Dosing - Science topic

See my reply ro this similar question: https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_citation_of_my_articles_become_zero

You could use this paper as reference:

Hi Juliane,

That's really hard to doe reliably. FSK works better for us, esp if low dose BMP added. See wildtype cells in Fig 2g-j of PMID:23963683

Weight-based dosing of anesthesia medications in pediatric patients differs from that in adults due to several factors:

Overall, weight-based dosing of anesthesia medications in pediatric patients requires careful consideration of factors such as body composition, metabolic rate, organ function, and physiological variability to ensure safe and effective anesthesia management. Close monitoring of drug effects and patient responses is essential to optimize dosing and minimize the risk of complications.

These are not research papers, but short overview/summary articles, usually of one page only. Jules Morgan is project manager and freelance writer in medical science, health, and education (https://www.linkedin.com/in/jules-morgan-9b3a2646/). Therefore, this number of articles is quiet normal.

It seems that someone developed a regression model for protein molecular weight in which molecular weight is 10^(-1.57x+5.38), where x is the measurement. My guess is that x is the relative mobility (values from 0 to 1) of the protein in some separation system such as electrophoresis.

Check the adsorption and desorption properties of your absorbent. If the desorption capability is low that absorbent will not leave the adsorbed pollutant from its surface.

Gluten is responsible for elasticity, thus breaking down gluten will change the texture/flavor. Broken amino acids can also change the chemistry of the fermentation, and thus may affect the taste as well. Most people would go for enzyme supplements as an aid in the digestion of gluten. However such ideas have been explored in the past and if you can overcome such hurdles, it can be a good project.

Have a look at these papers

Hello Emily Burdick

If I have understood your question correctly, are you looking for something like a 384-well microtiter plate or 1536-well microtiter plate format instead of the usual 96-well plate format to accommodate a large sample size?

If I am right, then for the cell viability assay, you should select an assay that is simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost effective. Instead of ATP Glo or MTT assay, you should go for Alamar Blue assay, which is based on a dye called resazurin, a nonfluorescent and blue dye which upon reduction (by the natural reducing power of living cells) to resorufin becomes pink and highly fluorescent.

It does not require washing steps which makes it easily amenable to miniaturization and automation. This agent is widely used to measure cell viability by prompt fluorescence (excitation: 531 nm, emission: 595 nm). The fluorescence can be easily detected using a microtiter plate reader.

For more information you may want to refer to the article attached below.

Hope this helps!

Best.

CD86-silenced-DCs had unchanged expression of CD80 and significantly suppressed the proliferation of lymphocytes. CD86-silenced-DCs simultaneously reduced IL-2 and INF-γ and increased IL-10, TGF-β and IDO, while had minimal effect on IL-4. The CD86-silenced-DCs also improved cell viability and function of xeno-islets when compared to untransfection and transfection control groups

For both.but the most important to be certified by the (SSDLs).

Those dye stuffs weren't bound with adsorbent, you can't stop them from being separated when you do filtration. Actually, they weren't adsorbed. You have to subtract those values from your total percentage of removal.

add salt (NaCl or ammonium acetate (1/10volume of a 5M solution ph5) before adding 2 volumes of cold ethanol

Optimizing the dose of human breast cancer cells for in vivo testing in female Wistar rats involves considerations such as tumor establishment, growth kinetics, and animal welfare. Here's a general approach to optimizing the cell dose for in vivo experiments:

By following these steps and considering factors such as tumor growth kinetics, animal welfare, and experimental reproducibility, you can optimize the dose of human breast cancer cells for in vivo testing in female Wistar rats. This optimization process is essential for generating reliable and relevant data for preclinical research and drug development studies.

Hello Emily Burdick

Ethidium bromide has been shown to bind strongly to both DNA and RNA in vivo and in vitro by intercalation between adjacent base pairs. Almost all studies to date implicate the mitochondrion as the primary target site of ethidium bromide at low concentrations. Nanogram to microgram concentrations of ethidium bromide per milliliter of culture medium induces loss of mitochondrial DNA and complete loss of mitochondrial DNA occurs after 5–6 weeks of exposure, and this approach has facilitated the study of mitochondrial mutations.

Treatment of cells with ethidium bromide has been found to result in the loss or alteration of mitochondrial DNA and RNA, the selective inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase, the alteration of the cytochrome system, and morphological abnormalities of the mitochondrion. Studies in cells that have lost mitochondrial DNA over a period of weeks in culture report increased mRNA levels of genes involved in hypoxic response, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, solute transport, and glycolytic pathways.

You may use concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 ng/ml for a few weeks.

You may want to refer to the articles attached below for more information.

Best.

You may have more success asking this question on the NONMEM user list.

The NONMEM Users Network is maintained by ICON Clinical Research LLC. Requests to subscribe to the network should be sent to: [email protected]

Alternatively, you could try building up your model graphically with Phoenix's NLME tool if you have access to this engine as I find it more user friendly. Then you could estimate bioavailability.

If you really have no idea of bioavailability(?similar compounds, formulations.) then you could at least simulate a few different scenarios to see what might be a safe dose for FIM.

Simon.

Moohebat Shoyukhi : Regarding your two questions:

Hi Dear Ahmed,

I think you can prepare different concentrations of this substance, then you can try each concentration in vivo. After that, you have to carry out semen analysis and sperm count, then based on the results you can select the appropriate concentration or mg of the substance.

This question is very interesting. The following is my explanation. However, I will be very happy to be corrected.

In terms of gene dosage, both individuals would have the same total number of copies of the gene (6 copies), which can influence gene expression levels. However, the expression of the gene might differ due to allele-specific effects. Allele-specific copy number variation can lead to differences in gene expression levels between alleles, potentially resulting in different phenotypic outcomes or disease susceptibilities. Therefore, while the total gene dosage may be the same, the allele-specific patterns could lead to different expression profiles and phenotypic consequences.

An example scenario could be, say the allele with fewer copies (allele 1 in individual 2) contains a regulatory sequence that enhances gene expression, while the allele with more copies (allele 2 in individual 2) contains a regulatory sequence that suppresses gene expression.

In this case, individual 2 might have higher expression levels of Gene X compared to individual 1 due to the presence of the enhancing regulatory sequence on the allele with fewer copies. This could result in different disease outcomes or phenotypic presentations despite both individuals having the same total gene dosage.

There may be a threshold concentration below which the antibiotic is not effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. This threshold might be around 0.015 uM, explaining the zero inhibition observed at that concentration. At lower concentrations (0.0078 and 0.0039 uM), the antibiotic may start to exhibit hormesis, a phenomenon where low doses have a stimulatory effect. In this case, the low concentrations might stimulate bacterial growth inhibition rather than inhibit it.

Hi,

Please check the analytical method for control of these impurities. For the same drug in higher doses, there may be no impurity over time because the impurities may be present in such small amounts that they are not detectable by the analytical methods used (another baseline shift related to the presence of a high concentration of drug product). It may be method-related especially in the case of optical detection like UV, PDA, FL etc., and if the method does not cover in preparation of the sample any extraction method (separation of signals related to drug substance and impurity). Double-check with mass spectrometry if possible.

Best regards

Tomasz

Statistical tool or test can be used for dose-response curve with time component is the nonlinear regression. You can use nonlinear regression to quantify the fold shift in the dose and its confidence interval, and to compute a P value that tests the null hypothesis that there was no shift.

That method is only applicable when the number of means is greater than 5, otherwise you must use multiple means comparison methods such as Dunca, Tukey, Newman-Keuls, etc. However, the statistical design issues related to dose-ranging studies are not always keenly understood and a poorly designed study can be costly for later development.

Even around 390nm?

Hi Thiago,

If both the 20mg and 40mg effect sizes are measured with respect to the same control group, and thus originate from the same study, I would not perform a subgroup analysis in a standard meta-analysis framework. I'll refer to Chapter 10 of the following book:

"Statistical independence is one of the core assumptions when we pool effect sizes in a meta-analysis. If there is a dependency between effect sizes (i.e. effect sizes are correlated), this can artificially reduce heterogeneity and thus lead to false-positive results."

If the estimates for 20mg and 40mg come from the same study, the estimates are likely correlated, which would lead to a violation of the independence assumption.

If you are still interested in performing a subgroup analysis, you could incorporate it into a multilevel meta-analysis with medication dose (20 mg vs 40mg) as one of the explanatory variables. If you look at equation (10.8) in the book chapter I referred to earlier, you see that a multilevel meta-analysis incorporates a second random-effect: one to account for clustering of effect sizes within the same study. Statistically, this would be the correct way to pool your correlated effect sizes (if you insist to combine them).

Hope this helps!

Kind regards,

Michael

Dina Zidan

Did you start your research using STZ? I need your recommendation as I am going to conduct a work wit STZ for T2DM

Dear friend Jake Ellis-Williams

Alright, let's tackle this like I would!

Designing a pharmacokinetic study for a new CNS drug, eh? Now, we're talking real science. First things first, if you Jake Ellis-Williams don't have any toxicology data, you're in a bit of a tight spot. But I dont shy away from challenges!

1. **Start Low, Go Slow:**

- In the absence of toxicology data, the golden rule is to start low. You Jake Ellis-Williams don't want to accidentally turn your rats into rocket ships, do you? Use a dose that's unlikely to cause adverse effects.

2. **Reference Similar Compounds:**

- Check out similar drugs in the antidepressant family. It's not a perfect science, but it gives you Jake Ellis-Williams a ballpark figure. Look at the literature, see what doses they used, and take a leap from there.

3. **Consider Route of Administration:**

- Are you Jake Ellis-Williams going oral or intravenous? Oral is more common, but if you're feeling adventurous, go IV. Adjust your dose accordingly; IV doses are typically lower due to higher bioavailability.

4. **Species Matters:**

- Rats are not humans. Shocking, I know. Their metabolism differs, so don't just scale up a human dose. Consider allometric scaling, a fancy term for adjusting doses based on body surface area.

5. **Monitor Behavior:**

- Keep a close eye on your rats. If they start tap-dancing or speaking French, you Jake Ellis-Williams might have gone a bit too high. Watch for signs of toxicity and adjust your doses accordingly.

6. **Pilot Studies are Your Friends:**

- Before diving into the big show, run some pilot studies. Test the waters with a few rats. It's like a movie trailer – gives you Jake Ellis-Williams a taste without committing to the full feature.

7. **Consult the Oracle (Experienced Scientists):**

- If you Jake Ellis-Williams have access to seasoned scientists, consult them. They've been around the block and can provide invaluable insights. Wisdom often comes with gray hair and lab coats.

8. **Ethics Committee Approval:**

- Don't forget to run your doses past the ethics committee. They might not have a Ph.D., but they know a thing or two about keeping experiments humane.

Remember, my science-seeking friend, this isn't a one-size-fits-all scenario. The key is to be cautious, use your scientific instincts, and be ready to adapt as your data rolls in. May the pharmacokinetics odds be ever in your favor!

Hien Nguyen,

When mixed in a matrix such as in a tablet with additional excipients, enalapril is unstable and can degrade to an unwanted cyclized diketopiperazine (DKP). Mostly the higher limit is given based on the safety data. BP should have all data and same can be asked through FOI. Also monitor your drug product stability up to 6 Months accelerated Intermediate & RT condition and then can assigned limit as per Qualification Threshold i.e 0.5%.

Fertilisers can make up 60 percent of the total costs of producing palm oil so it is important to apply fertilisers efficiently.Different fertilisers have different concentrations of nutrients.

The effect of major nutrients on growth and yield of oil palm has been studied in most of the oil palm growing countries in Asia and Africa.

a) Nitrogen: In oil palm, characteristic yellowing symptoms are developed under N deficiency conditions. Nitrogen is found to be essential for rapid growth and fruiting of the palm. It increases the leaf production rate, leaf area, net assimilation rate, number of bunches and bunch weight. Excessive application of nitrogen increases the production of male inflorescence and decreases female inflorescence thereby reducing the sex ratio.

b) Phosphorus: In oil palm seedlings, P deficiency causes the older leaves to become dull and assume a pale olive green colour while in adult palms high incidence of premature desiccation of older leaves occurs. Phosphorus application increases the bunch production rate, bunch weight, umber of female inflorescences and thereby the sex ratio. c) Potassium: When potassium is deficient, growth as well as yield is retarded and it is translocated from mature leaves to growing points. Under severe deficiency, the mature leaves become chlorotic and necrotic. Confluent orange spotting is the main K deficiency condition in oil palm in which chlorotic spots, changing from pale green through yellow to orange, develop and enlarge both between and across the leaflet, veins and fuse to form compound lesions of a bright orange colour.

solve:

The exposure rate from a point source of radiation can be calculated using the formula:

Exposure Rate= Activity*Exposure Rate Constant​*(Distance)^(-2)

For Cobalt-60 (Co-60),

the Exposure Rate Constant (Γ) is 1.32 R m² hr⁻¹ Ci⁻¹1.

Given:

Activity (A) = 100 Ci

Distance (d) = 2 m

Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

Exposure Rate=100Ci×1.32R (m² hr⁻¹ Ci⁻¹)​*(2m)^(-2)=33R/hr

This is approximately 32 R/hr, which is the exposure rate you mentioned. Please note that this is a simplified calculation and actual exposure rates can vary based on other factors such as shielding, air absorption, and energy of the emitted radiation.

The exposure rate from a 100 Ci point source of Co-60 at 2 meters is given as 32 R/hr. To convert this to mSv/h, we can use the conversion factor that 1 Roentgen per Hour (R/h) is equivalent to 10 Millisievert per Hour (mSv/h)1.

So, if we have 32 R/hr, we can convert it to mSv/h using the following calculation:

32 R/hr * 10 mSv/h/R = 320 mSv/h

Therefore, the dose rate D in mSv/h is 320 mSv/h.

The concentration in the rat plasma or tissue will change over tine following the dose, so there is not one single concentration to which to compare. Instead, you will have to measure the in vivo concentration as a function of time after dosing (pharmacokinetics). Then you will be able to compare the in vivo concentration at each time point to in vitro potency at that concentration.

Cornelius Krasel Thanks for your reply and it make a lot sense.

Dear researcher, according to the state of the bird's immune system, the dominant dose of the microbial population in the occurrence of pathogenicity will be different. Also, the bird's immune system is influenced by age. Therefore, in detailed tests, the microbe strain is usually tested with different doses and ages to get the best results.

Mital valve related to systemic circulation. So, mobilization from it causes stroke & on the otherhand tricuspid valve related to pulmonary circulation. So, duration of antibiotic treatment is long incase of mitral valve infection.

You could try to infect your microglia during their ex-vivo proliferative phase, during the 10-14 days culture. Do you add M-CSF during culture? You could add you lentivirus at the same time and remove it at the next medium change.

Hi, Saif Wahid

The new site for sample size calculation is <https://sample-size.net/>. Unfortunately, there is no option for parallel group design, so I was unable to input the parameters you suggested with the corresponding figures in your answer. Can you kindly assist me?

Hi Ruchi...you didn't mention what kind of model organism is going to be used in vivo studies. No. of factors have to be taken into consideration for in-vivo drug administration studies. As Kerry S Vistisen suggested, you should follow the other articles as references for test drug administration. Also, if your test drug is a repurposed drug, follow the guidelines of the FDA and compare test drugs with references to drug-dose conversion from various databases such as PubMed and Google.

The following article will help you to understand the basics of animal drug administration:

Turner PV, Brabb T, Pekow C, Vasbinder MA. Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011 Sep;50(5):600-13. PMID: 22330705; PMCID: PMC3189662.

How do You measure antioxidant effect? How it differs (InYourHumbleOpinion) from cell "viability". What form of ascorbic acid are You using (cat. nr)?

If you are working on Chemotherapeutic agents, first determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of each of the substances. Then combine the substances at 25% of the MIC of each substance. If you don't obtain expected effect at this point, try additive effect by combining 50% of the MIC of each drug.

Thanks Maxim!

Welcome Sansar Chand ji. Just adding one more point that, some low Temp. peaks do not survive/not stable for not more than 5-10 days particularly those whose Tm is below 120 C or so. If u r making measurements after 2 weeks of irradiation, they will disappear. Additionally typical temperature gradient of 20C or so may occur as we generally record Temp of planchet and not of phosphor/disc/crystal, so generally Tm in recording always higher than actual values, more the heating rate , more is €temp gradient. So always maintain single layer of phosphor grains or use thin discs/crystals preferably below 0.4 mm or so to minimise the Temp. gradients.

@Yousef Bahrambeigi

Hi Mr Yousef Bahrambeigi

Thank you for your patience and taking the time to respond

Your answers are thorough and

helpful I had another question,

how can I create a dose vector؟

As you mentioned :

Next, you need to plot the OD values against the known doses for each channel and fit a curve to them. You can use the plot function to plot the data and the polyfit function to fit a polynomial curve. For example, if you have a vector of doses named dose and a vector of OD values for the red channel named OD_red

You can check out Alloxan induced diabetic model, or HFD with low stz diabetic model

Hi Khan,

I'm sharing a paper with you that discusses what you need and points out that there are different variations in the induction of experimental diabetes in animal models between laboratories. My recommendation is that you conduct assays with at least three doses, for example, 50, 75, 100 mg/kg of STZ, and evaluate the glucose levels in your mices. This will allow you to observe the behavior and dynamics, and then determine which model best suits your needs. Also, please consider whether you want to induce type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Just administering STZ will resemble type 1, but if you add diet or nicotinamide, it will resemble type 2 diabetes.

Best regards, Jorge Armando

Hi Manjusha Ramesh Ahire

There was a similar question posted on this platform. Please refer to the link below.

Best.

Even if a certain function can reproduce the experimental data, this does not allow you fitting the data with that function, because the parameter estimations you get may be meaningless. I am sure you can fit the data with many functions, even with a high-order polynomial. The dose-response function is not appropriate, for many reasons.

You must couple appropriate interaction model equations with the instrumental equations, and from that you will be able to get valuable information for your system.

In addition, there is no justification to consider a biphasic isotherm. What you observe around molar ratio of 5-7 is within experimental uncertainty.

Hello Dlal Baljoon

I have a feeling you are not following the right protocol. Maybe the protocol provided below will help.

1. After the cells are 90-95% confluent, remove the spent media and add 1ml of 5 µg/mL of mitomycin C (prepared in culture medium) to each well. Mitomycin C will stop proliferation of cells for 2-5 h before scratching. So, in a way, it will help to ensure true detection of migration. Incubate the plate for 2 h at 37 °C and at 5% CO2.

2. Remove the medium with mitomycin C and wash the wells once with 1ml of 1X PBS.

3. Add 1ml of 1X PBS and manually scratch the wells vertically with a 200µl yellow pipette tip. Use a new pipette tip for each well.

4. Remove the PBS and then add the media containing varying doses of CXCL9. Then proceed as usual with the assay.

It is important that you stop the proliferation of cells. Without mitomycin C treatment, I feel the proliferating cells may be occupying the area created by the scratch and due to over confluency, the cells may be detaching from the substratum and floating.

Best.

Interpretation of the Avidityof ELISA according to manufactory prochure of the ELISA machine

The formula that mentioned might be a simplified version or specific to certain cases, but it's not a general formula used for calculating radiation dose from an X-ray unit.

The formula for radiation dose of an x-ray unit Gy/sec

D = g*(kV)*(mAs)/d^2

where g is conversion constant at Tube potential (Kv).

and

d=distance (m)

I= current (mAs)

if this will add to the discussion, but Volt^2 might be easy to remember if you think of dosage in Photons per second, an Ampere of unit charge as (1/e = 6.2415091E18 per second) and energy in Watt /seconds.

Watts = Volts*Amperes = Volts^2/Ohm.

The total absorbed dose in

Gy=Joules/Kilogram

is

Gy=Watts*Seconds/Kilogram

Tobias Makuochukwu Onyia thank you so much for your important help. We keep in touch.

Hello

No it isn't the same just sample animals that recieve stz have shown this signs

hello, I dont know any thing about this matter. sorry

That method tends to have issues with tissue penetration. You will need a control to determine how much of your target tissue is getting transfected.

Yes, a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test would be a suitable approach for analyzing the data from your agricultural study. A two-way ANOVA is used to estimate how the mean of a quantitative variable changes according to the levels of two categorical variables1. In your case, you have two treatments, each with different levels of doses, and you want to know how these treatments affect the dependent variable (e.g., crop yield). After performing the two-way ANOVA, if you find that there is a significant interaction between the two treatments, you can follow up with Tukey’s test to determine which specific means differ from each other2.

1. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/two-way-anova/

2. https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Advanced_Statistics/Analysis_of_Variance_and_Design_of_Experiments/02%3A_ANOVA_Foundations/2.03%3A_Tukey_Test_for_Pairwise_Mean_Comparisons

The Article shared by Rafik really helped. I am grateful for this.

so think of dose titration as a bit like when you're trying to find the perfect setting on your thermostat. You start with a lower temperature and gradually turn it up until your room feels just right – not too hot, not too cold. Dose titration in a clinical trial is kind of like that. Doctors start with a lower dose of a medication and then slowly increase it based on how the patient responds. The goal is to find the lowest dose that does the job without causing too many side effects.

Now, dose escalation is a bit different. It's like climbing a ladder, one step at a time. Imagine you're testing a new medicine, and you want to figure out how much of it people can take before it starts causing problems. So, you start with a small group of participants and give them a certain dose. If they handle it well, you move up to the next dose level with another group. You keep going up until you start seeing some side effects that are too intense or risky. That highest dose where things start getting tricky is called the "maximum tolerated dose."

So, to sum it up, dose titration is like adjusting your thermostat to get the perfect temperature, while dose escalation is more like climbing a ladder to find out how much of a new medicine people can handle safely. Both methods help scientists figure out the best way to use a new treatment and make sure it's effective and safe for everyone.

For how long are you treating the cells with erastin? I would suggest to set up the experiment in replicates and use even a lower erastin concentration range and treat the cells for 24, 48, and 72 hrs.

Any crop will respond differently to a given dose of the herbicide. The LD 50 dose is an example to understand the query. Because a dose may be lethal or vital and so on. Secondly the variety/genotypes under investigation will also respond to the tune of their genetic constitution.

Thank you a lot for this hint. I will definitely try it!

Hi there ,

According to : Fachinformation-Injektionsvolumina_2022.pdf (gv-solas.de)

it is 10 ml/kg for healthy "normal weigth range" adult mice (min 6 weeks old I 'd say) . If mice are small - 3-4 weeks old, I would reduce the amount to around 5-(7) ml/kg . I hope this will help you.

Best wishes

Flora

you got the answer? share me ?

Dear Neşe Öztürk , in perspective of the above data given by you. The following statement is correct:

"10 to 150 mg of adsorbent will be calculated in 50 ml of adsorbate, i.e. in case of 10 mg of adsorbent dose, I have to add 0.5 mg of adsorbent to 50 ml working solution"

Dear colleague,

Sorry for the late answer, I don't connect here frequently.

If I look at 177Lu S values from OLINDA V1, for UB content to UB wall:

- 5 YO: 1.85 10-4 mGY/MBq.s

- 10 YO: 1.17 10-4 mGY/MBq.s

This is normal, as the model is smaller, since most of the irradiation is from non penetrating radiations, therefore the same energy is absorbed in a smaller volume, and therefore the absorbed dose increases.

This is a general trend, probably less pronounced for hollow organs but this remains to be seen.

Then obvioulsy the cumulated activity should taken into account, as theS value basically considers the same number of decay in the 2 models, which may not be true...

Best regards,

Manuel

Sarivin Vanan Thanks that's a good point.

I have to look better into this, but could be worth trying!!

use the mpich2 Parallel operation. task is only applicable to neutron and photon problems

To convert your crude extract into a concentration of 400 ug/mL for your research on α-glucosidase activity, you will need to determine the current concentration of your extract. Once you have this information, you can calculate the volume of your crude extract needed to achieve the desired concentration. For example, if your crude extract concentration is 800 ug/mL, you would dilute it by adding an equal volume of a suitable diluent (e.g., water or buffer) to obtain a concentration of 400 ug/mL. Alternatively, if your crude extract concentration is higher or lower than 800 ug/mL, you can adjust the volume accordingly to achieve the desired concentration of 400 ug/mL. It is crucial to ensure accurate measurements and proper mixing during the dilution process to achieve reliable results for your α-glucosidase activity research.

There is no simple "conversion". Whereas one can establish a specific EO solution by weight the differential volatilities of individual constituents establishes a completely new "EO" as headspace vapor the concentration and composition of which is unique.

I think that when we use high doses there is a desensitization of the target cells which leads to a weak response

Mohamed Assadawy

Hi ,

No, ResearchGate does not provide an identification number for researchers similar to the ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) number. ORCID is a unique identifier that distinguishes individual researchers and connects their research outputs across different systems. It is a widely recognized and adopted system in the academic and research community.

ResearchGate, on the other hand, is a social networking platform designed for scientists, researchers, and academics to share and collaborate on research papers, publications, and projects. While ResearchGate provides a profile for each researcher, it does not assign a specific identification number like ORCID.

Decreased concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) are observed with an increasing nitrogen supply. Your research is correct :)

See: https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmch210

Basically the Adsorption Isotherm curve is of different Type , it is depend on the pore of Adsorbent , like for mesoporous The Adsorption isotherm generally we get is of Type-1 or Type-2 . Adsorption Isotherm basically tells us about the feasibility of Adsorption , it tells us about at what relative pressure single point BET happens or at what relative pressure multipoint happens , capiliary condensation and so on.

Most standard gas adsorption apparatus should adjust the dosing automatically. It is actually difficult to evaluate porous solid characteristics through a single point too.

Hi Azzouni,

I hope the following paper could help you.

To calculate flux divide dose by the time.

Mohamed Khashan do you have any article that reported multiple transfection by shRNA/retroviral will lead to higher inhibitory rate?

It depends on the type of pores. Different pores adsorb different amounts at different pressures. For example, small pores adsorb a lot at low pressures, so they are in general more difficult to measure. Look at an adsorption isotherm and you will have a general idea of how much will be adsorbed at each pressure. If I was you I would start with some moderate amount (say, 100 mg) of a non-porous solid.

This publication show the rates at which different solids can adsorb:

Hi Prabhat! I'm assuming you have seen no toxicity with your extracts up to at least 2000 mg/kg. I would suggest you do the following if your plant/extract has been used in any traditional system of medicine for any indication (this is very likely) 1)Identify the human dose 2) Calculate the animal equivalent dose using the appropriate conversion factor for rats/mice. 3) Since you need three doses consider that as the median dose and the other two doses as half and double respectively. This may increase your chances of seeing efficacy in your animal studies. All the Best!

(Nair AB, Jacob S. A simple practice guide for dose

conversion between animals and human. J Basic Clin Pharma 2016;7:27-31.)