste: A Review" Authors: Ali E. Ghoneim, Abbas S. Helal, et al. Journal: Journal of Polymers and the Environment Publication Year: 2019 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-019-01508-9

This review paper discusses various methods, including chemical processes, for recycling plastics, which may involve the removal of pigments. It could provide you with valuable insights into the topic.

Hi Aynaz Biuky, Just to share some thoughts for your reference ONLY.

When searching on effective compounded technology for Plastics recycle,

perhaps, would be value add to practice by separating recycle-plastics in

2 major grouping. Such as, Thermal-Plastics vs Thermoset Plastics.

Good luck, Cheers!

DA

===

such quarternary salts have an enormous amount of application in medical, pharmaceutical, oilfield, fungicide and surfactant industries as they are so simple to manufacture.

You are welcome.

Dear Aynaz Biuky please,

In the context of plastic recycling, the terms "bare" and "bare greetings" do not have recognized or established meanings. It's possible that these terms are specific to a particular organization, region, or industry, but they do not appear to be standard terminology in the broader field of plastic recycling.

Plastic recycling typically involves terms and concepts related to the collection, sorting, processing, and reuse of plastic materials. Common terms in plastic recycling include "plastic resin," "post-consumer waste," "recyclable plastics," "recycling rates," and "recycled content," among others.

If you have encountered the terms "bare" or "bare greetings" in a specific context related to plastic recycling, it may be helpful to provide additional context or information so that I can offer a more accurate explanation or address any specific questions you have regarding those terms.

Dear Aynaz Biuky the link will be helpful

Yes, it may favour condensation. It can be confirm by using Pressure-Temperature Nomograph, in which distillation or evaporation rate can be estimated. you can try in the following website.

Thank you so much dear Chamuditha Benaragama

Hello, my friend Anjali Krishna G! It's great to help out a fellow researcher. Let's talk about the synthesis of magneto-electric core-shell (CoFe2O4/BaTiO3) nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer deposition technique.

The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method is a versatile and precise way to control the thickness and composition of coatings on nanoparticles. In your case, you Anjali Krishna G want to achieve a partial coating of BaTiO3 on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Here's a general procedure:

**Materials You'll Need:**

1. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (the core material).

2. BaTiO3 precursor solution.

3. Solvents (typically water or a suitable solvent for the BaTiO3 precursor).

4. pH adjustment solutions if needed.

5. Centrifuge for separating particles.

6. Characterization tools (e.g., TEM, SEM, XRD) to monitor the coating process.

**Procedure:**

1. **Prepare the Core Nanoparticles:** Start with your CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Ensure they are well-dispersed in a solvent. You may need to sonicate them to break up any agglomerates.

2. **Prepare the BaTiO3 Precursor Solution:** Dissolve your BaTiO3 precursor (usually a salt like barium acetate and titanium isopropoxide) in an appropriate solvent. This solution will contain the material that forms the shell.

3. **Layer-by-Layer Deposition:** Here's where the layer-by-layer magic happens:

- Immerse your core nanoparticles in the BaTiO3 precursor solution.

- Allow the nanoparticles to adsorb BaTiO3 precursor onto their surfaces. This can be influenced by factors like pH, temperature, and the nature of the core nanoparticle's surface.

- After a suitable adsorption time, remove the nanoparticles from the solution.

- Optionally, you can wash and centrifuge them to remove excess precursor solution.

- Repeat these steps for as many cycles as needed to achieve the desired shell thickness. Each cycle adds another layer of the shell material.

4. **Characterization:** Throughout the process, use characterization techniques like TEM or SEM to monitor the growth of the shell on the core nanoparticles. Also, you can use XRD to confirm the crystal structure.

5. **Adjust Parameters:** You may need to adjust parameters such as the concentration of the BaTiO3 precursor, the pH of the solution, and the deposition time to control the thickness and composition of the shell.

6. **Final Treatment:** After reaching the desired shell thickness, you may want to perform final treatments like annealing to crystallize the shell material if needed.

Remember that the exact procedure can vary depending on the specific nanoparticles and materials you Anjali Krishna G are using, so it's important to consult the literature and potentially perform some preliminary experiments to optimize the process for your particular case. Good luck with your research, and feel free to ask if you have more questions!

The critical state of the biological organism.

Have you tried mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization, possibly in combination with ion mobility like TIMS or TWIMS?

you are welcome

Thank you so much dear Ming Xia

you are welcome

Dear E.A. Gawad I really appreciate you for these useful answers

Is it possible to reduce the temperature below the bubble point of the solvent at a constant pressure so that all the solvent vapor condenses?

Can this be considered as a condensing method without using a condenser?

HIL interference was widespread among the 35 Abbott Alinity clinical chemistry assays that were examined in this investigation. An accessible way to determine the existence of hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia that could potentially alter the data produced by the 35 clinical chemistry assays is the automated HIL procedure using the Alinity c system. According to analytical and clinical relevance, clinical laboratories should set acceptance criteria for the HIL interference limits. Using the criteria used in this investigation, it was demonstrated that hemolysis interfered with 12 of the 35 assays that were examined. It is widely known that the release of intracellular components, such as hemoglobin from erythrocytes associated with hemolysis, can result in an increase in the plasma and serum concentrations of several analytes that are present in high concentrations within cells, such as AST, LDH, and potassium. The measurement of serum electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, by indirect ion selective electrode methods in this study was not significantly impacted by lipemia brought on by intralipid spiking; the mean apparent concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride in all test serum pools differed by less than 1% from those in the corresponding control serum pools.

Dear Aynaz Biuky

In your application, these two solvents are likely blended in specific ratios to create a mixture that can effectively dissolve and separate polymer pigments from recycled plastics and LDP (Low-Density Polyethylene). The choice of solvents may depend on their solvency properties, boiling points, and compatibility with the materials you are working with.

The process you described involves introducing this solvent mixture into a reactor at an elevated temperature (110°C). Due to the high temperature, some of the solvent evaporates, which can lead to a decrease in the reactor's temperature (to 98°C). This change in temperature is likely due to the endothermic nature of the solvent evaporation process, where heat is absorbed during vaporization.

The amount of condensate collected at different times provides valuable data for monitoring and controlling the process. It allows you to quantify the amount of solvent lost through evaporation and potentially recycle or replenish it as needed to maintain the desired solvent concentration in the reactor.

Overall, the formulation of your evaporated solvent involves blending Ethylcyclopentane and 2-Methylheptane to create a solvent mixture suitable for your polymer pigment separation and dissolution application. The process is carefully controlled to optimize solvent usage and separation efficiency.

This isn't my field but I was curious and found this paper that, in part, says:

"Although Mair and Hornig’s ν14 frequency assignment of 1310 cm−1 has been widely accepted, it has become a great puzzling problem for the theoretical researchers because no advanced quantum chemistry method has realized its rigorous calculation so far (see Supplementary Table 1)."

Wang, S. Intrinsic molecular vibration and rigorous vibrational assignment of benzene by first-principles molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 10, 17875 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74872-6

Hi Dr., I like your question, and I would love to answer and support you on your research, but I would appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for my 6 research papers under my AUTHORSHIP below is my short answer to your question. Click the RECOMMEND word under each of my research papers and follow me. In return for your kind support, I provide you with the answer to your question :

Reductive cleavage of the chromophore under mild conditions would seem the most prudent preliminary synthetic step. The electrophilic reactivity of unprotected thiol moieties at elevated temperature risks engendering non-specific reactions and diminished atom economy.

Phosphorus-based reductants such as (VA-044) furnish the requisite reducing potential under ambient conditions, thus circumventing such issues. Subsequent protection of the resultant thiol moieties, via transient acetal or α-methoxymethyl ethers for example, would insulate their nucleophilic character during downstream processing.

While the elevated temperatures proposed for your aminolysis are conducive to facilitating nucleophile-electrophile conjugate addition, prolonged duration risks isomerization or decomposition pathways. A systematic kinetic study, evaluating conversion as a function of time, would help optimize the reaction parameters to maximize atom transfer with minimal unproductive side reactions.

Cleavage of the resultant thiol protecting groups under bench-stable chemical or enzyme-based reductive protocols would furnish the desired product(s) in their exposed, functional thiol form.

In closing, the strategy outlined adheres to best practices in disulfide activation, functional group manipulation and reaction optimization methodologies.

Why are so many methods and no answers the same? Other papers also mention the different results. What is actually the correct answer?

Carbonyl and amino group can easily generate Schiff base (imine), the reaction is a dehydration reaction, the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the reactants have no effect on the reaction, please note:

Crafting a comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles requires careful planning and organization. Below, I have outlined a step-by-step guide to help you in this task:

Introduction: Start your review with an introduction that provides background information on photocatalysis and its importance in sustainable energy and environmental applications. Explain the concept of photocatalysis and its potential to address various challenges like water purification, air pollution control, and solar energy conversion. Also, introduce cobalt oxide nanoparticles as one of the promising photocatalytic materials and highlight their unique properties and advantages.

Synthesis Methods: Discuss various synthesis methods for cobalt oxide nanoparticles, including chemical precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel method, and others. Describe the principles, advantages, limitations, and key parameters of each method. Include recent advancements in synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis or environmentally friendly methods.

Characterization Techniques: Explain the characterization techniques used to analyze cobalt oxide nanoparticles and assess their photocatalytic properties. Common techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Detail the information each technique provides and how it helps in understanding the crystal structure, morphology, composition, and optical properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.

Photocatalytic Mechanisms: Elaborate on the photocatalytic mechanisms involved in cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Discuss the band structure, electronic transitions, and charge carrier dynamics responsible for the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide. Explain the generation, migration, and transfer of charge carriers, as well as the interaction between cobalt oxide nanoparticles and target pollutants or substrates during photocatalytic reactions.

Photocatalytic Applications: Explore the diverse applications of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Highlight their performance in degradation of organic pollutants, water splitting for hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and other relevant areas. Present recent studies, key findings, and limitations of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in each application. Emphasize challenges and opportunities for further enhancement and optimization.

Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Performance: Discuss the factors that affect the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This includes the effect of nanoparticle size, morphology, crystal structure, doping, surface area, and surface modification. Also, address the influence of reaction parameters like pH, temperature, light intensity, and photocatalyst dosage. Explain how these factors influence the efficiency, selectivity, and stability of cobalt oxide photocatalysts.

Strategies for Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity: Present strategies employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This may include co-catalyst deposition, heterojunction formation, noble metal doping, ligand engineering, and hybridization with other materials. Explain the mechanisms behind each strategy and their impact on the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide.

Conclusion: Summarize the main points discussed in the review, emphasizing the significant advancements, challenges, and future prospects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Provide insights into potential directions for further research and development.

Remember to review and revise your work for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Cite relevant and up-to-date research articles and review papers to support your claims. Good luck with your comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles!

Uniprot is a good website for researching specific proteins. For example, you can type phycoerythrin and it will pull up all proteins with that name. Each organism will have a separate entry. Then you can look at data that has been generated by other researchers on that specific protein, including size, function, sequence, etc.

Hi Mohd,

When teaching university-level chemistry, I'm all about mixing things up to keep students engaged. I blend visuals like slides and videos to explain complex stuff and love throwing in interactive activities – like group discussions or hands-on experiments – to make concepts stick. Real-life examples are my go-to for showing how chemistry is everywhere, from the lab to daily life. Oh, and questions are like my favorite seasoning – I sprinkle them everywhere to keep discussions flowing.

Cheers,

Prakash Yadav

Your response 'Powders were placed onto the SEM stub after ensuring the samples were thoroughly dried' is confusing. I'm trying to figure out whether your difficulties lie in the starting material (is it a suspension or powder?) itself or the sample preparation for SEM. As others have indicated a drying stage (either prior to or during the evacuation stage in SEM) is likely be responsible. I agree with Vladimir Dusevich that 'Cracks are the least of your problems'. If you had a genuine 'nano' system (100% < 100 nm) and prepared the sample correctly then you should be able to observe separate, discrete, independent particles < 100 nm. At the least you would be showing an aggregation of such particles if this aggregation occurred in the sample preparation stage.

I've been encountering similar problems lately. The initial concentrations of pollutants were higher evem after electrocoagulation process. I can understand such a scenario if the removal efficiency is 0 but it's quite complicated to explain.

However, thank you Mohamed Khedawy, I'm considering diluting the wastewater and trying the process again.

Reading the Sigma Certificate, I see 10-15% is the acceptable range, and in this instance, what was found was 11%, ie the product complies with the range. It is unclear from the information given whether the 10-15% range is active component, or impurity, merely that the tested sample complies with the requirement. Sorry, as i do not think this will not move you very far forwards.

Good afternoon Max,

According to my AI desktop, which isn't always as reliable as I'd like:

"The main difference between AEM (Anion-Exchange Membrane) and PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) is the ion that they transport. PEMs transport protons, while AEMs transport anions.

The main technical difference between AEM and PEM electrolyzers lies in the type of membrane used and the resulting electrochemical reactions that occur."

I only worked as a chemistry teacher in high school college for about 3years, the work experiment then are quite interesting to the students

"untargeted analysis" is fine, if the data are valid, but they are not in this case and using them as you suggest is invalid. In any case, now Mohamed Mahmoud has been provided with professional advice that he should not use the raw area % units from his analysis data outside of the one analysis method. To write any more would be repetitive and a waste of Mohamed Mahmoud's time as his question has been answered.

I wish you luck with your classes at school Jokin and thank Mohamed Mahmoud for his patience.

The pH of the solution is not stable and will drift upwards over time. I always prepare a fresh solution from the solid for each day's experiments.

First you complete your graduation degree, and then do master degree in chemistry. During the course of master degree, you have learn so many things about the fields of chemistry and your interest will decide your choice. Then you will be able to think on the advances of chemistry.

Do your students have a budget to work within? Home made equipment can be very cheap, and making and trouble shooting the equipment can be a valuable scientific lesson in itself. I only taught chemistry/general science for a few years (I was mainly a researcher) but cheap pH meters (the students can generate titrate curves for acids such as citric acid), thermometers, and multi-meters lead themselves to many experiments. I'll attach a project I designed for some students in the US.

Good luck.

Phil

To calculate the molar ratio of Mg:P and N:P from the given concentrations, we need to convert the concentrations from mg/L to mol/L.

The molar mass of Mg2+ is 24.31 g/mol, NH4+ is 18.04 g/mol and PO4 3- is 94.97 g/mol.

Let's take the first row of your table as an example:

So, the concentration of Mg2+ in mol/L is:

9363 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/24.31 g) = 0.3852 mol/L

The concentration of NH4+ in mol/L is:

2138 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/18.04 g) = 0.1185 mol/L

The concentration of PO4 3- in mol/L is:

18725 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/94.97 g) = 0.1972 mol/L

The molar ratio of Mg:P is:

0.3852 mol/L / 0.1972 mol/L = 1.95

The molar ratio of N:P is:

0.1185 mol/L / 0.1972 mol/L = 0.60

I hope this helps!

In the case of struvite, the N and P refer exclusively to NH4 and PO4. So Mg:P == Mg:PO4 and N:P == NH4:PO4. The molar ratio is the amount of moles per liter. For struvite precipitatione the molar ratio of all 3 components is simply 1:1:1.

Struvite has the formula NH4MgPO4 x6H2O, so the N:Mg:P molar ratio is 1:1:1.

Hello,

I want to work on mxene, but I dont know how to draw it in materials studio. Is it possible for you to send me the cif file of M2C and M3C2 mxene ? Or tell me how I can build the MXene?

Good morning

which kind of paper do you have .. what is the research work .. and if we can contribute in the paper it self not only the APC .. kind regards

Aside from the already mentioned usage for computational chemistry, there is also potential for all experimental fields, but there it is crucial that the experimentators

While I'm not using AI on my data right now, I am eager to keep my data in an "AI-ready" structure so that when we decide to have a bot crawl through our data at some point, maybe a simpler AI of the year 2024 will already find something useful and we won't have to wait for a "careless operator handling" AI of the year 2030.

Dear James E Hanson

Thank you very much for your answer! Basically my polymer is PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrate) which I belive is not soluble in THF. However, I found this paper in which they did dissolve the polymer in Chloroform and used it on a THF-eluent SEC. I did run a few samples already and it seems to me that everything is alright!