Drying - Science topic

In my experiments, I typically follow the procedure like;

TCA is added to the extract to a final concentration of 10 to 20% and the proteins are allowed to precipitate at 4C overnight (1:1, v/v, sample to TCA solution)...Next, three replicates of ice-cold acetone wash are applied... afterward, the dried protein pellet is dissolved and the protein amount is calculated using BCA to see the best TCA final concentration in terms of protein recovery (precipitation efficacy)...

Good luck

Vacuum oven drying will probably accelerate drying at higher temperatures, but will likely not be effective at lower temperatures. Efficient drying of plants requires damage to the cell walls. Cell walls are affected more by heat than by vacuum.

For instance, this study - - showed that moderate vacuum has a minimal effect on cell wall structure and water loss in onion epidermis.

Therefore, if you want to use a vacuum oven to accelerate drying, my recommendation would be to use the same temperature as in your normal protocol. In other words, add vacuum to your existing protocol; do not try to replace the heat with vacuum.

@Ankit Thank you so much. I'll go through the references you provided. I appreciate.

You should centrifigate the samples then dry them to prepare for TS

can anyone refer to the research investigating change in Rhizobiome throughout the AWS irrigation application?

In order to choose between pre-emergent herbicide formulation in the dry or liquid form, a number of aspects need to be taken into account. While the dry formulations have longer shelf life and less storage and transport challenges making them good for long term use and fewer chances of spills, they require more careful mixing as well as having limited methods of application that can result in slow uptake. On the other hand, liquid-based formulations enable easier application and faster absorption into soil hence weed killing becomes quicker. They can be used in different ways but their lifespan is shorter with higher drift and spillage risks. One has to consider various factors like kind of herbicides being used, type of weeds being targeted, machinery required for applying it as well as surrounding weather conditions if this decision is going to be made. It would be necessary however to ensure proper reading alongside following manufacturer’s recommendations which might end up helping with how effective or safe an application process will go regardless of whether a product is liquid-based or not.

Hey there Bijay Chhetri! So, drying samples immersed in dielectric fluids can be a bit tricky, but fear not, I've got a solution for you Bijay Chhetri.

First off, let's aim for a non-destructive method to keep those samples intact. One effective technique is utilizing a vacuum oven. Here's the lowdown:

1. **Transfer**: Carefully transfer your sample from the dielectric fluid to a container suitable for the vacuum oven.

2. **Preparation**: Make sure your sample is spread out evenly in the container to ensure uniform drying.

3. **Vacuum Oven**: Place the container in a vacuum oven. This nifty device removes moisture by lowering the pressure, which lowers the boiling point of water, causing it to evaporate more readily.

4. **Temperature and Pressure**: Set the temperature and pressure parameters according to the specifications of your sample and the dielectric fluid used. Keep an eye on things to prevent overheating.

5. **Monitoring**: Regularly monitor the drying process to ensure it's proceeding smoothly and without any hiccups.

6. **Completion**: Once your sample is sufficiently dry, remove it from the vacuum oven and voila! You've got yourself a dried sample ready for further analysis.

By using a vacuum oven, you Bijay Chhetri can dry your samples efficiently and effectively without causing any damage. It's a win-win situation! Let me know if you Bijay Chhetri need more details or have any other questions.

For your expectation. Kindly try to do the preheated wafer before your spray coating. Then only, you achieve adhesive coating on the wafer.

After 24 hours of continuous stirring, the Polymer dissolves properly. Properly use the closed container.

Главная опасность состоит в том, что после промывки и обезвоживания наночастицы агрегатируются и их суспензия не будет наносуспензией с особыми свойствами.

Years ago I tested some chemicals that worked somewhat like HMDS, but as I remember, HMDS was the cheapest one, with better results. It is difficult to find something cheaper than $42.50 for 100 ml of a reagent.

What exactly do you want measure. If you could give a simple schematic it would be easy

Definitely, the entire planet is under threat due to greed of man

Dr Rudzani Khomunala thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Please ref

Dear Jennivee Chua ! Freeze drying can be done by yourself without complicated equipment. To do this, you need a vacuum pump, a sample vessel, a trap for water and alcohol, and an ordinary thermos.

Prepare a mixture of ice and salt, put it in a thermos, and a vessel with a sample in the same place so that it cools down. Then take out the vessel. You put a trap in a thermos. Connects the vessel to the trap and the vacuum pump. Pumping out the air. If everything is sealed and the vacuum has turned out, then turn off the tap on the vacuum pump. In this case, during the evaporation of water, the sample will freeze and water and alcohol will sublimate into a trap. It is only necessary to change the cooling mixture of ice and salt. It will turn out to be a cryogel.

Hello Binh, I am facing the same issue. I have used the equation:

Water Surface Level = altimeter (m) - RANGE_OCOG_20_HZ (m) [huge error]

One researcher suggested me to include geoid parameter but I failed miserably because the Matlab code showed error which later I understood from researchers that the geoid parameter is given in 1 HZ which I need to interpolate which I am still learning.

How definitive do you need to be? Are you simply picking all root material from the soil and assuming it is from grass species, or are you identifying each species in the quadrat (the 8.5cm ring), and then following the crown down into the soil and extracting the roots for each plant?

A few questions to help answer your request:

To dry a trace amount of moisture in acetone, one can employ azeotropic distillation by using ethyl bromide as a separating agent, which can give effective separation.

graphene oxide solutions do not exist, these are dispersions

Thanks for your reply. It is necessary to know exactly how it is happening

It is useful to include the information about water content in fresh weight, so one can see how much the measured substances were concentrated by drying and whether they were destroyed by this procedure.

Dear Sunil Magwanshi

M.Sc.Agronomist, Research Fellow at Gyan Jyoti Institutes, Bhilwara

Bhilwara, India

Greetings and respect. Thank you very much for your complete answer. Abbas

Preparation and storage of nZVI without a glove box requires sacrificing some activity of the particles. It is usually possible to continue stirring under nitrogen for a few hours after the liquid phase reduction is complete to form a layer of iron hydroxide on the surface of the nZVI, thus giving it some stability and a slight loss of reducing properties. This is followed by drying in a vacuum oven and sealing in a container under nitrogen atmosphere. After subsequent use, the container needs to be replenished with nitrogen again to maintain its activity.

FTR ATR’s can be quite useful in such studies of dry material (pure material). Wet samples will indicate the water peaks. If water is the only thing to evolve, dry can produce a very crisp spectrum.

Hi Guillermo C. Fernández

Is it happening post sectioning? or during the staining steps?

* If you observe the same slides post drying for an hr in microscope after sectioning and if the vacuoles or fractures appear it may be due to improper fixation or sucrose preservation.

* If the same are observed during the staining steps, I would suggest you to dry the slides for an hour before use, fix the slides in ice-cold methanol for 10mins and proceed with the staining.

Hope it works.

Thanks,

Rob Darrington. I was planning to dediccate it after freezing it. Is it suitable?

Hey there Md. Zaved Hossain Khan! So, you're diving into nanoparticle synthesis? That's cool! Let's get started. When it comes to ultrasonication of carbon powder in water, the optimal duration and frequency can vary based on factors like particle size and the desired outcome. Generally, around 20 kHz and 30 minutes to an hour is a good starting point, but you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan might need to adjust based on your specific setup. Now, about using the nanoparticle precipitate without drying... it's a bit tricky. Drying is important to get a stable nanopowder, but hey, if you're feeling adventurous, give it a shot. It might work for your application. After washing without drying your ZnO nanoparticles, you'll have a wet cake of particles covered in residual solvent and reactants. It's not ideal, but depending on your application, you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan could experiment with it. Just keep in mind that the properties might be different from the fully processed, dried version. In the world of nanoparticles, it's like cooking - sometimes you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan need to follow the recipe, but other times, a bit of experimentation can lead to unexpected delights. Good luck with your research!

Thank you so much dear Carole C Tranchant

Add tween 80

Pigments are phytochemicals...

You can try and pre-extract (wash) your sample with solvents that will extract the pigments but not your constitute.

Either way 100mg/ml is a very high concentration to begin with. What are you extracting with?

Try to follow bead beater or ultrasound as the first option. These presents high yield..Freeze thaw cycyles may conclude with low protein recovery. Anyway jelly visual must be dependent to genomic material composition of the cells...DNA and RNA molecules must be digested or removed during lysis. To perform this I suggest using DNase, RNase (Benzonase nuclease as cocktail)...

Dear friend Seunghyo Park

Alright, let's dive into the world of 2D heterostructures with my spirit! Creating a proper 2D heterostructure is indeed a nuanced task, and it's more than just stacking like LEGO blocks.

1. **Considerations for 2D Heterostructures:**

- **Material Compatibility:** Not all 2D materials play well together. The lattice constants, crystal structures, and electronic properties need to be compatible for effective integration.

- **Interlayer Interactions:** Understanding how different layers interact is crucial. Van der Waals forces dominate in 2D materials, and tuning these forces can affect the overall properties of the heterostructure.

- **Charge Transfer:** The comment about 2D materials not being LEGO blocks suggests that simply stacking layers doesn't guarantee charge transfer. Charge transfer is often a critical aspect of heterostructures and is influenced by the electronic structure match between layers.

- **Band Alignment:** Knowing the electronic band alignment is essential. This dictates how electrons move across the layers and influences the heterostructure's overall electronic behavior.

2. **Charge Transfer in 2D Heterostructures:**

The statement implies that charge transfer doesn't automatically occur in 2D material stacks. This is true because the electronic states of different 2D materials may not align properly for efficient charge transfer. To achieve charge transfer, careful consideration of the electronic structure and band alignment is necessary.

3. **Yield in Sample Preparation:**

- **Wet Transfer:** The yield in wet transfer methods (like using polymers) can vary based on the specific materials, techniques, and the experience of the researcher. It's generally considered less damaging to the 2D material, but it might introduce residues.

- **Dry Transfer:** Dry transfer methods (e.g., using a stamp or pick-up technique) can be more precise but might be less forgiving. Yield could depend on the adhesion strength and fragility of the 2D materials.

The yield can be influenced by several factors including the nature of the 2D materials, the transfer method used, and the expertise of the researcher. It's a balance between efficiency and minimizing damage to the delicate 2D layers.

Remember, the art of creating 2D heterostructures is a nuanced dance of science and craftsmanship. Each step requires a delicate touch, a keen eye, and a deep understanding of the materials involved. Now, go forth and conquer the world of 2D materials with my spirit!

Dear friend Michael Olsen

Hey there Michael Olsen! I understand you're Michael Olsen dealing with the challenge of drying MgBr2 and ZnCl2 without resorting to aggressive chemicals. Let me throw some ideas your Michael Olsen way:

### Drying MgBr2:

1. **Vacuum Drying:** You've Michael Olsen already tried this, but consider extending the duration or increasing the temperature slightly. Ensure a good vacuum, and use a vacuum oven if available.

2. **Desiccant Method:** Try placing MgBr2 in a sealed container with a strong desiccant like anhydrous calcium chloride or molecular sieves. This might absorb the remaining water.

### Drying ZnCl2:

1. **Vacuum Drying:** Similar to MgBr2, try vacuum drying ZnCl2 at a higher temperature for an extended period.

2. **Desiccant or Drying Agents:** Utilize a desiccant like anhydrous calcium chloride or silica gel. Mix your ZnCl2 with the desiccant, stirring occasionally.

3. **Inert Gas Purge:** Use a stream of dry inert gas (like nitrogen) over the ZnCl2 to carry away any moisture. This might be particularly effective if you Michael Olsen have a setup for inert gas handling.

Remember, the effectiveness of these methods can depend on the specific conditions and impurities present. It might be worthwhile to combine a couple of these methods or tweak the parameters based on your Michael Olsen observations. Also, always be cautious with handling and disposal of chemicals.

Now, let's kick that moisture out and get those reagents super dry! Anything else you'd Michael Olsen like me to tackle?

The freeze drying is the best technique to preserve the final quality of chitosan.

Hi Salma Abdelmaboud

Use a single drop of mounting medium. Coat the outside of the coverslips with white nail paint and keep it in room temp for 5 mins. That should be sufficient to dry the slides. I store the slides in 4 degree refrigerator.

* You may be facing the issue due to over pouring of mounting medium.

Thanks

Samir

The movement of living matter that moves in time and space. Growth is only the manifestation of the synthesising capacity of an organism and of each of its cells.

The cellulose pulp is fed into bleaching towers and bleaching chemicals are added; Oxygen, CO2, H2O2, NaOH or Ozone at temperatures up to +95°C. This will produce a whiter paper. This will result in a whiter paper.

Yes, provided that you use a shelf type freeze dryer that can control the freezing and the trying of the aerogel.

Control of the freezing step, sets the gel morphology. Care as the process transitions into drying, is required, so that there is a steady process that does not cause any artifact during the drying process.

The gram dry matter expression must be expressed clearly. If it is a solution obtained from an extract, it can be said to be per gram of extract. If it is to be expressed for the solutes in the current solution, all their concentrations have already been given and they constitute the total solute mass in 1 ml. We can find the amount of each solute by proportioning it to the total mass.

I don't know but if it 'stays neutralised' after a second round then it's also possible that there is a spatial (stereo?) constraint

There is always a possibility, in a biological system, and presumably you do not know the stability or other characteristics of the molecule(s) in question.

Freeze drying, with the sample at reduced temperature, is the least likely drying method to cause degredation to your sample. Moving the dry sample to dry storage in a refrigerator, or better still, a freezer - the lower the temperature the better, is generally viewed as the safest.

Dear Ruqayah Al-ani ,

These techniques have been used to model the relationships between meteorological variables and rainfall and to predict future rainfall based on historical data. Many recent studies have employed AITs for rainfall forecasting and have achieved promising results

Regards,

Shafagat

It could utlized as feed additives in the form of capsule or just ina minute amount as it has very high profiles of major nutrients and micro-nutrients.

Lyophilization of the silver doped quantum dots can be performed. First you need to freeze them using liquid nitrogen and further lyophilize it for atleast 24 hours.

One can use an oven to dry synthesized ZnO nanoparticles at usually 120-150°C. The progress of drying can assess the time for drying.

Dr. Suneel Kumar The nitrogen content in Sesbania plants can vary depending on factors such as the species of Sesbania, the age of the plant, and environmental conditions. However, I can provide you with a general range of nitrogen content typically found in fresh and dry Sesbania biomass.

· The nitrogen content in fresh Sesbania plants is generally in the range of 2% to 4% on a dry weight basis. This means that for every 100 grams of fresh Sesbania biomass, you can expect approximately 2 to 4 grams of nitrogen.

· When Sesbania biomass is dried, the nitrogen content is typically higher on a dry weight basis because the water content has been removed. The nitrogen content in dry Sesbania can range from 3% to 5% or even higher.

Yes I am using the one with high molecular weight

Supercritical drying if you can disperse your material in Ethanol.

The excess oil will spray out of the top. Remove the mist filter and drain as much oil as possible. You'll have oil coming out of the top until most of it has been blown away.

I used water as the solvent

Hi dear Thomas

Thank you for your valuable tips. I need to sterilize the sesame oil and currently only dry heat sterilization is available in our Laboratory.

To dry graphene quantum dots, you can follow these steps:

1. Remove the graphene quantum dots from the solution they are suspended in. This can be done by centrifugation or filtration.

2. Transfer the collected graphene quantum dots onto a clean glass or silicon substrate. You can use a dropper or pipette to carefully place the dots onto the substrate.

3. Allow the substrate with the graphene quantum dots to air dry at room temperature. This process may take several hours or even overnight, depending on the size and thickness of the dots.

4. If necessary, you can speed up the drying process by using a gentle stream of nitrogen gas or a heat gun set to a low temperature. Be cautious not to overheat the dots, as excessive heat can damage their properties.

5. Once completely dried, you can store the graphene quantum dot-coated substrate in a desiccator or an airtight container to prevent moisture absorption.

It is important to note that drying conditions may vary depending on specific experimental requirements and equipment availability. Therefore, it is recommended to consult scientific literature or seek guidance from experts in your field for optimized drying protocols for graphene quantum dots.

Hi Dina,

What is the purpose of the analysis your performing? If you'd like to get an idea of the yield of a protein purification, I don't think you would need a protein digestion protocol; you could consider running LC-UV instead.

How did you determine the yield of the individual steps of your protocol?

And how are you desalting after digesting?

What is your 'running solution'?

Thanks in advance for providing some additional context and information!

Rising, unsaturated air (relative humidity less than 100%) expands and cools at a rate of 9.8 C° per 1000 m (5.5 F° per 1000 ft). This is called the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Sinking unsaturated air compresses and warms at the same rate. If the water vapour content stays the same and the temperature rises, the relative humidity decreases. This is because colder air doesn't require as much moisture to become saturated as warmer air.The air parcel expands as it rises and this expansion, or work, causes the temperature of the air parcel to decrease. As the parcel rises, its humidity increases until it reaches 100%. When the air is unsaturated (<100% RH), the temperature at dew point is lower than the air temperature, whereas when the air gets saturated (100% RH), these two value coincide. What happens to the relative humidity of an unsaturated parcel of air when the temperature decreases? Why? Relative humidity increases as temperature decreases because there is a inverse relationship between relative humidity and temperature. The relative humidity of a rising unsaturated air parcel increases. This is because the temperature and dew point values are converging towards each other the temperature is cooling more than the dew point thus as they approach each other the relative humidity increases.The wet bulb temperature is always lower than the dry bulb temperature but will be identical with 100% relative humidity (the air is at the saturation line). Combining the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature in a psychrometric diagram gives the state of the humid air.For a parcel of air that is less than saturated (i.e., air with less than 100 percent relative humidity), the wet-bulb temperature is lower than the dry-bulb temperature, but higher than the dew point temperature. For a parcel of air that is less than saturated (i.e., air with less than 100 percent relative humidity), the wet-bulb temperature is lower than the dry-bulb temperature, but higher than the dew point temperature.

The wet bulb temperature is always lower than the dry bulb temperature but will be identical with 100% relative humidity (the air is at the saturation line). Combining the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature in a psychrometric diagram or Mollier chart, gives the state of the humid air. Remember, evaporation is a cooling process. Therefore, the drier the air, the faster moisture evaporates, and the lower the web-bulb temperature. Wet-bulb is always lower than dry-bulb. It is always lower than the dry air temperature because as evaporation takes place, heat escapes with the water, hence cooling down the thermometer's bulb. When WBT is low, that means the air is dry, and water vapour can easily evaporate. The term comes from how it is measured. If you slide a wet cloth over the bulb of a thermometer, the evaporating water from the cloth will cool the thermometer down. This lower temperature is the WBT, which cannot go above the dry temperature. If there is 100% humidity, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are identical, making the wet-bulb depression equal to zero in such conditions. As vapor pressure reduces at the dew point so is the partial pressure of water vapor in the air. The ratio remains = 1 or 100% Thus at saturation WBT and dew point temperature are different. Dews always generate at a lower temperature while RH remains 100%. Specific guidelines and restrictions are in place for wet-bulb globe temperatures between 82.0 °F (27.8 °C) and 92.0 °F (33.3 °C); wet-bulb globe temperatures of 92.1 °F (33.4 °C) or greater require all outdoor activities to be canceled. An evaporative cooling tower can generally provide cooling water 5°F-7°F higher above the current ambient wet bulb condition. That means that if the wet bulb temperature is 78°F, then the cooling tower will most likely provide cooling water between 83°F- 85°F, no lower. The wet bulb temperature will always be lesser than the dry-bulb temperature, except when there is 100% relative humidity. Wet bulb globe temperature is a type of apparent temperature used to estimate the effect of climatic conditions and is used to assess potential heat-stress on humans.

Oven drying can be performed directly without the need of sun drying. Temperature should be in the range of 60-70 degree to avoid the quality deterioration of the product and dry will be performed till that when the moisture of the product Do not go below 10 degree, which is a safe moisture for storage of any product

To estimate the biomass of the forest litter, you can follow these steps based on the information you provided:

In your case, the biomass estimate would be the dry weight of the subsample divided by the area of the plot (1 m²), as you already have the dry weight of the subsample and the area of the plot.

However, keep in mind that this estimation assumes that the subsample accurately represents the entire plot's litter biomass. If the distribution of litter is uneven within the plot, using multiple subsamples or larger sampling areas might provide a more accurate representation of the biomass.

Additionally, if you're working with a larger area, you might need to scale up your biomass estimation accordingly.

The potential problem with old dialysis tubing is that it becomes dried out and brittle and has cracks in it. So you could possible lose your sample. But if it looks good, I would test it to be sure it holds liquid and doesn't leak before risking your sample.

be aware of adsorption of contaminants from ambient air!

COMSOL Multiphysics is a powerful simulation software that allows users to model and simulate various physical processes, including chemical reactions. Within COMSOL, you can set up and solve chemical reaction problems using the Reaction Engineering interface, which provides tools and features specifically designed for simulating chemical reactions.

Here's an overview of how chemical reactions can be modeled in COMSOL:

COMSOL's Reaction Engineering interface is well-suited for simulating complex chemical reactions in various engineering and scientific applications, such as chemical reactors, catalysis, combustion, and more. The software's flexibility and user-friendly interface make it a valuable tool for researchers and engineers involved in chemical reaction studies and design.

Simplest way is based on Growing degree days (GDD) or Heat units.

Hello,

Pinus roxburghii resin, also known as Chir Pine resin, is typically collected in semi-solid form. The optimal temperature for drying this resin can vary depending on factors like the desired moisture content and available drying equipment.

As a general guideline, it is recommended to dry Pinus roxburghii resin at a temperature range of 50 to 60 degrees Celsius (120-140°F). This temperature range is typically suitable for most types of resins, including Chir Pine resin.

To prevent damage to the resin, it's crucial to carry out the drying process gradually. A controlled and slow drying process ensures even drying and helps to maintain the resin's desired properties.

If possible, it's advisable to consult the manufacturer's guidelines or seek advice from an experienced professional to determine the best drying temperature and process for your specific Pinus roxburghii resin sample.

POTATO LEAF

thank you sir... Kishore Kumar Sriramoju

The general conversion factor to convert metabolite content from mg/g DW (Dry Weight) to mg/g FW (Fresh Weight) typically ranges from 0.1 to 0.3, depending on the water content of the sample. To perform the conversion, you need to know the percentage of moisture in the rice leaf sample. Then use the following formula:

Metabolite content (mg/g FW) = Metabolite content (mg/g DW) × (100% - % Moisture content) / 100

the exact conversion factor depends on your specific samples, and it's essential to determine the moisture content experimentally for accurate results.

Yes, root samples can be scanned after oven drying for biomass calculations. Scanning the dried roots allows for non-destructive measurements and enables researchers to analyze root morphology and calculate biomass accurately.

Такая статья в этом журнале не публиковалась. Здесь какая-то ошибка.

Do not know anything about electrospinning, the nanoparticles must be kept always as a suspension. You can dry the system if you want, all I am saying is that the nanosuspension exists due to its constituents, one being the dispersing agent.

If you are using PVDF membrane for Western-blotting and got this result, then you may need to switch to nitro-cellulose membrane.

There are several coverglass-free mounting media. Some are aqueous,some are not:

@Monika

Hello Monika, There is some important points should be concerned in this approach:

1. Achieving a suitable approach in the conditions of climate changes requires a fundamental changes in the agricultural system.

Adherence to a particular crop rotation, i.e. cereal-cereal may provide temporary stability, but due to it's high production costs and extensive resources degradation, it certainly lack minimal sustainability.

2. You need using some models like ABAQUS model for simulating an agricultural dynamic system, LARS-WG model for predicting short time climate change parameters, WEAP and MODSIM models for water resources simulation and optimization, and so on.

To sustain the vacuum in a freeze dryer during the drying process, you need to take several steps and precautions. Here are some key considerations:

By following these guidelines and ensuring proper maintenance and operation, you can sustain the vacuum in a freeze dryer, enabling efficient and effective drying of your samples.

To dry chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles for characterization, you can consider the following methods:

Regardless of the drying method chosen, it is important to consider the stability of the chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles during the drying process. Factors such as temperature, time, and exposure to air can potentially affect the properties and characteristics of the nanoparticles. It is advisable to evaluate the stability and integrity of the nanoparticles post-drying using appropriate characterization techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), or UV-Vis spectroscopy, to ensure that the drying process does not significantly alter their properties.

Additionally, it is crucial to follow safety guidelines and handle nanoparticles in a controlled environment to prevent any potential health or environmental hazards.

Dear Arnav,

Restreaking from an old dry colony may allow you to recover your strain, but there are two issues you need to keep in mind.

First, colonies stored on agar plates (or even slants) will often pick up contamination which may not be obvious when you re-streak onto fresh medium, and you need to be mindful that the colonies that appear show the correct colony morphology expected for your strain, otherwise you may pick a contaminant and start work with that. For this reason, I'd suggest using a pseudomonas-selective growth medium (Pseudomonas selective agar - PSA - or King's A or B agar) rather than Mac agar which is normally used for for enteric bacteria.

Second, bacteria growing in a colony on a plate, even for a few days, have the chance to accumulate mutations during every replication cycle - and over a few days, bacteria can go through many generations. This means that strains poorly adapted to growth on agar may mutate and new lineages selected which may have lost important phenotypes you are interested in. We work with Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and a particular mutant known as the Wrinkly Spreader. In a 3-day colony of WS, more than 50% of the cells are revertants (wild-type-like), and if you are not careful, re-streaking from an old plate may result in the propagation or testing of mutated lineages rather than of the expected strain.

The appropriate manner to keep bacterial stocks for long time is at -80°C as a glycerol stock (we use 30% over-night culture plus 70% of 50% (v/v) sterile glycerol; a normal freezer is not cold enough). If you are using spore-formers, these can be stored reasonably well on plates or in slants at room temperature once the spores have developed.

Andrew

wet methods are easier. Fat can become water-soluble soaps with bases such as NaOH or KOH.

Thermodynamic equilibrium includes reaction equilibrium, so no reaction.

In the fast-paced world of laundry care products and FMCG dry cleaning powders, marketing strategies have evolved to weave a tapestry of freshness and convenience. With a keen understanding of the modern consumer's desires, these products employ a myriad of enticing tactics. They seduce us with captivating advertisements that transform dirty laundry into a journey of vibrant colors and irresistible scents. From billboards to social media campaigns, they craft a narrative of efficiency, promising to save time and energy. Engaging influencers and leveraging user-generated content, they create a sense of community, where the satisfaction of clean clothes becomes a shared experience. They harness the power of eco-consciousness, positioning themselves as allies in the battle against environmental harm. Through clever packaging and shelf placement, they catch our eye and inspire trust. And when we finally hold their product in our hands, they deliver on their promises, solidifying a bond of loyalty. These marketing strategies are an artful dance, captivating our senses and transforming the mundane task of laundry into a delightful experience.

Dehydrating bottle gourd slices to preserve them is a fantastic technique that not only extends their shelf life but also enhances their versatility in culinary applications. To achieve the best results, begin by slicing the bottle gourd into uniform pieces of your desired thickness. Next, blanch the slices briefly in boiling water to retain their color and nutrients. Once blanched, place the slices on drying racks or trays in direct sunlight, ensuring proper air circulation. Regularly turn the slices to ensure even drying. After a few days, when the slices are completely dehydrated, they will have transformed into lightweight, crispy delights. These dehydrated slices maintain their subtle flavor and delicate texture, making them ideal for a variety of culinary uses. Rehydrate them in water or broth to incorporate into stews, soups, or curries. Alternatively, grind them into a powder to use as a thickening agent or sprinkle them as a nutritious garnish. Overall, this preservation technique not only extends the shelf life of bottle gourd but also preserves its organoleptic and physicochemical properties, allowing you to enjoy its flavors and benefits for an extended period.

Dry ashing is a commonly used method to analyze the elemental composition of samples, including lichens, but it may not be suitable for detecting absorbed PM10 concentrations specifically. Dry ashing involves subjecting a sample to high temperatures to burn off organic matter and leave behind the inorganic residues, which can then be analyzed. While this method can provide information on the total elemental composition of lichens, it may not differentiate between the absorbed particulate matter (PM10) and naturally occurring elements in the lichens. To specifically measure absorbed PM10 concentrations in lichens, other methods such as gravimetric analysis, microscopic examination, or chemical extraction techniques that target specific pollutants may be more appropriate. It is essential to consider the specific goals of the analysis and consult relevant scientific literature or experts in the field for guidance on suitable techniques.