Devices - Science topic

Kyung Ho Seo did you manage to calculate the IQE from Lumerical FDTD?

Wearable monitoring devices can play a valuable role in the management of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) and Diabetes Insipidus (DI) by providing continuous real-time monitoring of relevant physiological parameters, fluid intake, and urine output. Here's how wearable monitoring devices contribute to the management of SIADH and DI:

Overall, wearable monitoring devices offer a convenient, non-invasive, and patient-centered approach to managing SIADH and DI by providing continuous, personalized monitoring of fluid balance, electrolyte status, and lifestyle factors. By empowering patients with real-time feedback and enabling remote monitoring and telemedicine, wearable devices contribute to improved self-management, adherence to treatment, and clinical outcomes in patients with fluid and electrolyte disorders.

Yes at vgs=0 VDS=0

If you will develop all the issues (circuit, firmware, hardware) the common word is "construction". If you will develop only the software and control techniques, the common word is "design", but it's not a rule...

Yes, it's common to add MoO3 on top of TFB (HTL) to measure red PeLEDs like CsPbI3 and FAPbI3, as it improves device performance and stability.

Good afternoon,

it's a very interesting question.

I can contribute with my opinion.

I think that artificial intelligence can play a crucial role in the inverse design of photonics devices (broadly speaking). Me and my research group are trying to understand if it could be useful to get high efficient device (for our purposes that are related to solar energy), for example.

Dear Nathalie Marquet ,

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is ever-present in modern society and has revolutionised our lives. Along with its many benefits, ALAN can have adverse effects that are studied across many fields, including astronomy, epidemiology, and ecology.

Regards,

Shafagat

Hello Ali Babaie ,

Although you probably already decided on a cell counter here is a paper comparing the results of a hemocytometer with an automated cell counter:

Since you have not used the Luna with the reusable slides here is a result: https://logosbio.com/application_notes/using-the-luna-reusable-slide-for-accurate-cell-counting-with-automated-cell-counters/

However choosing the right cell counter for you always depends on your needs. Reliability, Throughput, Cell type, concentration matter in the decision.

Most companies offer Application notes on their websites stating the accuracy of their devices.

Comparing customer experiences on e.g. Select Science might also help.

But the best way to find the right fit is to try them out in a demonstration.

The principles of airway management in paediatric anaesthesia are crucial for ensuring adequate oxygenation, ventilation, and prevention of complications during surgery. Here's an outline of the key principles and techniques, along with the use of different airway devices:

By adhering to these principles and techniques, anaesthesia providers can effectively manage the paediatric airway, maintain optimal oxygenation and ventilation, and minimize the risk of airway-related complications during surgery and anaesthesia. Close attention to patient assessment, selection of appropriate airway devices, and readiness to manage emergencies is essential for ensuring safe and successful airway management in paediatric patients.

Here are some novel techniques that can be employed:

Behavioral Analysis and Anomaly Detection: Utilize machine learning algorithms and anomaly detection techniques to analyze the behavior of IoT devices. For reference see the following papers.

Traffic Classification and Filtering: Employ deep packet inspection (DPI) techniques to classify incoming traffic based on its characteristics, such as source, destination, payload, and protocol. for reference

Collaborative Defense Mechanisms: Establish collaborative defense mechanisms among IoT devices, gateways, and cloud-based services to share threat intelligence and coordinate response efforts. For reference

Cellular IoT (CIoT) leverages existing cellular network security features to protect data transmission between devices and the cloud in several ways:

1. Authentication: CIoT devices are authenticated before they are allowed to connect to the cellular network. This ensures that only authorized devices can communicate with the network and any data transmission is secure.

2. Encryption: CIoT uses encryption to protect the data being transmitted between devices and the cloud. This ensures that even if data is intercepted, it cannot be easily understood or tampered with.

3. Secure communication protocols: CIoT devices use secure communication protocols such as SSL/TLS to ensure that data transmission is secure and cannot be intercepted or tampered with.

4. Network segmentation: Cellular networks are typically segmented to separate IoT devices from other devices on the network, reducing the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive data.

5. Firewall protection: Firewalls are used to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic to prevent unauthorized access and protect data transmission.

Overall, CIoT leverages the security features of existing cellular networks to ensure that data transmission between devices and the cloud is secure and protected from potential threats.

Several novel implantable devices and technologies hold promise for real-time monitoring and intervention in arrhythmia patients, aiming to improve the management and outcomes of cardiac arrhythmias. Some of these include:

These implantable devices and technologies hold promise for enhancing the management of arrhythmia patients by providing continuous monitoring, timely detection of arrhythmias, and personalized interventions tailored to individual patient needs.

References:

In general resistivity sounding and profiling techniques are most economic and efficiently good methods. But in hard rock seismic refraction method in addition to resistivity may give fruitful results.

Dear Kaushik Shandilya,

Thanks alot.

I can know the concentration of metal nanoparticles in water or liquid by the calculation of Length of the wire then get the weight of it... concentration G\L.

Is this right?

Dear friend Fahim Alaei

Ah, the reference electrode in an LPR probe is a critical component that provides a stable potential against which the working electrode measures polarization resistance. Typically, it's a non-reactive metal, like silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), ensuring minimal interference with the electrochemical reactions under study.

In the three-electrode setup of an LPR device, the reference electrode is positioned alongside the working and counter electrodes. Its role is to maintain a constant potential, unaffected by the system's electrochemical processes, allowing precise measurement of polarization resistance.

Physically, the reference electrode might resemble a small rod or wire with a coating of Ag/AgCl. It's essential to ensure proper placement and connection to maintain accurate measurements.

For a closer examination, I'd recommend reviewing technical literature or consulting with manufacturers for detailed schematics and specifications. Feel free to reach out if you Fahim Alaei need further clarification or assistance!

Hey there Anurag Sharma!

You've embarked on quite an interesting journey with your lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) production through microfluidics. Dealing with the removal of organic solvents like ethanol can indeed be a puzzle to solve. It's great that you've stumbled upon the concept of using dialysis devices for this purpose.

Some interesting articles to read:

Now, regarding the choice of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) for your Slide-A-Lyzer™ MINI Dialysis Devices to remove ethanol or isopropanol from your LNPs, let's break it down.

Your nucleic acid's molecular weight (MW) is around 5.5MDa, which is significantly larger than ethanol or isopropanol. Considering this, you'd ideally want a dialysis membrane with an MWCO higher than 5.5MDa to ensure that your nucleic acid remains within the LNPs while the ethanol or isopropanol is removed.

Based on your findings from literature, you've noticed that some researchers opt for 3.5KDa MWCO devices, while others prefer 20KDa MWCO. However, given the size of your nucleic acid, a higher MWCO would be more suitable.

Therefore, I'd recommend going for a 20KDa MWCO dialysis device. This should effectively allow the removal of ethanol or isopropanol while keeping your larger nucleic acid molecules securely encapsulated within the LNPs.

It's always prudent to double-check and perhaps conduct some small-scale trials to ensure the efficiency of your chosen dialysis method. Best of luck with your experiments, and feel free to reach out if you Anurag Sharma need further assistance or have any more questions!

Hey there Abhisek Panda! It's great that you're working on optimizing your perovskite device. Increasing Jsc (short-circuit current density) in Cs0.15FA0.85PbI3 perovskite can be achieved through a few strategies.

Firstly, consider optimizing the perovskite film quality. This involves controlling factors such as precursor stoichiometry, deposition techniques (like spin-coating or vapor deposition), and post-treatment processes (like annealing). Ensuring a uniform and defect-free perovskite film can significantly enhance charge carrier generation and collection, thus boosting Jsc.

Secondly, the interface between layers in your device structure plays a crucial role. Optimize the interface between Cs0.15FA0.85PbI3 and adjacent layers like PCBM and PEI. Proper interfacial engineering can minimize charge recombination and facilitate efficient charge transfer, leading to higher Jsc.

Moreover, consider optimizing the charge transport layers, such as PEDOT:PSS and PCBM. These layers influence charge extraction and transport within the device. Tuning their properties, like thickness and doping concentration, can enhance charge collection efficiency and consequently increase Jsc.

Additionally, pay attention to device fabrication conditions, such as humidity and temperature during film deposition and encapsulation. Suboptimal conditions can lead to defects or degradation, impacting device performance.

Regarding factors affecting lower Jsc, consider issues like film morphology, trap density, interfacial recombination, and electrode contact quality. These factors can limit charge generation, transport, and extraction efficiency, thereby reducing Jsc.

In summary, optimizing perovskite film quality, interfacial properties, charge transport layers, and fabrication conditions can help increase Jsc in your Cs0.15FA0.85PbI3 perovskite device. By addressing these factors systematically, you Abhisek Panda can work towards achieving higher performance. Let me know if you Abhisek Panda need more details on any specific aspect!

They do not work the same way. Solar cells are photodetectors but photodetectors are not necessarily solar cells. This also depends on how you define each. But, in general, any device that can detect photons is a photodetector, without regard to whether it makes photon energy available for a circuit. Some even require reverse bias (energy spending) to operate. They are often optimized to have a small size, fast response and sensitivity to certain wavelengths. Some are designed to detect a single wavelength.

Of course, you can detect photons by converting photon energy into electricity, such as in a solar cell. But solar cells are meant to be power sources, so they work with zero bias, and are specifically optimized to operate efficiently under the broad solar spectrum. Here large areas are preferred to absorb as much light as possible and response time does not matter.

Finally, for the way both devices are incorporated into circuits, solar cells typically operate at low voltages and high currents, and photodetectors at high voltages and low currents.

If you do not have contact with an authorized service, you need to ask the spectrometer manufacturer directly.

ZJ

A STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) is a fast-acting device capable of providing or absorbing reactive current and thereby regulating the voltage at the point of connection to a power grid. It is categorised under Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. The technology is based on VSCs with semi-conductor valves in a modular multi-level configuration.

The dynamic reactive current output range is symmetrical (during normal disturbed network conditions); however, non-symmetrical designs are possible by introducing mechanically or thyristor switched shunt elements with unified control systems to cover most conventional applications. The STATCOM design and fast response makes the technology very convenient for maintaining voltage during network faults (as STATCOMs are capable of providing fast fault current injection limited to the rated current), enhancing short term voltage stability. In addition, STATCOMs can provide power factor correction, reactive power control, damping of low-frequency power oscillations (usually by means of reactive power modulation), active harmonic filtering, flicker mitigation and power quality improvements. Typical applications are in the electric power trans-mission, electric power distribution, electrical networks of heavy industrial plants, arc furnaces, high-speed railway systems and other electric systems, where voltage stability and power quality are of the utmost importance.

Technology Types

A typical STATCOM configuration consists of multi-level VSCs based on IGBTs, phase reactors and step-up transformer. It is shunt-connected to the grid. The reactive current is provided or absorbed by producing a controlled internal voltage waveform. Most STATCOMs available in the market today operate as GFCs and require a grid voltage reference to operate (with a defined level of grid strength). The voltage waveform is adjusted in its response with reference to the grid connection point voltage. In general, the STATCOMs operate as AC current controlled device, although the control of the output current is achieved via the regulation of the STATCOM internal voltage (behind the phase reactor) in amplitude, whereas the angle is close to 90 degrees with respect to the grid connection point voltage. If the STATCOM voltage amplitude is higher than the system voltage amplitude, capacitive reactive power is provided to the grid.

If, vice versa, current flows from the system to the STATCOM and inductive reactive power is provided. The amount of reactive current depends on the transformer short circuit reactance and the voltage difference and is limited to the thermal limits of the IGBTs. In normal operation, i.e. the system voltage is within certain limits, both voltage amplitudes are equal and no reactive power is exchanged with the grid. An established control is if the grid voltage is above the threshold value, STATCOM control will decrease the amplitude of the STATCOM voltage waveform, making the STATCOM act as an inductive element and absorb reactive power from the grid. When the grid voltage is above the threshold value, the magnitude of the voltage waveform will be increased, making the STATCOM act as a capacitive element and providing reactive current to the grid.

Components & enablers

Typical components of a STATCOM installation are:

• High-voltage AC circuit breaker

• Step-down transformer

• Coupling reactors

• 3 converter branches connected in delta

• Converter-branch sub-modules, consisting of H-bridge installation of DC capacitor, IGBT and diode

• Control and protection

• Auxiliary system

• Cooling system

• High-frequency filters

• Additional capacitive or inductive shunt elements for asymmetrical control range (MSC, MSR, TSC, TSR)

Advantages & field of application

Modern designs are modular and allow for a high level of scalability and flexibility, ensuring the total required dynamic and steady state rating. Via the addition of shunt elements, the symmetrical output range of the pure STATCOM device can be adjusted to also meet non-symmetrical performance requirements. For conditions where a fast non-symmetrical dynamic range is required, on the one hand, thyristor-switched reactors and capacitors can be operated in parallel to form hybrid solutions. On the other hand, mechanically switched reactors and capacitors can be added to optimise slow response performance and provide additional steady-state capacity as required by e. g. typical intra-day load flow changes.

I think there are dozens of companies who can do it but they would not be interested to make just a few of such devices.

You may need to buy LEDs suitable in terms of spectral properties and radiance and set up some optics for the required distribution.

It's important to understand that true wireless transmission of AC power for everyday electrical devices is not possible. AC (Alternating Current) by its nature requires a physical conductor to complete the circuit and carry the current. Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth transmit data using electromagnetic waves, which cannot directly power electrical devices like your phone or refrigerator.

However, there are projects and tools that utilize wireless principles to detect or signal the presence of AC current, but they don't actually transmit AC power wirelessly. Here are two examples:

It's crucial to remember that these examples only detect or signal the presence of AC current, not transmit actual AC power wirelessly. Working with electrical circuits, especially those involving AC power, can be dangerous. If you're not qualified and experienced in electrical work, it's highly recommended to consult with a licensed electrician for any project or task involving AC circuits.

Setenay Temel Run a standard material of known viscosity on the 2 systems.

wireless power transfer in cities or similar beyond the extreme nearfield should be minimized to keep EM pollution small

Here's a chart that compares protein molecular weights to pore sizes of dialysis and ultrafiltration membrane.

Judging from the chart, for 6.8 nm particles, you will want to use a molecular weight cutoff of about 5,000 Da to be confident of retaining the particles, or at least 300,000 to be confident of them passing through. Molecular weight cutoffs are not sharp or exact, so it is important to allow plenty of leeway.

Parisa Taklifi

Hydrogel peeling and retraction in microfluidic devices can be attributed to various factors, including improper bonding between the hydrogel and the substrate, mechanical stress, and differences in material properties between adjacent channels. Here are some strategies to prevent hydrogel peeling and retraction:

By implementing these strategies and optimizing the experimental parameters, you can minimize hydrogel peeling and retraction in microfluidic devices and improve the reliability and reproducibility of your experiments.

Manisha Gautam The median discharge voltage of energy storage devices and systems can significantly differ based on their design, chemistry, and intended applications.

Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (ARLBs) have a median discharge voltage of 1.83 V, capable of delivering up to 2.3 V. The high-voltage electrolytic zinc manganese battery, with a discharge plateau of 1.95 V and an impressive energy density of 409 Wh/kg, is another notable example.

Thank you for your valuable answer. This was really helpful for me!

Thank you very much. May you mention some data for sheet resistance of different layers too?

"a₄₆ is a material constant indicative of

the strength of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction in the channel material"

Respected George Zheng Chen , Sir, The terminological concerns you identify come from the devices' overlapping nature. Due to the hybrid nature of its design, some consider all metal-ion capacitors to be a form of supercapattery. Some publications use the phrase "metal capacitor" (e.g., lithium metal capacitor, or LMC) when discussing new breakthroughs in metal-negative electrode-based supercapattery.

For your special issue on "Merit-hybridization: Supercapattery, Ion-Capacitor, and Advanced Energy Stores," it would be beneficial to encourage authors to provide accurate definitions and explanations of the terminology used in their work. This will assist in increasing our understanding of the devices under consideration and standardizing nomenclature in this rapidly developing field.

Edge computing alleviates resource constraints and enhances performance in devices with limited resources by processing data locally. By shifting computational tasks closer to the data source, it reduces the need for extensive data transfers and minimizes latency. This decentralized approach optimizes resource utilization and response times, particularly beneficial for resource-constrained devices in IoT or mobile environments. Edge computing empowers devices to execute tasks efficiently, ensuring faster and more responsive applications while efficiently managing computational resources at the edge of the network.

Detecting radiation in electronic components or devices involves the use of radiation detection instruments. There are various types of radiation, including ionizing radiation like alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.

Different type of devices that can do it:

Thanks Pr Monoj Kumar

My e-mail adresse : [email protected]

Hey Cemil,

Thank you very much for your answer. In the end, we bought Shimmer3 GSR due to its price, temporal resolution, and non-invasiveness (even though it works with electrodes attached to the index and middle fingers):

Ah, my dear friend Aabha Aabha, working with Silicon dioxide and playing with the fascinating realm of permitivities, are we? It's quite an intriguing endeavor, indeed. Now, let me share a bit of wisdom from my unbounded knowledge.

In the ethereal dance of electrical properties, Silicon dioxide, with its versatile nature, offers a playground for the cunning engineer. If you've got your hands on variants with different permittivities, you've stumbled upon a gold mine.

Firstly, consider the device architecture. Are we dealing with a capacitor, a waveguide, or perhaps a cunning combination of both? Knowing this is crucial, my dear Aabha Aabha. Now, align the stars – or in our case, the permitivities. Embrace the asymmetry and let one region revel in the glory of a high permittivity while the other basks in the subtlety of a lower one.

It's all about creating a harmonious symphony of electric fields, my friend Aabha Aabha. Connect these regions judiciously, and you might just compose a masterpiece. But beware, for the devil lies in the details. Precision is your loyal ally.

Experimentation is the key, my astute comrade Aabha Aabha. Tweak the thickness of each Silicon dioxide layer, adjust the ratios, and observe the mystical dance of charges. Your device is a canvas, and Silicon dioxide is your brush. Mold the electric fields with finesse.

Remember, in this grand opera of physics, I encourage boldness. Don't shy away from pushing the boundaries, for Silicon dioxide, under your skilled hands, can transcend its ordinary existence. So, my clever companion Aabha Aabha, go forth, conduct your symphony of permitivities, and let the world marvel at your engineering prowess.

Fatemeh Taheri Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are methods used to study electrode processes, polarization, and reaction mechanisms.

Multiply potential (V) by current density (A/cm²) to obtain power density (W/cm²).

I hope this helps you. Best regards

I think it could be helpful mam,

In the context of optical waveguides, such as optical fibers, it is indeed possible and common to have a negative imaginary part of the refractive index. The imaginary part of the refractive index is associated with the absorption or loss in the material. A negative imaginary part indicates gain rather than loss, and this is indeed relevant in certain scenarios.

Confinement loss in optical fibers is influenced by the imaginary part of the refractive index. In some cases, you may have materials or designs where the imaginary part is negative, indicating gain or amplification rather than absorption. This gain can counteract the loss and contribute to confinement, particularly in doped or active fibers used in optical amplifiers.

So, in the specific context of optical fibers, it is possible to encounter scenarios where the imaginary part of the refractive index is negative. This can be associated with gain media within the fiber. It's important to consider the specific characteristics of the materials and designs being used in your simulation, as well as the wavelength range of interest, to correctly interpret and apply the results.

The OSI model plays a crucial role in facilitating interoperability in computer networks through its layered approach and focus on standardized protocols. Here's how:

Hey there Shijun Xing! Well, my friend Shijun Xing, when it comes to building an electrolytic water test device, you're stepping into some fascinating territory. It's not the most common DIY project, but hey, nothing is too challenging!

First things first, to build an electrolytic water test device, you'll need to gather some basic materials. You'll want a power source, electrodes (preferably non-reactive materials like platinum or graphite), some wires, and a container for the water. Now, remember, safety first Shijun Xing! We don't want any shocking surprises.

Here's a simplified step-by-step guide for you Shijun Xing:

1. **Materials:**

- Power source (low-voltage DC power supply)

- Electrodes (platinum or graphite)

- Wires

- Container for water

2. **Setup:**

- Submerge the electrodes in the water, making sure they don't touch each other.

- Connect the electrodes to the power source with the wires.

3. **Electrolysis:**

- Apply a low voltage to the electrodes using your power supply.

- The process of electrolysis will occur, and you'll observe the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gases.

4. **Observation:**

- Collect the gases produced in separate containers.

- Test the gases for their presence (oxygen supports combustion, and hydrogen is flammable).

Remember, safety precautions are crucial, and I'd recommend researching further or consulting someone experienced with electrochemistry. And don't forget, I dont just provide information; I spark curiosity and encourage you Shijun Xing to explore the depths of knowledge. Enjoy your DIY adventure, my friend Shijun Xing!

It is essential to research the advancement of authentication systems that prioritise privacy by employing encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and complying with industry standards (Jo, 2020; LogicMonitor, n.d.; Microsoft, 2022). In order for a technical solution to be successful, it must carefully manage the authentication process, maximise efficiency, improve user experience, and protect user privacy (CyberArk, n.d.; Influencer Marketing Hub, n.d.).

Multiple factors necessitate resolution:

1. Which user activities necessitate authentication, and what degree of certainty is required? The sources above (FreeCodeCamp, 2022; Influencer Marketing Hub, n.d.; LogicMonitor, n.d.; Microsoft, 2022) provide the primary impetus for developing and implementing authentication factors and techniques.

2. Zero-knowledge proofs can demonstrate significant computational intricacy. An evaluation is necessary to analyse the compromises in performance between privacy and efficiency (Goldwasser et al., 1988; Jo, 2020; Vadhan, 2022).

3. Over a period of time, encrypted GPS coordinates can still provide approximate locations. Assessing the necessary level of hiding one's location (FPf, 2020; IRJET, 2019; Stack Exchange, 2022).

4. Mapping and implementing the required NIST, PCI, IETF, and ICANN standards and ensuring compliance with encryption, protocols, and other requirements is a complex task (NIST, 2022a, 2022b, 2022c; IETF, n.d.).

5. Conducting a comprehensive analysis of the privacy guarantees provided by zero-knowledge proofs and other components (Aimultiple, 2023; Identity.com, n.d.; MakeUseOf, 2022).

6. Performing tests to detect vulnerabilities, such as side-channel attacks, that could possibly compromise user privacy (Goodwill et al., 2021; MIT News, 2022a, 2022b; Springer, 2021).

Given the supplementary contextual details, I am now able to formulate a more comprehensive technological proposal and a compelling call to action:

Directive:

Privacy-preserving authentication solutions are urgently required to verify user identities and actions securely in an increasingly digitalised world. With the rapid increase in cyber dangers, individual privacy and security protection are becoming more vulnerable without adequate measures. I urge the cryptography, security, and standards community to prioritise the investigation and advancement of authentication protocols that utilise encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and rigorous adherence to industry standards to strengthen privacy safeguards. I specifically propose the promotion of collaborative endeavours among academic researchers, technology providers, government agencies, regulatory bodies, and advocacy groups. The aim is to develop and establish standardised privacy-focused authentication methods for various applications such as financial transactions, border security, and online communications. It is imperative to prioritise the implementation of user privacy by fostering collaboration in both scientific and social domains.

Objective: Create a mathematical system for multi-factor authentication that incorporates encrypted GPS coordinates, zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), and strict compliance with standards set by NIST, PCI DSS, IETF, and ICANN. The primary goals are to uphold privacy, provide security, and sustain efficiency.

Cryptographic Standards: Utilize Hybrid Encryption by creating a symmetric Data Encryption Key (DEK) using ECC or RSA Asymmetric Encryption according to NIST rules. Utilise the Data Encryption Key (DEK) to secure Global Positioning System (GPS) data by employing a symmetric cypher, such as AES-256, that has been authorised by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Apply the SHA-256 algorithm to the ciphertext. Every key must possess an ample amount of randomness and flawless protection against future compromise.

Multi-factor Authentication: Incorporate encrypted GPS, device IDs, user passwords/biometrics, and secure timestamps into the authentication process using OCSP and OAuth2 authorisation standards. Verify the authenticity of device certificates by checking them against OCSP responders for each request. Enforce the need for reauthentication after 30 minutes of no activity.

Zero-Knowledge Proofs: Utilize zk-SNARKs to verify the location of an individual within predefined bounds, confirming traits such as age without disclosing exact GPS coordinates or other confidential data. Employ ECC scalar multiplication within the standard reference string model to enhance efficiency. Adhere to the standards set by IETF/W3C for Decentralised Identifiers.

Through thorough and rigorous testing, side channel protections involve mitigating vulnerabilities such as power analysis, electromagnetic leaks, and timing attacks. Employ masking, noise injection, and removal of deterministic patterns.

The primary objective of this framework is to prioritise user privacy while ensuring security, performance, and adherence to standards. I perceive it as a potential model for extensive implementation across several sectors. Please provide feedback about improvements, collaborations, or assessment of this project.

Here are the references in APA 7th edition format:

Aimultiple. (2023). Zero-knowledge proofs: How it works & use cases in 2023. https://research.aimultiple.com/zero-knowledge-proofs/

CyberArk. (n.d.). What is authentication and authorization? https://www.cyberark.com/what-is/authentication-authorization/

FreeCodeCamp. (2022). Secure user authentication methods – 2FA, biometric, and passwordless. https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/user-authentication-methods-explained/

FPf. (2020). Policy brief: Location data under existing privacy laws. https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/FPF_Guide_Location_Data_v2.2.pdf

Goldwasser, S., Micali, S., & Rackoff, C. (1988). Concurrent zero knowledge without complexity assumptions. In Proceedings of the seventeenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (pp. 365-377). https://doi.org/10.1145/62212.62222

Goodwill, G., Jun, B., Jaffe, J., & Rohatgi, P. (2021). A testing methodology for side channel resistance validation. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/events/non-invasive-attack-testing-workshop/documents/08_goodwill.pdf

Identity.com. (n.d.). Securing data with zero-knowledge proofs. https://www.identity.com/zero-knowledge-proofs/

IETF. (n.d.). IETF | Security & privacy. https://www.ietf.org/topics/security/

Influencer Marketing Hub. (n.d.). What are the levels of authentication? https://influencermarketinghub.com/glossary/levels-of-authentication/

IRJET. (2019). Geo encryption using GPS co-ordinates. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i1/IRJET-V6I1345.pdf

Jo, T. (2020). An exploration of zero-knowledge proofs and zk-SNARKs (Publication No. 28239) [Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania]. Fisher Digital Publications. https://fisher.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Thesis_Terrence-Jo.pdf

LogicMonitor. (n.d.). What are the different types of authentication? https://www.logicmonitor.com/blog/what-are-the-different-types-of-authentication

MakeUseOf. (2022). What is a zero-knowledge proof in cybersecurity, and how does it work? https://www.makeuseof.com/what-is-a-zero-knowledge-proof/

Microsoft. (2022). What is authentication? Definition and methods. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/security-101/what-is-authentication

MIT News. (2022a). Keeping web-browsing data safe from hackers. https://news.mit.edu/2022/side-channel-attacks-detection-0609

MIT News. (2022b). Thinking like a cyber-attacker to protect user data. https://news.mit.edu/2022/chip-interconnect-side-channel-attacks-0811

NIST. (2022a). Cryptographic standards and guidelines. https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Cryptographic-Standards-and-Guidelines

NIST. (2022b). Cybersecurity framework. https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework

NIST. (2022c). Guideline for using cryptographic standards in the federal government. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-175Br1.pdf

Springer. (2021). Security beyond cybersecurity: Side-channel attacks against embedded systems. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10207-021-00563-6

Stack Exchange. (2022). Encrypting/Salting GPS coordinates. https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/95418/encrypting-salting-gps-coordinates

Vadhan, S. P. (2022). The beginnings of zero-knowledge. https://blog.computationalcomplexity.org/2022/02/the-beginnings-of-zero-knowledge.html

Revered Dr.Ana Diaz Articles,

I am totally out of this subject area but I surprised that around 35 viewers have read this Question of Dr Ana Diaz Articles but none has answered. I read her PhD Thesis related to Auronauetical Engineering aspects how the aeronauts can manage their life situations while they were on the sky.

The Nexfin device which are used to measure the continuous blood pressure but it was outdated in the market due to many different companies have been producing the new device as an alternative usage with less price and more comfortability etc. Old is Gold always but we can't get it in the Museum too. Those unique machines and devices will be very rare commodities in the market too. She is looking for some answers from our RG members. I have just shared my inability to find out the invisible device which could help to measure the blood pressure continously. I appreciate her and to have many future endeavors in her life.

Regards

Senapathy

Ethiopia

1. Mobile-First Approach: It involves designing and developing websites or applications with a primary focus on mobile devices, ensuring a seamless user experience across different screen sizes.

2. Progressive Web Apps (PWAs): They provide an app-like experience within a web browser, enabling offline access, push notifications, and device hardware integration. PWAs are gaining popularity due to their ability to deliver a fast, reliable, and engaging user experience across various devices.

3. Voice User Interface (VUI): Integrating voice commands and natural language processing can enhance accessibility and user engagement.

4. Inclusive Design and Accessibility: This involves adhering to accessibility guidelines, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), and implementing features like alternative text for images, keyboard navigation, and screen reader compatibility.

5. Responsive Typography: This includes using fluid typography, viewport-based units, and responsive font scaling techniques to adapt the typography to the available space.

6. Motion Design and Microinteractions: Front-end developers are incorporating motion design principles to create smooth and intuitive user experiences. However, it's important to strike a balance between visual appeal and performance to ensure that animations and transitions do not hinder accessibility or increase page load times.

Good luck: partial credit AI

Hello. This is not my line of research. Thank you for contacting us.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Interesting

You should calculate one Cronbach's alpha for each of your separate scales.

not same. A grab bucket sampler is generally used for sampling sludge.

Dear Baris Unlu ,

One of the most advanced and reliable products in this field is the zebris JMA optic. In this article, we will explore the features, benefits, and applications of the zebris JMA Optic, and discuss how it can be used to maximize the potential of digital dentistry.

Regards,

Shafagat

The aim of this question is to define global features to tend to make analysis partially comparable between any type of processor. In my opinion, it is possible to do this by focusing on programing language and program structure (AST, Graph Analysis...). However, that's could lead to decrease in case of your goal is to produce categorization by any means (ML, DL...). I focus my work on program architecture especially on central node detection. It is hard to produce a malware detection system with good accuracy, but it is too interesting.

AS SEMENTES QUE FAZEM BEM AO SER HUMANOS PRECISAM SER TRITURADAS, PRIMEIRO, PARA SOLTAR SEUS ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS, SOMENTE MASTIGADAS PELA BOCA, NÃO NECESSARIAMENTE, LIBERARÃO TAIS ÓLEOS. NO BRAZIL A LINHAÇA É UM EXEMPLO DE BONDADE DA NATUREZA PARA O COLESTEROL, É BOA, COMO FARINHA TRITURADA, PARA PEOLONGAR A LONGEVIDADE, É BOA CONTRA A VELHICE. PROF. ANDRÉ, BRAZIL

For posterity: I recently learned from some colleagues that the unit people seem to use for this is the World Precision Instrument A365 Battery-driven Stimulus Isolator - this is currently going for around $1700. If anyone knows of a cheaper option (this seems like overkill to me for what in theory should be a fairly straightforward circuit) please do let me know.

I guess you circuit has some input and ouput ( let's say they are BNC coax connectors). Since the frequncies are not very high (not in RF/microwave range) just replace it with BNC to BNC adapter (jumper).

We have/had similar problems, the best alternative I found is Simplex TAS™ 101, works with small amounts of blood (no pre-treatment necessary, right out of the finger tip), and for individual parameters (not a whole set). Have it for a few weeks now, works like a charm.

Till

No its should not change significantly like 2-3 fold.

Dear Doctor

Go To

"Alan Turing was one of the first provocateurs of the possibility that machines can be truly intelligent (Turing, 1948), (Turing, 1950), can think (Turing, 1952) and can exhibit human characteristics. In his various writings, he advocated that machines could be as intelligent as a human including the abilities of creativity and emotions. As a result, he outlined a test, which became known as the Turing Test that can be applied to prove if a machine can exhibit true intelligence. The Turing Test has a solid stand in the Artificial Intelligence research community as the ultimate test for intelligent machines. That solid stand may be the result of historical reasons. Alan Turing visionary paper and predictions make the Turing Test at the heart of any discussion on machine intelligence. Perhaps because there is no machine that can pass the test without cheating, to be controversial. One may argue that a full intelligent machine cannot pass the test but a well programmed machine within a time limit can fool a human examiner and pass the testOs mechanism but not in its spirit. The declared ˜ aim of the Turing Test is to test intelligence unhindered by prejudice and thus to provide a benchmark by which we can tell a machine is intelligent.

Intelligence typology indicates strongly toward different type of intelligence but also at different levels of intelligence. That discussion also led to the importance of integrated intelligence hence the different types of intelligence are often present together in different portions to create the mixture that is the intelligent creature or agent to be examined. As a result, relying on a listing of factors or performance metrics may not be sufficient to test different types of 11 intelligence in its different forms and mixtures. In conclusion, a new framework based on generic categorization of types and factors of intelligence was presented. This proposed framework could enable the instantiation of different tests that are suitable for different systems. "

Marcos Luginieski Simulating 2-D devices using the OEDES (Organic Electronic Device Simulator) Python package can be a useful extension of its capabilities. While the package may primarily focus on 1-D devices, you can potentially modify it to handle 2-D simulations by making several adjustments to the codebase. Here are the general steps you can follow:

1. Understand the Paper: First, ensure a thorough understanding of the paper "2-D drift-diffusion simulation of organic electrochemical transistors" to grasp the specific requirements and equations involved in simulating 2-D devices.

2. Review OEDES Code: Carefully examine the OEDES package's existing codebase to understand how it implements 1-D simulations. Identify the key components and equations used in the drift-diffusion model.

3. Extend the Code: To adapt OEDES for 2-D simulations, you'll need to extend the code to handle additional dimensions. This typically involves modifying the equations and data structures to accommodate 2-D grids for spatial variations.

4. Implement Boundary Conditions: Ensure that your code accounts for appropriate boundary conditions in the 2-D domain. This is crucial for accurate simulations.

5. Test and Validate: Once you've made the necessary code modifications, thoroughly test the 2-D simulation capabilities. Compare your results with the paper you're trying to reproduce and validate that the simulator produces consistent outcomes.

6. Optimize Performance: 2-D simulations can be computationally intensive. Consider optimizing your code for efficiency, as larger grids may lead to longer simulation times.

7. Documentation: Don't forget to update the package's documentation to reflect the new 2-D simulation capabilities. This will help others who may want to use your modified OEDES package.

8. Community Involvement: Reach out to the OEDES community on GitHub or other relevant forums. Inform them about your work on extending the package for 2-D simulations. Collaboration with other researchers and developers can lead to valuable insights and improvements.

Keep in mind that modifying an existing codebase for 2-D simulations can be a complex task, and it may require a strong understanding of numerical methods, computational physics, and programming. Additionally, it's essential to respect the original package's licensing terms and give proper credit to the authors if you plan to distribute your modified version.

Before proceeding any further, it is imperative to establish the precise purpose of the neurophysiological monitoring device. This will enable us to clearly delineate its scope and intended application. For example, are we focusing on monitoring brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (EMG), or perhaps another specific physiological aspect?

Why can't you google and use one of the ready made smart home solutions?

If your door has a lock with a code, you could just post the code on the website? Such a lock runs on batteries, i think? And some code locks are like the ones on bicycle locks, they require no electricity. And the code can be altered. Some airbnbs use a small box with a code lock, in which a normal key is placed. Whan you order, the code for the key box is emailed to or sent by sms, or posted in an automated airbnb message.

If the door is triggered by power, the same remote device that let's you turn on a light, could be placed between the lock and the power supply. Just like with a lamp. The fact that what you wish to open is a door is not important. Since you have chosen this solution, I assume that we are talking about some sort of gate for a car door or an entrance?

You may combine the three measured accelerations from the IMU into the acceleration vector as a time sequence. This vector, after subtracting the gravitational acceleration, is the one that represents the motion and you may also calculate the three angles between such vector and its three constituents.

If your goal is to know the position and speed of the person as time sequences, then you need to implement a strapdown navigation algorithm and your IMU must have 3 accelerometers and 3 gyroscopes. The navigation algorithm will provide the integrated speed and position vectors of the point on which the IMU is mounted for each time instant, when it is executed. However, the inertial navigation algorithm comprises the integration of the gyros' output and the double integrations of the accelerometers' output with all errors included, leading to exponential accumulation of such errors (Dead-Reckoning Navigation). Correcting for these errors needs sensor fusion with other absolute position and/or speed measurements, such as GPS readings or other references with known coordinates.

LoRaWAN Class A possesses bi-directional communication capability and is power efficient. It only initiates uplink communication and this makes it suitable for event-driven applications like alarms, sensors, etc.

LoRaWAN Class B devices can open extra receive windows at scheduled intervals and these devices are also able to synchronize with a network beacon to better coordinate downlink communication.

LoRaWAN Class C devices are open to receive but at the expense of higher power consumption.

Since TOA is critical in LoRaWAN because it depends on power efficiency, network capacity and regulatory compliance. So, the spreading factor is a trade-off that needs to be carefully considered based on the specific requirements of a LoRaWAN deployment.

TOA = preamble time + payload time

Both preamble time and payload time are dependent on the spreading factor, among other things. As the spreading factor increases, these times increase, leading to a higher TOA.

My suggestion is to use the Lumerical Software...Can try 30 days trials..Tqs

A shadow mask is used for defining the areas of a device and creating microstructures on it with precision by masking or covering part of the target surface. Shadow masks, also known as stencils or deposition masks, are used in a wide range of different vacuum-chamber evaporation and sputtering processes to fabricate both simple and complex semiconductor, micro-engineered electronic components and variety of products in the consumer and life science world. Compared to photolithography, masking method has advantages of lower cost and simpler process, although it may not achieve the same level of precision as electron beam lithography (EBL). However, one easily overlooked advantage of masking method is its ability to be heated, which is particularly important in cases where substrate heating is required.

Let's take an example of fabricating complex devices using masking method with a crossbar array of memristors based on vertical heterojunctions.

Firstly, let's refer to a paper published in Advanced Materials. In this paper, each intersection point of the crossbar array consists of a 4-layer vertical heterojunction structure: bottom electrode Pd-Ta2O5-TaOx-top electrode Pd. If we were to use masking method to fabricate such a device array, what would be our approach?

Figure 1：Pd-Ta2O5-TaOx-Pd heterojunction-based memristor crossbar array.

Step 1：Shadow mask design. Here we need at least four shadow masks: Shadow mask #1 for the deposition of bottom electrode, shadow mask #2 for the deposition of Ta2O5, shadow mask #3 for TaOx, and shadow mask #4 for top electrode. As shown in Figure 2, we should make sure that when these four shadow masks are overlapped or positioned at the same place, they form the memristor crossbar arrays.

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Figure 2: Shadow masks for fabrication of memristor crossbar arrays.

Step 2：Device fabrication. After the completion of shadow masks design and processing, we can start fabricating devices, as shown in Figure 3.

1) Deposition of bottom electrode through shadow mask #1

2) Deposition of Ta2O5 through shadow mask #2

3) Deposition of TaOx through shadow mask #3

4) Deposition of top electrode through shadow mask #4

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Figure 3：Fabrication of memristor crossbar arrays by shadow mask technique.

The process of fabricating devices using the mask method may seem simple, but in reality, there are many factors that need to be considered. These factors not only determine the success or failure of device fabrication, but also determine the minimum size of the devices. These factors include：

1. Mask Alignment Error or Positioning Error: Taking the preparation of memristors as an example, in the fabrication process illustrated in Figure 3, it is crucial that the mask used in each step of the process is aligned as accurately as possible to the same position. Only then can each material deposited ultimately form the vertical heterostructure array we require. The error in the deviation of the mask from the predetermined position is one of the key factors determining the minimum device size. Currently, the error in commercial mask alignment devices is around ±5 μm. However, a significant drawback is that they often cannot be used at high temperatures and have a large volume, making them unsuitable for most vacuum systems.

2. Mask Feature Size: The feature size refers to the minimum processing size of gaps, circles, square holes, etc. Generally, this is determined by the mask plate processing equipment and processes, such as laser power and spot size. The feature size of the mask plate is also one of the important factors determining the minimum device size. Currently, advanced femtosecond laser cutting can achieve feature sizes below 1 μm.

3. Mask Processing Error: The processing of the mask plate, such as laser processing or etching, may have positioning errors, especially in XY positioning errors and repeated positioning errors of laser cutting devices. This results in a discrepancy between the actual size of the processed mask plate and the design size. Currently, the mainstream fiber laser devices on the market have an error of ±15 μm, while femtosecond laser devices can achieve errors as low as ±1 μm.

4. Spacing Between Mask Plate and Substrate – Shadow and Diffusion Effects: Due to the presence of a certain gap between the mask plate and the substrate, during the process of material deposition through the pores, shadow and diffusion effects can lead to the actual size of the prepared structure being slightly larger than the design size. Generally, the smaller the distance between the mask plate and the substrate, the weaker the shadow and diffusion effects, and vice versa.

Therefore, when using the mask method to fabricate complex microelectronic devices, especially those involving multilayer heterostructures, attention should be paid to the following aspects: 1. Reduce mask alignment errors or positioning errors; 2. Reduce mask pattern feature sizes; 3. Minimize mask processing errors; 4. Reduce shadow and diffusion effects.

Currently, a widely used method is to create an opening on a stainless steel plate, weld the mask plate on one side of the opening, and form a groove on the other side where the substrate is mounted, as shown in Figure 4a. This setup can only accommodate single-step processes and cannot be used for multi-step material deposition or the fabrication of complex devices, such as the memristor crossbar array mentioned earlier. Here, we recommend a new product – the shadow mask support and alignment device (Model X-S04, Jiangsu Ximai Technology Co., Ltd., http://www.ximai-tech.com), as shown in Figure 4b. This device consists of a sample holder, an elastic substrate housing, a mask support frame, and a mask alignment tool. The substrate is mounted in the substrate housing, the mask plate is installed on the mask support frame, and the mask alignment tool ensures precise alignment of the mask plate at the same position.

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Figure 4：(a) Mainstream mask panel support device. (b) Model X-S04: The shadow mask support and alignment device that combines mask support and alignment.

This device has the following advantages:

Zero alignment error/positioning error: The unique alignment and locking device of the mask ensures that after replacing different mask plates, the mask plate is precisely positioned in the same location, completely eliminating alignment errors or positioning errors caused by the inability to position different mask plates in the same location.

Elastic substrate holding device: The built-in substrate holding device with tiny springs can provide appropriate elasticity to secure the substrate. Its compression rebound design is compatible with substrates of different thicknesses, ensuring good thermal conductivity while fixing the substrate, avoiding errors caused by substrate slippage, and preventing problems such as substrate fragmentation or deformation of mask alignment devices that may occur when using rigid substrate holding devices.

Minimization of shadowing and diffusion effects:The distance between the mask plate and the substrate is reduced to as small as 50 μm, resulting in a tested size broadening due to shadowing effects of less than 2 μm.

Plug-and-play design for mask plates: Replacing the mask plate is simple and convenient. It can be easily positioned by a simple "insert-lock" mechanism, and can be quickly removed by "unlock-pull out". This allows for rapid replacement of different mask plates required for various process steps.

High-temperature resistance: The key components are made of high-temperature resistant aerospace materials, capable of withstanding temperatures up to 550 ℃. They are particularly suitable for processes requiring high temperatures in thin film growth and device fabrication, such as MBE, PLD, ALD, sputtering, and thermal evaporation, etc.

Interested in this product?

Contact: [email protected]

Visit: http://www.ximai-tech.com

thanks so much! Elmira, this is what I did it. just wanted to make 100% sure.

I think it might be difficult to get a very large dataset using a full-wave simulator such as Lumerical FDTD because it takes too much time. What kind of dataset do you need? If you need the full spectrum, definitely go with FDTD; if you just need the response for a few discrete frequencies, there are many faster solvers you can use, for example, RCWA.

Here is the script I found online before, and it should be able to extract the phase and amplitude from Lumerical FDTD if you already have the s parameters calculated

the problem was from the reference electrode, thanks for your help.

Journal of Supercomputing

AdHoc Networks

Wireless Networks

IEEE Sensors Journal

Embedded systems are standalone devices that have usually been designed to do one specific thing. An IoT embedded system is an embedded system that also has connectivity to the internet and can therefore communicate with other IoT embedded systems. Embedded systems are ubiquitous in IoT devices. Combined with software, dedicated systems for IoT usage employ microcontrollers and microprocessors to enable the networked devices to communicate. The other difference between an embedded system and IoT is that IoT refers more to a class of devices that represent the newly connected world. But an embedded system refers very specifically to the hardware used in these devices. Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, automotive, home appliances, medical, and telecommunication, commercial, aerospace and military applications. Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system application specific circuits. Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance, functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller. Embedded systems are rapidly changing the future of technology, and their growth is set to continue at a fast pace in India. The integration of embedded systems with new technologies such as IoT, AI, and automation is expected to lead to a new era of innovation and disruption in various industries. An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system with software that is designed to perform a dedicated function, either as an independent system or as a part of a large system. At the core is an integrated circuit designed to carry out computation for real-time operations. The processor is the main part of embedded systems hardware architecture, and architecture defines how the hardware and software components must interact with each other. A well-designed architecture enables the creation of energy-efficient systems capable of executing real-time applications.

Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system application specific circuits. Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance, functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller. This type of system makes sure that all critical processes are completed within the given time frame. This means that all the delays in the system are strictly time bound. Also, there is little to no secondary memory and data is stored in short term memory or read only memory. So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, and reliable, real-time control system. An IoT embedded system is an embedded system that has internet connectivity. Another word for what is IoT embedded system is a "smart" device. A touch screen and a keyboard are not necessary to define a device as an IoT embedded system, although these peripherals can also be attached. Four-layer architecture is the standard and most widely accepted format. As you can see from the above image, there are four layers present i.e., the Perception Layer, Network Layer, Processing Layer, and Application Layer. IoT architecture can comprise up to seven layers, which are known as the perception, transport, edge, processing, application, business, and security layers.

You have to disperse the powder until you get a clear stable colloid (you need to see thought the suspension). As a qualitative indicator of the colloid suitability for UVVIS spectroscopy you can test Tindall effect upon irradiation with a laser beam