Coating - Science topic

Is it possible to coat Si or SiO particles with Graphene Oxide dispersed in DI water by stir drying technique?

If i wanted to make a homogenous coating on a substrate but my raw materials is in powder AND it is 5mg or less (very few). How do I make the final coating?

I was thinking of spray coating - but I don't think my powder turned to slurry will be good for coating.

Any methods I can use to do this?

For more clarification - I have raw material, which is powder. I want to turn that powder into a uniform coating on a substrate. The substrate is ideally foil. How would I do this?

it is 5mg of graphite powder on ideally a foil surface/substrate. Usually an organic solvent is what I would want to use to turn it into solution.

The MAIN issue here is that I only have about 5mg to coat a small layer (0.6cm by 1.95cm) of my foil substrate. There are not many available information online that explain a method which can do this. Most coating techniques involve using raw materials larger than 5mg.

Would love references if there are any.

The surface of the target may have gathered some coating at places during deposition. These spots seem to be little less conducting compared to the other fresh parts of the target. Will it be safe for the target if we try to clear this off via polishing with sand paper? If yes, then which grade of sand paper should be reasonable to use? Or are there some other better ways to clean in such cases?

Since I received the new orders of this nichrome wire sold by Phymep but fabricated by A-M Systems, it is totally impossible for me (and for others) to build the twisted electrodes as usual without them breaking all the time... Lateron, I learned that the reason was a change in their fabrication, and in particular the coating. Thus, I cannot use this new wire at all but need the same as before to build my electrodes. Would you know another company fabricating it ?

First I Synthesize the monometallic colloidal NPs than i used it as seed and coat another metal as shell .I always obtain solid particles I tried many strategies. Is formation of colloidal NPs depend on concentration of metals used or any other factor.

I wanted to ask if there is a difference between connected components analysis and pore network analysis?

I am trying to find porosity of a coating on a coated sample and I want to know which method would be the best to get the porosity. I have already used otsu thresholding to divide the image into foreground and back ground. I want to now which techniques will give me the best results for the specified task.

I am attaching a image for your reference.

which silisium compounds are used as car ceramic coating? which Monomer or polymer and additives that are used for car ceramic coating?

Does anyone have guidance on coating 96-well plates with collagen-I? Looking for a protocol. We are using Corning® Collagen I, Rat Tail, 100 mg.

Hello everyone,

I hope this message finds you doing well.

​I am writing to ask you a significant question about whole-virus ELISA and its procedure.

Honestly, it seems that coating a microplate with viruses is not as convenient as some papers mentioned, especially when high accuracy is needed. Now, my question is, is there any particular procedure in order to enhance the efficiency of the coating? For instance, what would we do if we tended to expose viral protein to the microplate better than before, based on your experience?

Thank you

Which is the best coating/Surface treatment/Processing technique available to minimize Nozzle erosion in Hypersonic vehicles?

Dear all,

For my last two experiments, my supposedly endothelial cells (differentiated from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, at passage ~35) have detached from Transwell inserts 1-2 days following seeding, looking as if I trypsinized them, and creating some cell clumps.

I expand (for 2 days) and differentiate (for 3 days) them in 48-well plates. Then I expose them to endothelial medium for one day. On the second day of endothalial medium, I transfer them to Transwell inserts that have been coated with Fibronectin and Collagen Type I. When I check 3-4 hours after seeding, I observe that they nicely attach. However, either the next day or the other day, they detach from the Transwells (Corning 3740) and I can't find the reason why.

In both of the experiments, I changed the media of the Transwells the following day after seeding. I inspected the cells both before and after the medium change. In one of them, the cells detached right after medium change although I aspirated the old medium very slowly (on the minimum speed of the vacuum suction and without touching to the membrane). In the other experiment, the cells were (mostly) fine after the medium change. But the next day after medium change (two days after seeding onto Transwells) they had detached.

The possibilities I could rule out are:

- There should be no problem with the medium contents/temperature/CO2 concentration/coating because I'm seeding the same cells to coated 48-well plates as well and applying the same conditions on them; and they stay healthy & alive.

- There is no contamination in the plates.

- It's not because they are over-crowded, I'm trying to form a monolayer indeed but they are sparsely distributed and thus they shouldn't be dying from over-confluency.

- I believe it is not about the force my medium change exerts on the cells either, because in one of the experiments cells looked fine after the medium change.

What do you think the reason could be?

Thanks in advance!

Is it possible to get a proper TEM images of chitosan nanoparticles as a film of nanoparticles are formed on the cooper grid?

I am not refering to the active layer or the emissive layer. It is the topmost coating in a LED

I currently run into the issue that our iPSC with a TET-O NGN2 construct seem to die from day 7 after conversion with limited cells alive by day 9. I have observed the issue in 4 individual lines all around the same time. I used the following protocol.

we do not add the astrocytes to support the culture and leave therefore the FBS out as this is reported to support the astrocytes.

We use a cell density of 40.000 cm2.

Based on morphology it seems that from day 3 onwards in neurobasal medium the cells seem to experience stress.

composition of neurobasal medium (day 3)

neurobasal medium + 1% p/s + 1% glutamax

BDNF - final conc. 10 ng/ml

NT3 - final conc. 10 ng/ml

puromycin - final conc. 1 ug/ml

B27-plus , final conc. 1x

doxycycline - final conc. 4 ug/ml

we treat cells with Ara-C for 1 day on day 3-4, wash it and replace it with new medium. from day 5 onwards we refresh every other day 50% of the medium.

we tested the following and can rule this out.

- glutamax concentration in neurobasal 2mM - 0,5 mM. all ok. best 1 or 2 mM.

- neurobasal medium compared to DMEM-F12 + supplements. neurobasal morphology nicer. still all died.

- b27 v.s. B27 plus supplement - higher viability with B27 plus supplement

- 10-20 ug/ml laminin coating - no difference.

please, if you have any idea i would really like your input.

much appreciated for thinking along!

Best wishes,

Anouk

I need to run CVD parylene deposition onto gold wires. How can I clean the gold surface before coating to achieve good adhesion? Thanks a lot!

We are working on a prototype cartridge for cell culture applications and I need to adhere a polystyrene well plate to a polystyrene coated glass micro chip. Looking for double sided adhesive tapes that are biocompatible and cell culture compatible. Preferably with resistance to ethylene oxide sterilization. Any suggestions?

I cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) on a plate coated with collagen type 1 (rat tail) at a concentration of 7.5ug/cm^2. The coating procedure involved dilution with cell culture water, incubation for 1 hour at 37°C, followed by removing the solution and washing twice with PBS. Subsequently, I used EGM-2 medium for culturing the cells. Everything appeared normal on the first day, but by the third day, the media became cloudy, and most of the cells were either detached or not visible. Please refer to the attached video for more details. Any insights or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

ETT tube of PVC

Hello,

We know that measuring contact angle and surface energy is important in various industries, such as: cleaning, coatings, adhesives and surface treatment.

Is it necessary to have a precise value?

Do coating and surface treatment processes depend on the precision of contact angle and surface energy measurement?

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

How MOFs like MIL 101 (Cr), ZIF, and UiO 66 be incorporated on metals via spin, spray, or electrochemically? Is any particular literature available?

I am trying to coat urea with Polyurethane modified with Siloxane and PEG-400. I synthesized the polyol myself using cotton stalks (Liquified cotton stalk) and the MDI that I am using is Polyphenyl Polymethylene Polyisocyanate.

The procedure is as follows:

I mix the polyol, siloxane and PEG-400 together

Then mix MDI in it vigorously

Then heat urea granules in a pan coater and pour the mixture on it

Let the urea mix properly for 10 minutes

Repeat this process 4-6 times.

But the issue that I am facing is that even after all of this, my coating doesn't get thick enough and the urea is completely released within 10-15 minutes in water.

Where am I going wrong?

I am trying to prepare high loaded electrodes. Hence, Is it a good idea to coat multiple layers of slurry onto a copper foil to prepare a high loaded electrode? Also, what can be the possible drawbacks?

Thank you

Hello everyone,

I need to prepare some samples for confocal microscope, fluorescence-stained extracellular vesicles. Such vesicles have a slightly negative Zeta potential.

so far, with uncoated slides and coverslips we saw bad adhesion of the sample. In this case, would be wiser to coat with PLL the slides only, the coverslips only, or both?

thank you in advance for your answers.

Giulia

To understand the corrosion inhibition efficiency of a coating on a metal surface, electrochemical analyses are performed. But why is the solution resistance (Rs) not the same in every experiment during the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of a coated metal coupon in the same electrolyte medium? What may be the reasons?

I am working on conductive threads, trying to coat MoS2 over threads for conductive study. But couldn't find a suitable technique for preparing and coating MoS2 over threads.

Hi everyone,

Recently, I bought a new cell line named Tenocytes from a company.

I followed the manufacturer's instructions and used their medium and coating buffer.

However, I observed that the cell was not attached to the bottom, as shown in the pictures I attached below.

As you can observe here, I saw all cells are still alive. However, they do not attach to the bottom.

I would greatly appreciate your suggestions or any advice for my experiment.

Best regards,

I got the cells from ATCC and I want to plate them and start culturing. So far in anywhere I couldn't find which type of coating needed for the flasks, if ever needed?

I reduced the Al content in a high-entropy alloy coating and found that its crystallinity was significantly improved compared to before the reduction, and I would like to know why.

In addition, why is the sputtering rate of crystalline coatings lower than amorphous coatings in coatings of the same composition?

Background: I recently seeded HEK cells on a poly-L-lysine coated plate and used those for transfection. My vectors are backsplicing vectors with the ZKSCAN introns which generates circular RNAs so it takes a while for the GFP signal to be observable with a microscope, even for my most active IRES of interest (more active than EMCV and comparable to c-myc 5'UTR). Most papers, like this one:

grow cells for 4 to 5 days. However, I found that cells would become more confluent, acidify the media too fast and die. Then, I might lose the GFP-expressing cells. I tried changing media everyday when cells reach high confluency, but the media always turn very yellow the next day. If I seed fewer cells, then they may become too sensitive to the transfection, as I have noticed especially for the backsplicing vectors. Coating the plate with poly-L-lysine did help tremendously to prevent cell death after transfection, but after 2 days cells begin to die.

Question: So for experiments that require longer incubation/treatment periods, what do people do to maintain cell health at high/100% confluency?

I have decided to use the probe sonication for making a homogeneous MPD solution and g-c3n4 as the nanopaticle to coat for TFN. But whenever I use the Probe sonication, once I start the process, a milky foam is created on the top of the solution. Although, the foam is reduced after a time but never disapear. Is it normal or is there any same experience for anyone for trying to remove the foam?

Thank you.

I tried to coat a ligand layer on the surface of the TiO2 thin film using an oil bath reflux system at 40 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. Previously, I observed the NH2 peak at 1250 cm-1 in FTIR analysis. Currently, I'm unable to determine the repeatability of past data. I'm using DMF solvent. I also tried different parameters like temperature, time, concentration, and solvent.

Can anyone explain what is happening here? If my TiO2 surface is changed, or are there any mistakes from my side? I would like to get advice from people with similar experiences or related experts.

Hi, I coated (ethylmathacrylate-co-bezonephenol methacrylate) on the Si-wafer and cross-linked using UV(365 nm) for different time 5 min, 10 min, 1 h. It is supposed to uncross-linked polymer to be washed off completely. But, the polymer with 1 h UV it was not washed off completely with Toluene overnight. The polymer with 5 min was washed off mostly and small dots remains on the surface when I used toluene. My question is how can I remove un-crosslinked polymer from the surface.

Best,

A large polymeric membrane was recovered with graphene oxide. I would like to know where the graphene oxide fixed and how is the distribution.

Because we need the same anti friction property but increased hardness.

Our team is currently developing a biodegradable hydrogel for external use (skin-contact use). We want to somehow coat the hydrogel to avoid excessive swelling and/or evaporation of water content from the material.

I'd be glad to hear your thoughts on this. Thanks!

I tried to coat the surface of Li metal with PVDF and DMF solutions. The coating was successful, but after coating, I put it to dry, and during assembly of the cell, I saw the Li metal was not shining anymore and had a high resistance.

Can anyone suggest to me how I can make it stable or what precautions I should take during coating?

I see in the instructions and in some other manuals for poly-lysine coating that slides must be cleaned 'before attempting this procedure. Clean with acidic alcohol (i.e., 1% HCl in 70% ethanol) if necessary.' However, I don't have this HCl solution available and am wondering if I can simply wash them with regular dishwashing soap, and/or 75% ethanol, and/or acetone? My purpose is to use these slides for IHC of brain slices. Thank you!

Dear ResearchGate colleagues, professors, and scientists,

I'm encountering challenges with coated thin films produced using a sputtering system. Following treatment through tempering at 650 degrees, pinholes have emerged in the coated layer.

These pinhole defects are particularly noticeable around the edges of the glass surface after tempering.

I kindly request assistance in finding solutions to control these pinhole defects.

Thank you for your consideration.

I mixture carbon with silicon , then coat ( thin layer as a film) it onto copper with it to make anode for lithium ion battery

We are trying to stain cholangiocytes with mitotracker green and perform confocal live imaging. However, once we added mitotracker, the entire monolayer of cells started to peal off from the bottom of the well. We use Ibidi coated 8-well plates. We tried different concentrations of mitotracker, using collagen to coat the well, but nothing had worked. The same thing happened with mitoSOX. JC-1 dye works fine. Any suggestion is highly appreciated!

Hi there,

I'm working on a hydrophobic coating using the sol-gel method and I'm using TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane), FAS (perfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane), and OS (triethoxyoctylsilane) as precursors. In the XPS data, there were peaks at 286 eV and 288 eV in coatings with more FAS contents, which are related to C-O and C=O, respectively.

I think the peak at 286 eV is due to a partially hydrolyzed reaction of TEOS. However, I'm not sure why C=O has been detected. Can anybody help me with this?

Thank you.

Crosslinking on surfaces makes the enzyme reusable multiple times, I wish to know whether this is possible for a chemical reagent. Once fixed or coated on a surface, can the reagent be used multiple times for a microassay? And if this can be done, please direct me to a source. A research paper/any kind of literature would be helpful.

Hi

Why it is important to have (gold) coating on your biological (plant) samples before EDX analysis? If the sample is thin, well attached onto carbon tape and I do not see any charging on sample, may I perform EDX measurement without coating? How coating infulence mesurements and how it influence final report (= weight percentage of individual element in sample)? I mostly use gold for coating

Thank you

Jan

What are the techniques for measuring the thickness of the copper coating on glass fabric? If you have literature then kindly share.

Greetings! I've been asked to fabricate a few ultramicroelectrodes made of thin PtIr (90/10) wire with etched tip, sealed in melted polymer based on ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) in a way that only the very apex of the tip is exposed. The geometry of such UME is expected to be conical/hemispherical. My question is whether it is possible to clean the surface of such microelectrode after the experiment. Since my sealing material is based on EVA I am worried what kind of treatment it is able to withstand. What I have read (https://cdnimages.opentip.com/Docs/BII/EVA_Chemical_Chart.pdf), EVA is relatively low-resistant to various organic and inorganic chemicals. I assume my sealing will have very similar properties, not to mention the material is rather soft/rubber-like as well. Mechanical polishing is out of question, obviously. In case of ultrasonication I'm afraid that vibrations may damage the insulation near the apex-sealing interface, causing it to detach and allowing the liquid to leak in. Electrochemical cleaning involves gas bubbles evolution on the electrode surface, which may also lead to sealing detachment mentioned above. The only way that comes to my mind is to soak it into a diluted acid solution for several minutes or hours and then rinse it thoroughly with distilled water, but I am not sure how effective this may be. Any suggestions or recommendations what else I could try?

The coating electrolles of NiP have properties absorbing and speculary at the same time.

Hello,

Please , i want to know how to reduce the agglomeration of my powder without touching the carbon coating of the particles and keep the same grain size ?

because using the ball milling process dammage the coating of carbon.

thank you for your contribution .

The cells are genetically engineered and grown on PDL plates for a potency assay. My BCA is highly variable. I am wondering if triton disrupts the PDL coating, which then interferes in the BCA leading to the variability observed. Can this variability be a result of triton releasing lysine from the plate coating?

I'm doing a flow experiment, flowing single MCF7 cells through PDMS microfluidic chips (connected to a glass microscope slide). Currently, I'm using a Pluronic F127 (0.1 wt%) coating. However, many cells still adhere to the glass surface.

Does anyone have suggestions on how to prevent the sticking of cells to both glass slide and PDMS surface?

Low cost approach to solve issue raised due to erosion -corrosion in pump with liquid Aqueous urea. Its a diaphagram pump. Researching in this area. what areas i should focus for this .

Greeting, in my study I am using reinforced polyester as primer with addition of self healing agent. What should be suitable testing/characterization in order to study the self healing as well the mechanism/reaction of the material?. Thankyou.

Output power changes on the optical fiber sensor for hydrogen gas have been illustrated.

Best regards,

Hello everyone! I am currently working with human endothelial cells from BBB (cell line HBEC-5i, ATCC) and I have a problem on obtaining a complete monolayer. The cells are harvest in DMEM:F12 media containing 10% FBS and 40 ug/mL Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (ECGF) according to the manufacturer indications. Also, I make 0.1% gelatin coating on everything (flasks, coverglass), but unfortunately, I did not manage to obtain monolayer, but rather small cell agglomerations. Do you have any suggestions?

Using a spray coating setup, is it possible to coat a uniform layer of thin film using an as-synthesised powder?

Liposome-XRD analysis

Two challenging requirements of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation are thermal control and prevention from cold welding, fretting, and impact wear resistance. To ensure the reliability of components, low temperature is required, and detector sensitivity necessitates a narrow temperature range. Additionally, a small temperature gradient is necessary for pointing instruments.

To meet these requirements, specific parameters must be controlled. For instance, the temperature must be carefully monitored and kept within a narrow range. Additionally, measures must be taken to prevent cold welding, fretting, and impact wear resistance. For further information, please visit https://youtu.be/IscDDuBFPws?si=ylnvwlJmPNTkcb21. Additionally, measures must be taken to prevent cold welding, fretting, and impact wear resistance.

which minerals used in making electrode 6013? I need to understand which minerals and by wich ratio and How much potasium silicate must use to makeE6013 electrode coating?

Electrodes coating changed its color to purple, in the electrodialysis system (Micro ED, PCCell).

My solutions content as followed:

ER: Na2SO4 0.24 M

C: Na2SO4 3 g/L

D: Na2SO4 3 g/L + 200 ppm MgSO4.

My calibration storage solution for CEM/AEM has remained NaCl 3 g/L. During desalination, I have used AEM at both electrodes, and one cell pair. Before starting the experiments I had washed the system with C solution with 200 ml (C+D) circulation, and also washed electrodes with ER solution.

I wonder if high current for a long period of time can cause these changes, didn't notice color changes at the electrodes while working.

Electrodes material:

Anode: Pt/Ir- coated Titanium.

Cathode: V4A steel (chrome-nickel steel with molybdenum addition).

Hope you have ideas.

Rachel

The Ti-Al-Ta-N coating was applied using the R-HiPIMS method (bias voltage -80V, substrate temperature 425 °C, power 1 kW). In a frequency range of 1-10 kHz, there is no oxygen in the coatings sputtered at a duty cycle of 10%, but at 5% duty cycle its amount reaches 20 at.%. Also the appearance of oxygen was detected at a duty cycle of 10%, when the discharge power was reduced to 0.5 kW, or the pulse frequency was less than 1 kHz. In contrast, oxygen was not found in the coatings deposited in the DCMS mode, as well as in Ti-Al-Ta coatings obtained without the reactive gas. What is the possible reason for this effect and how to prevent incorporation of oxygen into the coatings at low duty cycles and frequencies?

Less coating on non-conductive material will distort the SEM images due to charging. But what if we use too much of coating?

I'm using very fine zeolite particles which has protruding shapes and need to get SEM images to study the surface morphology. I observed some sudden bright areas of my images and shaded areas. Since zeolite is non-conductive, it obviously needs coating for SEM images.

What is the recommended coating for these type of powder like non-conductive samples?

I would like to achieve uniform PR(photoresistor) coatings as thin as 300 nm on a thick glass substrate. SU-8 PR is thinking of using with dilution. The size of the substrate is 160*120mm rectangular fused silica and the thickness is 20mm. The uniformity of the desired PR thickness is less than 7%.

The spin coating method cannot provide a uniform coating on a rectangular substrate due to the edge bead effect. Therefore, we are testing slit coating or ink-jet coating methods, but a uniform and thin 300nm PR coating is not achieved.

By what method can PR be uniformly coated with about 300 nm of PR on a wide rectangular substrate? We are also considering changing the PR if necessary.

Can we use nanomaterial for bacterial coating or enahncing bacterial growth?

How will I make the pallet of Zn coated sand with KBr? Means for making pallet we need to crush the sample and KBr in fixed amount properly. So could I do the same thing with sand also? But I am scared that when I crush the caoted sand it will remain the same or property will get destroy?

Hello,

I am currently working with a Trion Orion PECVD system for coating nitride on a silicon substrate. However, I am encountering a recurring issue where a showerhead pattern appears on the film after completing the deposition process.

To address this problem, I have manually cleaned the showerhead, and while this temporarily resolves the issue for one or two runs, it eventually reoccurs. Below, I have outlined the details of my cleaning recipe:

Cleaning Recipe Details:

It's worth noting that the tool does not have CF4 as a gas option.

For the nitride deposition process, the details are as follows:

Nitride Recipe Details:

Additionally, I maintain the cleaning time at the same duration as the deposition time.

I would appreciate any insights or suggestions you may have to help address this persistent issue. Thank you in advance for your assistance.

May anyone tell me how to protect PMMA coating during TMAH etching? Is PMMA soluble in TMAH?

Which coating are used by automotive industry in the combined die casting of steel/aluminum to improve the bonding and prevent the galvanic corrosion ?

Hello All,

We are attempting to grow human primary small airway epithelial cells on Millicell cell culture inserts. Due to our exposure system, we need to utilize a shallow insert that is only available in a hydrophilic PTFE membrane format which is not tissue culture treated. To overcome this, we have coated the inserts with rat tail collagen at varying amounts (5-10 ug/cm²). While cells do initially attach, they do not proliferate or expand as well as they do when grown in a traditional transwell format with the same collagen coating.

I am wondering if anyone else has experience growing primary cells on these specific inserts or has advice on different types of coatings to use to promote growth and expansion for ALI.

Thank you!

I have measured electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of nanoplastics. I mixed suwannee river humic acid III as NOM with my sample in water and measured the EPM again. This time, I found a lower EPM. Usually, the coating of NOM increases the surface charge of particles. Why did I find the opposite?

In the development for a Pouch cell-based battery, we are interested in determining the coated area on both the anode and cathode to achieve the targeted capacity. Could you provide insights into the formula for estimating the required coated area?

I am currently working on gel beads, specifically calcium-alginate gel beads. I am looking for a way to prevent the diffusion of bacteria encapsulated in the gel beads into the medium. In a simple way, I have grown bacteria in the calcium alginate gel beads, but I can still find them in the growth medium. I want to coat them in or anyway possible to prevent their presence in the medium. Please provide me with any suggestions to solve this problem.

My question is self explanatory.

I have been culturing human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) on my own-made low-serum media. The cells expand fine in wells and flasks T25, T75, and T180 using 0.2 ml/cm2, so the media is not a problem. I coat 1% gelatin and seed at 20k per cm2. When I try to scale up to multi-layer flasks, I have problems with cells not attaching under the same culture conditions. I have read that cells need time to adapt to low serum conditions, but the population doubles in around two days, indicating that their growth under the current conditions is consistent. I have also read little pieces about how oxygen exchange in multi-layer flasks differs from single-layer, but I have no experience with this. Any advice is appreciated.

we are researching a project that we are trying to use magnesium and its alloys but because of its properties we are trying to find a way or a method to make it biocompatible and reduce its corrosion or make it to cease exist using what called hydroxyapatite

Does anyone knows what is the minimum thickness of metallic coating to avoid supstrata signal in XRD or EDS measurements.. For example, MoFe alloy on Fe supstrate.

Thanks in advance

I'm trying to culture hematopoietic stem cells of mice, referring to an article, in which fibronectin-coated plates are used. Since pre-coated plates are expensive, I'm thinking about coating plates by myself.

I found that relatively wide range of amount is on the instruction manuals, such as, concentration of "5-30 ug/ml, 50 ug/ml", amout of "1-5 ug/cm2, 5 ug/m2", or sometimes "depends on the type of the cells". I searched on the internet for the correct answer, but I haven't found one.

Does anyone know the answer?

I took SEM pictures of my clean 0.2um pore size PES membrane filter. The first picture is coated with 5nm gold, and the second is with 20 nm carbon. Both pictures are 2500X magnification, and the scale is 4um. I wonder why the two pictures look significantly different. The picture I coated with gold doesn't look like the pore size is 0.2um.

Thanks,

I have been carried out an experiment about effect of wax and coating on citrus fruit decay percentage in cold storage. CV value is about 54%. Are these results correct?