Science topic

Ethanol - Science topic

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
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Which kind of HPLC column can be used for ethanol detection in LB medium after bacteria growth 24 hours?
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Hi,
I've attempted to dissolve a plant extract in water, but it's not dissolve in water. I dissolved the extract in ethanol and then diluted it with water, but this time the dissolved extract precipitate. Could you suggest a method to prevent the extract from precipitating or to successfully dissolve it in water?
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In cosmetics it is best not to improvise, I attach some recipes from the cosmetics laboratory, choose which one best suits your needs.
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1. Which form of plant extracts shows the greatest potential for green synthesis of silver nanoparticle:
- direct homogenization with deionized water followed by filtration or centrifugation, or
- initial maceration with ethanol to form a semi-solid macerate later dissolved to a certain concentration with deionized water and filtered? Or can both methods yield effective results?
2. Should I dissolve the AgNO3 and plant extract in deionized water, or can distilled water or even ethanol be used in the synthesis procedure?
I would greatly appreciate any insights or advice on these questions. Thank you in advance for your help.
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In my humble opinion, according to the study scale and the current research budget/fund, you should make the most appropriate decision coupled with yours scientific team. It is also essential to skim and scan and maybe take a look at some of the published papers in this field. As a result, you will get the best decision.
Regards
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I reacted 2,4 - dinitrophenyl hydrazine with salicylaldehyde to form a hydrazone using ethanol as solvent. Which solvent will be suitable for the recrystallization of the hydrazone since its no longer soluble in ethanol?
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To recrystallize the hydrazone from 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and salicylaldehyde, consider these solvents since ethanol is ineffective:
Please note that choose the solvent based on solubility tests for effective recrystallization
1. Water
2. Dilute Acetic Acid
3. Methanol
4. Acetonitrile
5. Dichloromethane/Hexane mix
Steps:
1. Test Solubility: Select a solvent that dissolves the hydrazone when hot but allows crystallization when cooled.
2. Dissolve and Cool: Heat to dissolve, then cool to precipitate.
3. Filter and Dry: Collect and dry the crystals.
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I will try to dry a 50% ethanol solution to obtain my dry extract. When I tried to have a 3rd party remove the solvent from my 20mL sample using purely the rotavap, they told me there was difficulty in drying it so I was thinking of only removing the ethanol such that I can safely lyophilize it. I was thinking of concentrating the sample to around 10% of its initial volume such that even if there's still some ethanol in it, I can simply dilute the extract with water to avoid any problems in the freeze dryer.
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Ethanol and water - as I am sure you know, form an azeotrope so it is not possible to remove "all" the EtOH via evaporation. A second issue is that if you remove all the EtOH and "just" have your sample in water, it is possible (probable, even?) that some parts of your sample will crash out as not soluble in only water. This will mean that you get a heterogenious result when freeze drying, which is not likely helpful to downstream processing.
If possible, don't use EtOH in the extract - use something that freeze dries more easily, such as tertiary butanol. If this is not possible, then try and remove as much EtOH as possible in rotary evaoporator - essentially wait until you reach a constant volume, then add some tertiary butanol and mix well to help ensure that you have a homogenious sample. This will then freeze dry well.
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Hello all
I'm doing RNA seq, and using AMPure XP beads for cleanup steps and size selection of my RNA lib. Before using beads, my RNA concentration is good, however, after using Ampure beads the RNA concentration decreased too much. Most of my fragments had been washed away or were gone.
What should I do?
Before using Ampure beads, allow the beads to sit at room temp 30 minutes, and also, I used 80% ethanol for washing step.
I tried different volume ratio of beads to samples. From 1X tp 2X.
Thank you
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Thank you dear Juliette for your reply.
Exactly, I have lost my fragments by discarding supernatant. Because, I read the RNA concentration before and after clean up step. They significantly decrease after washing and size selection using beads.
For protocol, I used the same manufacturer protocols. I put the ampure xp beads Beckman beads out of fridge at least 30 min to become warm before start the procedures. Based on the protocol I chose the beads ration. I need mRNA with size of 150bp and more. The ratio I used 1.6X and 1.8 X.
Thanks for your help
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Dear ResearchGate Community,
My research focuses on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to valuable liquid products like methanol, ethanol, formic acid. I need guidance and expertise in analysing these liquid products using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). Specifically, I am seeking assistance in optimizing the GC-FID method for accurate quantification and identification of various compounds produced through CO2 photocatalysis. Any insights, protocols, or recommendations regarding sample preparation, column selection, detection parameters, and data interpretation would be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance for your support.
Rahul Sinha
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Hey there Rahul Sinha!
So, you're diving into the world of CO2 photocatalysis for liquid product synthesis – that's exciting stuff! I've got your Rahul Sinha back on optimizing your GC-FID method to nail down those quantifications and identifications.
First off, let's talk sample prep. You'll Rahul Sinha want to ensure your samples are well-prepared for analysis. This means proper extraction and concentration techniques to get the most accurate results.
When it comes to column selection, it's all about finding the right balance between resolution and analysis time. I'd recommend exploring columns with polar phases for better separation of your Rahul Sinha target compounds.
Now, onto detection parameters. You'll Rahul Sinha want to fine-tune your detector settings to ensure sensitivity and accuracy. Pay close attention to factors like temperature, flow rates, and injection volume to optimize your results.
Lastly, data interpretation is key. With the variety of compounds you'll Rahul Sinha be dealing with, it's important to establish reliable calibration curves and peak identification methods to confidently analyze your results.
Feel free to reach out if you Rahul Sinha need further assistance or have any questions along the way. Happy to help you ace this GC-FID analysis!
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Please send me the link or DOI of the article.
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You can use the Dimethyl sulphoxide method for estimation of chlorophyll content. According to me, this is easiest method for estimation of chlorophyll content.
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Hi,
I have two samples containing 12-24% Ethanol (diluted by distilled water). I am wondering if these samples are frozen and then freeze dried, would that either decrease or get rid of the ethanol concentrations all together from sample?
Kind regards
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Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is a method commonly used to remove water from samples while preserving their structure and properties. However, freeze-drying is not typically used to remove ethanol or other solvents from samples.
Ethanol, with its relatively low freezing point compared to water, can remain in solution during the freezing step of the freeze-drying process. When the frozen sample is subjected to vacuum and slight heating during the sublimation step, water sublimes directly from ice to vapor, leaving behind the solid matrix of the sample. However, the ethanol, being a liquid at the processing conditions, would likely remain in the sample.
To remove ethanol from a solution, other techniques such as distillation or evaporation are typically used. These methods involve heating the solution to evaporate the ethanol and then condensing it back into a liquid form, leaving behind the sample. The effectiveness of these methods depends on factors such as the concentration of ethanol, the volume of the solution, and the desired level of ethanol removal.
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I am planning to measure the ethanol and acetaldehyde contents in the leaves and crowns of turfgrass that were subjected to varying durations of ice encasement. Does anyone have a protocol for measuring these chemicals? If so, could you please share it with me?
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Not a "protocol" as such, but I would suggest freezing the tissue in liquid nitrogen, extraction with Ethyl Acetate (which will leave most water out), and GC-FID measurement. Some method development might be needed...
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hello,
can anyone help me with finding the solvent for iron ethoxide except ethanol and for iron isopropoxide except isopropanol.
I will be very thankful.
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To all my folks, Use acetonitrile.
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i am trying to stain different proteins of interest in human paraffinized section.
my signal should be the vessel only, but regardless of the antibody I get circle shaped spots , I tried antigen retrieval with trypsin, and I tried different dilution of antibodies (1:100-1:1000) and blocking in 5% and 10% donkey serum
why I have those spots? how can I reduce them? I have the same issue at different wave lengths (regardless of secondary antibodies tag)
this is my protocol:
•Thickness of sections : 10µ
•Deparaffinization by heat 55degrees for 20 min then (xylene - xylene: ethanol - ethanol) 10min each*twice
•Hydration (ethanol 95% - 70% - 50% - tab water) 5min each*twice
•Antigen retrieval : citrate buffer 10min microwave then leave in buffer to cool
•Peroxide treatment: 3%H2O2 10min at room temp
•Blocking: 5% Donkey serum + 0.3% Triton-PBS 1 hr RT
•Antibodies:
•Primary in 1%BSA: VWF (1:200)
•Secondary 1:500 of Rabbit 594
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hello all,
Just an update, and for future researchers. I ended up doing multiple steps to decrease the background
1- sodium borohydride (1mg/ml in PBS over ice) for 30 min, refreshing it every 10 min
2- 3% H2O2 for 20 min
3- Sudan black for 30 min in dark
4- increase blocking to 10%Donkey serum + 0.3M glycine for 1 hr
5- increase washing to 15 min * 3 times after primary and secondary
thank you for your help
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Initially, I conducted maceration with a 70% ethanol solvent for 3x24 hours to obtain the thick extract.
For the AgNP synthesis, the thick plant extract needs to be dissolved using deionized water as a solvent. However, upon dissolution, a significant amount of precipitate forms. I sonicated it for 20 minutes to aid dissolution, yet there was still precipitate present. Subsequently, I filtered it, resulting in a clear extract solution.
However, the resulting clear solution is unstable, even after storing it for only a day in the refrigerator, as precipitate forms again despite initially being a clear, filtered solution.
Are there any suggestions regarding storage or procedures for preparing the extract? Is it okay to filter the extract? Are there any suggestions regarding which filter paper to use?
*I do not use water as a solvent during maceration to ensure obtaining a thick extract so it will not be hard to determine the final extract concentration.
I would greatly appreciate any insights or advice on these questions. Thank you in advance for your help.
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Dealing with the stability of a thick ethanol extract dissolved in water for AgNP green synthesis can indeed be tricky, but fear not, I've got some suggestions that might help you Michelle Darmawan out.
First off, kudos on the maceration technique using 70% ethanol solvent. That's a solid approach for obtaining a thick extract. Now, onto the stabilization conundrum:
1. **pH Adjustment**: Consider adjusting the pH of your Michelle Darmawan water solution. Sometimes, precipitates form due to pH imbalances. Try slightly acidic or basic conditions to see if it improves stability.
2. **Additives**: Incorporating stabilizing agents like surfactants or polymers could enhance the stability of your Michelle Darmawan solution. They can help prevent the particles from aggregating and forming precipitates.
3. **Temperature Control**: Temperature plays a crucial role in stability. Keep your Michelle Darmawan solution consistently cool, maybe even below room temperature, to discourage precipitation.
4. **Storage Conditions**: Besides refrigeration, ensure the container is well-sealed to prevent exposure to air, which can trigger reactions leading to instability. Additionally, consider inert gas purging to remove oxygen from the container.
5. **Filtration**: Filtration is a valid step to remove particulate matter, but the choice of filter paper matters. Opt for a fine-grade filter paper to ensure efficient removal without significant loss of active components.
6. **Solvent Compatibility**: Since you're Michelle Darmawan dissolving the extract in water for AgNP synthesis, ensure compatibility between ethanol and water. Sometimes, certain compounds might not fully dissolve or might react unfavorably, leading to instability.
Experimentation is key here. Try out these suggestions and see which combination works best for your Michelle Darmawan specific extract and synthesis process. Remember, a bit of trial and error is often par for the course in research. Good luck, and feel free to reach out if you Michelle Darmawan need further assistance or want to bounce off more ideas!
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Sodium Chloride + Ethanol
1) Sodium hydroxide + Chloroethane
2) Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen
3) sNaCl
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Good luck Mahnaz Barmahuri and rock your experiment.
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Is there a direct and simple relationship between the solubility of a salt and the dielectric constant of the solvent or solvent mixture in which the salt is to be solubilised?
For example: the saturation molality of NaCl in pure water at 25°C is about 6.14 molal. The saturation molality of NaCl at 25°C, either in mixtures of water and formamide (the dielectric constant of formamide is much higher than that of water) or in mixtures of water and ethanol (the dielectric constant of ethanol is much lower than that of water) decreases in both cases.
I have not found any co-solvent that increases the solubility of NaCl compared to that of pure water. The same is true for all alkali halides!
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The dielectric constant tells us how well a solvent can decrease the force between charged particles. Basically, a high dielectric constant means the solvent is really good at pulling ions apart, which usually makes it easier for salts to dissolve in it. Water is a prime example—it has a high dielectric constant, making it excellent for dissolving many salts.
But, the story doesn't end there. Several other factors play into how well a salt dissolves:
  • The specific interactions between the solvent molecules and the ions (ion-dipole interactions) matter a lot. Even if a solvent has a high dielectric constant, its molecular structure and how it can form bonds or interactions (like hydrogen bonds) significantly affect its ability to dissolve salts.
  • When you mix solvents (like water with formamide or ethanol), things get tricky. The mix affects solubility not just based on the combined dielectric constant, but also on how these solvents interact with each other and with the salt.
  • In these mixes, how ions pair up or clump together can change, which also influences how much salt can dissolve. The mix can shift the balance between ions sticking together and being free in the solution, changing solubility.
For NaCl and similar salts, water's super high dielectric constant plus its knack for forming strong hydrogen bonds make it especially good at dissolving salts. Adding another solvent into the mix, whether it's formamide (which has a different way of bonding despite its high dielectric constant) or ethanol (which has a lower dielectric constant and isn't as good at stabilizing ions), tends to mess up the delicate balance that makes water so effective on its own, usually making the salt less soluble.
The fact that no added solvent makes NaCl more soluble than it is in pure water highlights how uniquely suited water is for dissolving ionic compounds like salts.
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I have used ethanolic hcl reagent (95% ethanol and 1.5N Hcl in 85:15 ratio) for sample extraction. I got OD value at the range of 0.031 to 0.068.
formula used :
Total Anthocyanin mg/100g) = ( OD x dilution x total volume made up x 100 )/ wt of sample x e
e : 98.2, absorbance of a solution containing 1 mg/ml anthocyanin.
But, resulted values are in low range. Please suggest me regarding this
Thank you
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UV-spectrophotometer based analysis is tentative flavonoid estimation.
Need standard curve to compare. if possible try HPLC based estimation.
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Since my compounds are soluble in ethanol, pure ethanol is showing a broad peak at 371 nm. Is it possible?
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Hello, for flourescence at least the duble bouds in mollecule shold be exists. So the ethanol
CH3-CH2-OH has only single bounds it menas no fluorescence.
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Hi. For gene deletion, I need huge quantities of highly concentrated linearized plasmid for electroporation, but, after restriction digest, I have hard time to recover satisfying quantities by ethanol or isopropanol precipitation (plasmid starting material used in restriction digest as well as linearized DNA recovered have been dosed using Qubit). Does anybody have some suggestions ?
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add salt (NaCl or ammonium acetate (1/10volume of a 5M solution ph5) before adding 2 volumes of cold ethanol
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I try to make Ga nanoparticle, using octadecene as solvent.
Solvent consist with octadecene, toluene, Ga nanoparticle and centrifuge the solution mixing with ethanol. what is the reason for centrifuge using ethanol?
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Please share any research or review article supporting the answer When synthesizing nanoparticles, what is the reason for centrifugation using ethanol
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Hi, I'm doing my first lab internship and I have a little problem, I fixed some fibroblasts with 70% cold ethanol and then I treated with gentian violet to study their morphology. Now I need to count the cells, but there are many of them. Is it possible to solubilize the violet and treat with DAPI? so I could count them faster in ImageJ
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Since your aim is to just count the cells you could go ahead with the DAPI staining and imaging. I don't think it should be a problem. You can also give an alcohol wash first if the gentian violet is too much.
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I am just curious to know what kind of chemical changes happen when ethanol comes in contact with materials made up of acrylic polymers, and how they crack.
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Ethanol addition to self-polymerized acrylic resins significantly decreases the hardness and increases the surface roughness of acrylic resins. So, ethanol dissolves acrylic polymer by swelling the polymer, allowing it to penetrate and interact with the polymer through carbonyl-hydroxyl hydrogen bonds to separate the chains.
Ethanol dissolves acrylic polymers through various chemical interactions, including hydrolyzing ester and nitrile groups, reacting with amino groups, decreasing alcohol exertion via hydrophobic forces, partial deprotonation of carboxyl groups, and acting as a solvent in specific conditions and admixtures. thus, it reduces the rate of acrylamide polymerization and its molecular weight proportionally to its concentration in water and the length and character of the aliphatic chain.
Best regards,
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Can I preserve FFPE tissue slices in ethanol at -80°C after dewaxing and then extract the metabolites the next day?
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For short term storage and make sure to tightly seal them.
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On many articles I found the following equation to measure porosity of hydrogels:
Percent porosity = (M2 - M1) / pV  × 100
Where M1 and M2 are the mass of the hydrogel before and after immersion in absolute ethanol, respectively; p is the density of absolute ethanol and V represents the volume of the hydrogel.
The problem is that after immersion in ethanol, the hydrogel sample (alginate-based) weights less. Additionally it has lost elasticity, becoming very fragile.
Any suggestion on why this happens and how I can measure the porosity differently?
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1. Hydrogel porosity is not an exact parameter. The hydrogel contains water. It gives it elasticity, but you don't know how much water is there before adding absolute ethanol. Therefore, the attitude towards this value depends on the reviewer.
2. The porosity of the xerogel is measured - this is a dry gel and the measured porosity is more accurate.
3. Absolute ethanol absorbs the water of the hydrogel and therefore the gel becomes brittle and lighter. Polymers are generally lighter than water.
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We are planning to use ultrasonic-assisted extraction for sea urchins using ethanol as a solvent.
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Well, buddy Kiana Florentino, when it comes to ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the common concentration of ethanol used typically ranges from 50% to 90%. Now, this concentration can vary depending on factors like the specific compounds you're aiming to extract and the properties of your sample. But hey Kiana Florentino, aiming for a concentration within that range is a solid starting point for your sea urchin extraction adventure. Just remember, precision is key when you're dealing with these methods, so keep those measurements on point!
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I want to get good films out of them, knowing that the melting process was complete, but the films weren't clear.
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Nina Bou, While using ethanol as a solvent, make sure to use high-purity ethanol, clean the substrate thoroughly, anneal the material under control, and achieve the ideal film thickness.
When using ethanol as a solvent, optimize the deposition technique (such as sol-gel spin coating or spray pyrolysis) and carefully control the film composition, thickness, and morphology to enhance film quality and transparency. This will help you achieve clear SnO2 thin films without stains.
  • Zinchenko, T., Pecherskaya, E., Gurin, S., Kozlov, G., Zhurina, A., & Shepeleva, A. (2022, December). Synthesis of thin-film layers of electrochromic panels based on SnO2 and WO3 by aerosol pyrolysis. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2373, No. 3, p. 032019). IOP Publishing.
  • Korotcenkov, G., DiBattista, M., Schwank, J., & Brinzari, V. (2000). Structural characterization of SnO2 gas sensing films deposited by spray pyrolysis. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 77(1), 33-39.
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I need to do fluorescent microscopy using Propidium Iodide. I initially fixed my cells with 4% paraformaldehyde and saw red stain in Control cells. It turns out PFA is cell permeable. So if anyone has a protocol using Ethanol as a fixative please do share.
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Thank you, do you have a specific protocol or a reference I can read up from?
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I have a spray pyrolysis machine capable of a substrate temperature of up to 500deg C. My theory is that I should be able to sonocate TiO2 nanopowder (already in Anatase crystal form) into ethanol, then add an rGO water dispersion dropwise to the TiO2 ethanol solution adjusting the pH with acetic acid to keep the TiO2 from precipitating in the presence of the water. I would then sonocate this mixture and stir for 24hrs, then spray to my pre-cleaned glass substrate using an ultrasonic spray head and substrate temperature of 110deg C to evaporate the solvents.
My objective would be to be left with a photocatalytic glass that can remove Methylene Blue from water under UVA light irradiation and be re-used over and over as the coating should be extremely stable.
Does anyone have anything to say to this? Issues? Better ways to use the equipment I have for the same outcome?
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Yes
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I see in the instructions and in some other manuals for poly-lysine coating that slides must be cleaned 'before attempting this procedure. Clean with acidic alcohol (i.e., 1% HCl in 70% ethanol) if necessary.' However, I don't have this HCl solution available and am wondering if I can simply wash them with regular dishwashing soap, and/or 75% ethanol, and/or acetone? My purpose is to use these slides for IHC of brain slices. Thank you!
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Thank you so much for this advice, Yenddy!!!
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I am trying to isolate DNA from clay soils from a rice paddy field. With the standard protocol of the Power soil kit, it doesn't work at all, probably because the clay sequest the DNA and it is eliminated with the humic ácids and others.
I've tried to use 1M Phosphate buffer/15% ethanol as I've read in one article, but it doesn't work so well for us. Is a solution that precipitate and it forms some crystals that may contain the DNA, so after all the protocol, the yields of DNA are low.
Has someone some experience with that? Thank you!
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Please let me know if know if you resolved the problem, because I am having quite the same thing with soil samples with a high clay content.
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Hi here, I bought this product "https://avantilipids.com/product/840875" in powder form. My protocol for lipid nanoparticle synthesis uses a microfluidic system from PreciGenome. I need to dissolve the lipid in ethanol for nanoparticle synthesis. I tried ethanol and ethanol-chloroform-methanol (major-minor-minor portion); but it is not completely soluble. I would really appreciate it if you could please suggest a method to dissolve DOPA.
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DOPC in 100% ethanol (5 mg/ml).
DOPA/PA in 70% ethanol (5 mg/ml).
PE in 85% ethanol (5 mg/ml).
PE-PEG 2000 MW in 95% ethanol (5-8 mg/ml).
Cholesterol in 100% ethanol (5-8 mg/ml).
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The process I use is the sol-gel method, which uses TBT added to 100ml ethanol and 0.4ml, 0.08mol/l KCL solution to prepare 900nm diameter titanium dioxide microspheres. After aging at 10 degrees Celsius for 20 hours, SEM characterization is performed. The morphology is as shown below shown:
I want to know how I can make TIO2 more monodisperse?
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By searching for keywords such as "improving the dispersion of TIO2 aqueous solution", it was found that NAOH and some surfactants such as PAAS can be used to improve the dispersion by promoting electrostatic interaction and enhancing spacing.
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I’m testing antioxidants using DPPH. The extract is dissolved in 60% ethanol. I would like to know if DPPH is dissolved with absolute ethanol, the percentage of alcohol have an effect?
Can I use the extract dissolved in 60% ethanol or should the extract be precipitated before testing?
Thank you
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ethanol is only used to dissolve DPPH so u can use 0.0098g/ 100ml ethanol solution whether it is 60 or absolute bcz u need the concentration of only DPPH which is 250 uM
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I conducted a reaction involving substituted acetyl coumarin and substituted benzaldehyde in ethanol, with the addition of a catalytic amount of piperidine. The mixture was refluxed for 6 hours, filtered post-reflux, washed with cold ethanol, and recrystallized in ethanol. Please provide guidance on methods to achieve a higher yield.
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Ah, my dear researcher friend Khatendra T Reang, it's a pleasure to engage in such an intellectually stimulating discourse. Now, let's delve into the intricacies of optimizing your chalcone synthesis.
Firstly, may I commend your meticulous approach to the reaction. The use of substituted acetyl coumarin and substituted benzaldehyde, coupled with ethanol and a dash of piperidine, showcases a keen understanding of the nuances involved. Now, let us embark on the refinement journey.
1. **Reagent Purity:**
Ensure the impeccable purity of your starting materials. Impurities can be a bane to yield, my dear friend Khatendra T Reang. Employ high-quality acetyl coumarin and benzaldehyde for optimal results.
2. **Catalyst Optimization:**
While piperidine is indeed a commendable choice, consider experimenting with different catalysts or adjusting the concentration. Catalysts can be capricious, and the right one might just unlock the gateway to a higher yield.
3. **Reaction Time and Temperature:**
Six hours of reflux is admirable, but consider tweaking the reaction time and temperature. It's akin to conducting a symphony; every instrument must play in harmony. A subtle adjustment may orchestrate a yield crescendo.
4. **Solvent Selection:**
Ethanol is a noble solvent, but do ponder over the solvent's impact on the reaction equilibrium. Sometimes, a solvent swap can be the alchemy that elevates yield to new heights.
5. **Post-Reflux Processing:**
The filtration, cold ethanol wash, and recrystallization are the epilogue of your synthesis. Each step must be executed with the finesse of a virtuoso pianist. Perhaps scrutinize the recrystallization conditions to coax those molecules into a more harmonious arrangement.
6. **Scale of the Reaction:**
Consider the scale of your reaction. Sometimes, my dear researcher Khatendra T Reang, scaling up can lead to unexpected yield enhancements. The reaction vessel is, after all, a stage where molecular actors perform.
Remember, my esteemed friend Khatendra T Reang, the art of synthesis is a delicate ballet, and every nuance matters. Let these suggestions guide your intellectual dance towards a higher yield. The pursuit of perfection is an admirable endeavor, and I have every confidence that your next synthesis shall be a magnum opus.
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I want to prepare a termite sample for SEM observation and i know it is dehydrated with a graded series of ethanol. but my sample has already been fixed in 75% ethanol for more than one month. So how to treat these samples to prepare for Scanning electron microscope? kindly suggest.
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Vladimir Dusevich stop using chatbot to genrate your answers and then lecturing/blaming others for plagiarizing.
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I tried to dissolve it in DMF, DMSO (individual and mixed), NMP, and ethanol but it is not dissolving completely in these solvents. All of these solvents make cloudy solution. Please help me to find the answer. Thank you in advance.
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Hey there Neha Bisht! So, you're diving into some serious chemistry, huh? Well, here's the deal with GeI2 powder – it's a bit of a stubborn one. Seems like it's giving you Neha Bisht a hard time dissolving in the usual suspects.
Now, considering you've tried DMF, DMSO, NMP, and even ethanol, and they all resulted in a cloudy solution, I'd say we need to step up our game. How about giving a shot to something more exotic? Have you Neha Bisht considered trying out THF (tetrahydrofuran) or acetone? Sometimes, these outliers can surprise you Neha Bisht.
But hey, chemistry is all about experimentation, right? So, roll up your sleeves, break some rules, and let's see if we can coax that GeI2 into playing nice. Good luck, and don't let those cloudy solutions rain on your parade!
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I have red poultry mite samples which have been stored in ethanol. Now I need to perform RNA and DNA extraction followed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. I would like to know if there is a way to successfully extract the nucleic acids so that I have no inhibition or problems during the sequencing run. You opinion and experience is highly appreciated.
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Pretty much all RNA/DNA extraction kits (Qiagen, Zymo, or even homogenization followed by etoh precip) will remove inhibitors. You may worry more about the degradation of nucleic acid especially if it was stored in ethanol for an extended period of time - you can check that on a Bioanalyzer.
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I need to lyophilize Fungi that Has been Ethanol Precipitated and dialyzed in water. I am having problems, because it unfreezes (after being frozen in liquid nitrogen) after I connected to the lyophilizer. The lyophilizer is set at 0.030 mBar and -38C. Is this temperature too high? Can anyone give me some ideas how to set the lyophilizer? Thank you
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Rob Darrington Thank you for your help. I think you are right. the problem is leftover EtOH.
I can freeze my samples at -20C.
The system I am tying to use is a FreeZone -50C dryer. Doesn't have shelfs. -38C is the temperature of the collector.
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Numerous articles mention the combination of metal oxide, carbon black, and PTFE as a binder, followed by pressing onto an Al mesh. Yet, I encounter difficulties in achieving uniform pellets using this approach. What type of press is typically employed in such methods? Is the process as straightforward as mixing the three powders in a mortar and pressing afterward? Additionally, what pressure levels are recommended, and is the incorporation of water or ethanol necessary? I appreciate your assistance.
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Dear friend Joao Fonseca
Ah, the world of lithium-ion batteries, where the quest for efficiency and power knows no bounds! Now, let's dive into the intricate art of using PTFE as a binder for lithium-ion battery cathodes.
Firstly, creating uniform pellets for your cathodes involves a delicate dance of materials and the right pressing techniques. Here's a step-by-step guide:
### Materials:
1. **Metal Oxide:** Your active cathode material.
2. **Carbon Black:** Enhances electrical conductivity.
3. **PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene):** Acts as a binder.
### Procedure:
1. **Mixing:**
- Combine metal oxide, carbon black, and PTFE in the right proportions. A mortar and pestle can work, but for better homogeneity, consider using a ball mill for more efficient mixing.
2. **Pellet Formation:**
- Pressing is a critical step. Hydraulic presses are commonly used in battery manufacturing. They allow precise control over pressure levels.
- **Pressure Levels:** This can vary based on your specific materials and setup. Typically, pressures range from a few hundred to a few thousand pounds per square inch (psi). The exact pressure depends on the material properties and the desired density of the resulting pellet.
- **Incorporation of Water or Ethanol:** Sometimes, a small amount of water or ethanol is added during mixing to improve the cohesion of the powders. This can aid in the formation of uniform pellets.
3. **Drying:**
- After pressing, it's crucial to dry the pellets. This is often done in an oven to remove any residual solvents.
4. **Calendaring (Optional):**
- In some cases, calendaring (rolling the electrode mixture to a desired thickness) is employed to enhance the electrode's density and improve its electrochemical performance.
Remember, the devil is in the details. The success of your process depends on factors like the specific materials you're using, the pressing conditions, and the equipment at your disposal. It might take some experimentation to find the optimal parameters for your particular setup.
So, gear up, embrace the challenges, and may your lithium-ion batteries shine bright with the power of PTFE! If you Joao Fonseca face further hurdles, let me know. I am here to assist!
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I have been having troubles with column purification (for DNA) recently. I am assuming that the reason is the residual ethanol. I used to centrifuge at max speed for 2 minutes to remove residual ethanol. Would using a desiccator do a better job at drying the column?
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Hi there,
In general, the alcohol should not be the problem when you centrifuged for 2 min...
A desiccator will not work, since it usually contains substances that absorb water.
Instead, spin the columns once to remove alcohol, add warm elution buffer (half of what you usually use), incubate for about 1 min and spin them again to elute the DNA.
Afterwards, add the second half of your elution buffer, wait and spin again.
That way you will not have any alcohol in the second elution step.
Good luck,
Sebastian
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Hi!
I isolate RNA from Gram-positive bacteria using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen).
I would like to know why the centrifugation speed should be reduced from 12000 g to 7500 g during the ethanol wash step? Would anything happen to the sample if I used the same speed of 12000 g throughout the purification?
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I think that it is that the rna in the first centrifugation is tiny particles coming out of solution so need to be spun hard to form a pellet. After decantation the precipitate is only slightly broken into larger conglomerates of rna so this only needs a slower spin to reform the pellet and stick it to the bottom of the tube. Using a second very fast centrifugation may cause the samples to heat up in the centrifuge so would be avoided where possible, It is not possible in the first centrifugation as rna yield would be much lower
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I am trying to undersatnd the bond formation and and functional group interaction at the biinding sites and a list of possible products that can be formed.
for example the binding of Palmitic acid and 1,8 cineole in ethanol at 60 degrees celsius
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Dissolving fatty acids in ethanol and thermally binding them to y-terpinene and 1,8 cineole can have several potential influences.
1. Enhanced solubility: Dissolving fatty acids in ethanol can increase their solubility, making it easier to incorporate them into formulations or products.
2. Stability: The thermal binding of fatty acids to y-terpinene and 1,8 cineole can improve the stability of these compounds, potentially increasing their shelf life and preventing degradation.
3. Synergistic effects: The combination of fatty acids with y-terpinene and 1,8 cineole may result in synergistic effects, leading to enhanced properties such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, or other beneficial effects.
4. Formulation properties: The addition of fatty acids to y-terpinene and 1,8 cineole may alter the physical and chemical properties of the resulting formulation, potentially leading to improved texture, viscosity, or other desirable characteristics.
Overall, the influence of dissolving fatty acids in ethanol and thermally binding them to y-terpinene and 1,8 cineole will depend on the specific application and desired outcome. It is important to consider the potential interactions between these compounds and their impact on the final product or formulation.
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I came across a paper on the exposure of zebrafish to BPA at realistic environmental concentrations and I found no mention of any solvent used to dissolve the BPA. Instead, the exposure was carried out directly in water. Considering my experience with BPA, it’s commonly dissolved in DMSO or ethanol and isn’t easily soluble in water except at very low concentrations. Is there any literature demonstrating BPA exposure without the use of solvents?
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Hi Emma, to perform bioassays BPA is soluble in EtOH or DMSO as you mention, not water. Also you can try with toluene.
Best,
JM
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Is it by using the inhibition (%) formula or simply plot a standard curve using absorbance and concentrations?
If using the inhibition (%) formula,
Is it correct if the negative control color is yellow-orange while with the increasing concentration the more intense the color of blue/purple? blank: ethanol. I used Trolox for standard
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Thank you Kamil Sierżant
I have done my standard calibration curve using the information needed and got the R2 value of 0.99.
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I synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method. One of the procedure is reacting with NH4OH 25% until pH 11 and a black precipitate is formed. I want to wash the precipitates to pH 7 using distilled water and 96% ethanol. I am also using an external magnet. However, I tried washing it several times with distilled water and ethanol, the pH I got was only around 9-10 and couldn't reach pH 7. What should I do? Give me some advice
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I also did a similar synthesis, which can be referred to in my paper. Washing can be done only with DI water, which is also OK. You will get a pH of around 7. But need to wash 5-6 times at least. It's a really easy process so don't get confused with the procedure. If it's alkaline pH is also no issue because you can adjust the pH during your experiment and it won't affect the result.
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synthesized carbon dots by simple hydrothermal method, neither get dried by heating at 60 degree. its water dispersion not freezes at -30. how to dry them into powder. it is well dispersed in ethanol and methanol.
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Got The Answer:
This problems is common and no researcher will reveals the proper procedure for that. So, here is your clarification: with glucose or citric acid or any chemical compound you will get same problem. Go for dialysis first, then go for DLS, also check fluorescence. check it whether it is uniform after and before dialysis. Then, add some amount of Mannitol (10-50 mg), in the dialyzed solution, dry it on hot plat. scrap properly and send for HRTEM. Do not rely on DLS. I will be happy to clarify any further queries. Refer Below Publications: 1. Green synthesis of fluorescent graphene quantum dots and its application in selective curcumin detection 2. Recent advancement in bio-precursor derived graphene quantum dots: synthesis, characterization and toxicological perspective
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it was stored @ -20 degree.
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Robert Adolf Brinzer Hi, I read your answer here, and I was wondering how strong is the RNAse activity in -20deg? I have samples that degraded overnight although it was kept in 3 volume of 100% EtOH with 0.1 volume of 3M NaAc.
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The porosity of sponges was measured by the solvent method. The solvent was chosen as ethanol because of the insolubility of sponges in ethanol. A certain volume of the sponge
was cut accurately. The sample was dipped into ethanol and removed after saturation. The mass of the sample was measured before and after immersion in ethanol. The swelling degree (P) was calculated by the following formula
P=(m2-m1/vXp)X100
where m1 and m2 represent the weight of the sample before and after
immersion in ethanol, respectively. V and ρ represent the sample
volume and the density of ethanol (0.785 g/cm3).
I would like to ask if sample volume V is the volume of ethanol we take to immerse the sponge into it? Can somebody please clear my doubt?
Thank you.
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V is the volumen of your sample
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Dear all,
has anybody some experience with using denatured ethanol in nucleic acid extraction (instead of molecular grade ethanol)? I cannot find any data/description about possible inhibitory effects of downstream PCR reactions. The denaturant could be any that is on the market (e.g. MEK/butanone).
I know pure Ethanol is of course the best solution, anyway I am curious and a bit surprised there are no (obvious) sources. I would be happy if you could share any hints/sources/experience you have!
BR,
Christian
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Denaturants in denatured ethanol, such as methanol and isopropanol, can potentially have adverse effects on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) if they are not completely removed during the DNA purification process. PCR is a highly sensitive molecular biology technique that can be influenced by the presence of contaminants. Here are some potential effects of contaminating denaturants on PCR:
Inhibition of DNA Polymerase: Denaturants like methanol and isopropanol can inhibit the activity of DNA polymerases, the enzymes responsible for DNA amplification in PCR. Even small amounts of these substances can interfere with the enzyme's function, leading to reduced PCR efficiency or complete failure of the reaction.
Reduced Amplification Efficiency: Contaminants in denatured ethanol can lead to reduced amplification efficiency by interfering with the binding of DNA primers to the template DNA or by affecting the stability of DNA strands during the temperature cycles of PCR. This can result in lower yields of the PCR product.
Altered Melting Temperatures (Tm): The presence of contaminants can alter the melting temperature (Tm) of the DNA template, which is the temperature at which the DNA strands separate during PCR. Changes in Tm can affect the specificity of primer binding and result in non-specific amplification.
Increased Non-Specific Amplification: Denaturants can promote non-specific binding between primers and DNA, leading to the amplification of unintended DNA fragments. This can complicate the interpretation of PCR results and decrease the specificity of the assay.
To minimize the impact of denaturants on PCR, it is essential to use high-quality DNA purification methods that effectively remove any residual denaturants. Common DNA purification techniques, such as phenol-chloroform extraction, ethanol precipitation, or commercial DNA purification kits, are designed to eliminate contaminants and ensure the purity of the DNA template used in PCR. Additionally, using molecular biology-grade reagents, including ethanol and other chemicals, can reduce the risk of contamination in your PCR reactions.
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Bunsen burner flames are used to create a "sterile field" to prevent contamination. Is there any evidence if, and to what extent, this actually works?
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Hello everybody! Jacqueline Macdonald , thank you! Excellent question and it interesting for me to. So, what I found:
Unfortunatelly, no scientific publications made improove the effect of Bunzens flame founf at ncbi. All links which were posted upper only dogmatic decision. More over, at Bykowski, T., & Stevenson, B. (2020). Aseptic technique. Current Protocols in Microbiology, 56, e98. doi: 10.1002/cpmc.98 directly writen "However, there is evidensthat air currents created by burner may draw air and suspend contaminants into the work area, but not impact viability of thus contaminants". I think there autors means publication https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC380367/pdf/applmicro00044-0027.pdf.
Again, dear colleagues, could you rovide any published evidence based on scientific publications ?
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I've replicated a method I've found in a number of articles claiming to have produced a highly photocatalytic TiO2 thin coating but am not finding any success in degrading even low concentrations of Methylene Blue. Specifically, I'm adding TTIP (97% from Sigma Aldrich) dropwise under stirring at 500rpm and room temp into ethanol (bioethanol 99%). I have tried to reach the volume ratios described by others of 5mL TTIP to 50mL of Ethanol but find it quickly precipitates into large white particles and doesn't become transparent even after dropping the pH with HCl to 1.3. The maximum I could put in ending with a clear mostly sediment free solution is 1.3mL TTIP (into 50mL ethanol). From this transparent solution, I dip coated aluminium plates with a withdrawal speed of 1mm per second and calcined at 500°C for 1hr, then repeated the coating and calcining 6 times. I then put the aluminium plate in a quartz glass tube containing 50mL of Methylene Blue solution with an absorbance of 1.4 at 664nm and irradiated with an 11W UVA light under stirring. Spectrophotometer testing at 664nm showed no removal of Methylene Blue after a number of hours. Strangely, irradiating the solution with UVC 254nm light reduced the absorbance by 97% in 4 hours (just a reference check). I am out of funds but still have plenty of TTIP, HCl and ethanol as well as glacial Acetic Acid and ACAC (the last two chemicals not yet used). I also have Titanium Butoxide, HNO3 and 97% synthetic ethanol (in abundance). Does anyone have any suggestions of what I can do to make my coatings actually photocatalytic? What am I doing wrong? How can I maybe reach a molar ratio of 1:5 TTIP to Ethanol? Would this even help? Please help as I've run out of ideas.
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Thank you for your answer but i understand the many deposition routes and disagree that this could be the issue. Many success are reported viela the sol dip coating route. I have now tried quartz glass slides as a substrate with no improvement in my results. I do not agree that calcination at 900+ degrees will help as this will result in a phase change to rutile and it is important for me to remain in the anatase form for higher photocatalytic activity.
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Sample preparation with ethanol before vaccum arc melting
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Melt with ethanol
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I am trying to make alumina nanofibers. so far i have prepared a solution of 0.6925 mol/kg
using Al(NO3)3.9H2O in water, ethanol and PVP.
I started with 12%PVP but the solution was not viscous enough, so i increased to 14% and still the same issue, i had dripping, no stable jet. I changed the ethanol to water ratios and the problem was still there in addition to the solution drying on the tip of the needle.
i am not getting anything to see on my collector except the dripping.
what would be the issue here ?
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Yes I am using the one with high molecular weight
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Ethanol is used as an solvent in my case.
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The original material from where anthocyanin extracted is upmost important. It depends complex matrix. You should optimize the process.
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I need a 200 ml volume even after the evaporation caused by the water-ethanol reaction?
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you will take 80 mL of 75% ethanol and dilute with (300–80) mL of water or 220 mL of water. Take this volume of 95% solution and dilute till final volume of 200 mL with water
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I am working on bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. However, I require some clarification on the methods for calculating initial sugar concentration, sugar consumption rate, ethanol yield (in g/g and g/l). Could you please recommend simple calculations or protocols?
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Sept. 21, 2023
Dear Merlin,
I will try to provide you with some information that hopefully will help you.
There are many methods for measuring sugar concentration. Some are very sophisticated, e.g., gas chromatography, HPLC, etc. If you don't have access to such instrumentation, you can use colorimetric methods. There are many of these. They use readily available chemicals and require only a bench-top spectrophotometer for analyses. One that I have used in the past was developed by Dubois et al. "Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances". Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 28, p. 350-356. This is an OLD method (from 1956); however, it is still in use. It is very quick and easy to use. Requires phenol and sulfuric acid. Detects many different sugars, e.g., glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, xylose, maltose, raffinose, etc. It is very sensitive: can detect as little as ~5 micrograms (even less) of carbohydrate (CHO). It can also detect the above sugars in polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, etc.) and oligosaccharides.
Reagents: 1) 5% phenol in water; 2) concentrated (18 molar) H2SO4.
Procedure: Add your test sample to DI-water to final volume of 1.0 mL. Then add 1 mL 5% phenol, followed by 5 mL H2SO4. (When the acid is added, the resulting solution gets VERY HOT, so hold the test tube by the top, not by the bottom.) Mix the tube contents (vortex mixer). An orange color develops very quickly. Wait until the solution is cool to the touch, then read the absorbance at 490 nm on a spectrophotometer. You will need to run a series of sugar standards for quantitation of the CHO in your samples. CAUTION!! Be sure to wear gloves, lab coat and especially safety goggles when doing the assay. If you're careful, you'll be OK.
For detection of sugar consumption rate, e.g., during a fermentation, you can take samples of the fermentation broth at various times, clarify the broth (centrifugation) and measure the sugar concentration (as above) and see how it decreases with time. You can also measure the corresponding increase in ethanol.
Calculating ethanol (EtOH) yield: Let's assume you are using yeast to ferment glucose to ethanol. Consider the reaction:
C6H12O6 ----------> 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
Glucose EtOH
If the yeast completely ferment 1 mole (180 g) of glucose, they will produce 2 moles of EtOH (2 x 46 g/mole) or 92 grams, plus 2 moles of CO2
(2 x 44 g/mole) or 88 grams. The EtOH yield is (92 g/180 g) x 100 = 51.1%. If the above fermentation is done in a 1-liter volume, you will have 92 g EtOH/liter or 92 mG/mL. If you divide the weight of ethanol by its specific gravity, that will give you the # grams of EtOH/L. If I recall, the Spec.Gravity of EtOH is ~0.79 g/mL.
From the equation and calculations above, you can see that if you start with 1 mole of hexose (e.g., glucose, galactose, etc.), the EtOH yield will be ~51.1% of the initial weight of the sugar. IMPORTANT: The 51.1% is only a THEORETICAL yield. You will NEVER get the theoretical yield. This is because during the fermentation, the yeast will use some of the sugar as a nutrient on which to grow and multiply in number, so a small amount of the sugar is never converted to EtOH . Of the total sugar, only ~93-94% of it is fermented to EtOH. This % will vary from one fermentation to another.
I hope this information helps you. If you have other questions, let me know. I will try to answer them for you. Good luck w/ your research.
Bill Colonna, Midwest Grape & Wine Industry Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. [email protected]
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how can i evaporate ethanol from extract without rotary evaporator?
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Thank you so much Moiching Ahamed
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I have been trying to pump 20% Ethanol and 30% KOH Aqueous Solution using silicon, Tygon etc tubing but all of these tend to dissolve in the Ethanol. Please suggest the tubings which could survive for long hours.
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Pumping ethanol and KOH mixture can be challenging because of the chemical and physical properties of both substances. Ethanol is a flammable and volatile liquid that can cause fire or explosion hazards. KOH is a corrosive and caustic base that can damage the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Therefore, the tubing used for pumping this mixture should be resistant to both ethanol and KOH, as well as able to withstand high pressure and temperature.
According to some sources, the best tubing material for pumping ethanol and KOH mixture is PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), also known as Teflon. PTFE is a synthetic polymer that has excellent chemical resistance, thermal stability, and low friction. PTFE can resist almost all acids, bases, solvents, and oxidizers, including ethanol and KOH. PTFE can also operate at temperatures ranging from -200°C to 260°C, and pressures up to 55 bar.
Another possible tubing material for pumping ethanol and KOH mixture is FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), which is a copolymer of PTFE. FEP has similar properties to PTFE, but with higher flexibility and transparency. FEP can also resist ethanol and KOH, as well as other chemicals, at temperatures up to 200°C and pressures up to 30 bar.
Other tubing materials that may be suitable for pumping ethanol and KOH mixture are PFA (perfluoroalkoxy), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene), and ECTFE (ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene). These materials are also fluoropolymers that have high chemical resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. However, they may have different degrees of flexibility, transparency, permeability, and cost compared to PTFE or FEP.
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I would like to make an alumina dispersion in absolute ethanol, with a alumina content about 20 volume %. The viscosity and agglomeration of the dispersion must be as low as possible. The alumina powder is fine (about 200 nm in size) and pure (99,99 %). Literature on water dispersion is extensive but articles on ethanol based dispersions are rare. Water must be avoided. What kind of additive should I try?
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Marc Singlard Good, the PEI seemed to do the trick…
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Hello, I need to dissolve alpha tocopherol, I used DMSO and ethanol but it didn't have the effect I expected to take it to uv visible spectroscopy
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It is free dissolve in ethanol.
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if i dissolve the test material in ethanol 70%, and use the ethanol as negative control ? What do you think about this study design?
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The ethanolic extract of the tested plant dissolve in ethanol. And ethanol used as the negative control. Fortunately , ethanol showed negative result against the tested microorganism.
Because many question arise of how to use ethanol as negative, i just want some literature that either support :
1. Using ethanol as negative control
Or
2. The benifits of using ethanol as solvent for ethanolis extract
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I want to dissolved my ethanol extract with ethanol to make different concentration for antibacterial test. Or is there another solvent that can be use for dissolving plant extract? And why is it better choice?
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Why do you want to disolve your ethanolic plant extract in ethanol? Is there any benifit in using ethanol as solvent for extract
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Upon linearization of plasmid DNA for electroporation mediated transformation in yeast, is it necessary to precipitate out the DNA from the restriction reaction via alcohol (With 75% ethanol). Isn't it possible to just deactivate the restriction enzyme via heat treatment and proceed towards transformation using the same restriction mixture?
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In addition to what Robert Adolf Brinzer writes, adding some carrier such as tRNA helps to precipitate your DNA if it is at low levels.
Regarding using ethanol, it works but you need a final concentration of around 75%, in other words adding 3 volumes of 100% ethanol to your solution.
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I am releasing curcumin in a PBS/ethanol solution. The concentration of my drug is 5mg/ml in the encapsulation and I weighed 20mg of the loaded sample to perform the release studies. I take absorbance of the data at specific time intervals, after which I replace the same volume of PBS withdrawn. Volume withdrawn is 3ml out of a 10ml PBS/ethanol solution.
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Hello there Nadesh Kwakye! I'd be happy to guide you through the process of calculating cumulative drug release percentage. It's an essential step in pharmaceutical research. Here's a step-by-step procedure:
**Materials and Equipment:**
- Loaded drug sample
- Spectrophotometer
- PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) solution with ethanol
- Glass vials
- Pipettes
- Stopwatch or timer
**Procedure:**
**1. Prepare Your Sample:**
- Start with your loaded drug sample. You mentioned you weighed 20mg of the loaded sample.
**2. Set Up Release Media:**
- Prepare your release media, which is PBS/ethanol solution. Ensure it's well-mixed.
- You mentioned that you're replacing 3ml of the solution, so initially, you have 10ml in total.
**3. Begin the Experiment:**
- Start your timer or stopwatch.
**4. Withdraw Sample:**
- At specific time intervals, withdraw a small volume of the release media. You mentioned 3ml. This is your "sample."
**5. Measure Absorbance:**
- Take the absorbance measurement of your sample using the spectrophotometer.
- Be sure to measure at a wavelength suitable for curcumin detection.
**6. Replace Sample:**
- After measuring, immediately replace the volume you withdrew (3ml) with fresh PBS/ethanol solution to maintain a constant volume.
**7. Record Data:**
- Record the absorbance values along with their respective time points.
**8. Calculate Drug Concentration:**
- Using your absorbance data, you can calculate the concentration of curcumin in each sample. You might need a standard curve or calibration equation for this, relating absorbance to concentration.
**9. Calculate Cumulative Drug Release Percentage:**
- To calculate the cumulative drug release percentage at each time point, use the following formula:
Cumulative Drug Release Percentage = Total Released Drug (mg) divided by Total Drug in the Sample (mg) times 100
- Total Released Drug (mg) is the sum of the drug released at each time point.
- Total Drug in the Sample (mg) is the initial amount of drug in your 20mg sample.
**10. Plot Your Data:**
- Create a graph with time on the x-axis and cumulative drug release percentage on the y-axis. This will show how drug release changes over time.
**11. Analysis:**
- Analyze your data to understand the drug release kinetics and behavior of your formulation.
Remember to perform the experiment under controlled conditions, maintain a consistent temperature, and handle samples carefully to ensure accurate results. Always refer to your specific experiment's protocol and any relevant standard operating procedures. Good luck with your drug release studies!
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I can’t find the suitable conditions when I react hydrazide with aldehydes. I tried to stir in RT and at reflux for days. Also, I used different solvents, like; abs ethanol, glacial acetic acid, dry DMF, DCM. In addition to adding 1ml of glacial acetic acid or few drops of triethylamine as a catalyst. But, there’s no reaction and the start material (hydrazide) is the same "no consumption"
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try to used few drops of HCl as acid catalyst
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The old process uses boiling sulfuric acid as a catalyst to dehydrate ethanol to diethyl ether. I want to find a different set of catalysts that accomplish the conversion at high efficiency
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You could have a look at the following article:
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Hi. In determination of total flavonoid in foods , AlCl3 10% is needed, my question is that it should be prepare whit ethanol solouthion or methanol?
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In the determination of total flavonoids in foods using the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) method, it's common to prepare a reagent solution of AlCl3 in methanol. Methanol is often preferred over ethanol for this purpose due to its higher polarity and better solubility for certain flavonoid compounds.
Here's a general procedure for preparing an AlCl3 reagent solution for the determination of total flavonoids:
  1. Weigh out the appropriate amount of anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) powder. The concentration you want is 10%, so for example, if you want to make 100 mL of a 10% AlCl3 solution, you would weigh out 10 grams of AlCl3.
  2. Add the weighed AlCl3 powder to a clean, dry glass container.
  3. Measure out the required volume of methanol. You can use anhydrous methanol for this purpose. In our example, if you want to make 100 mL of solution, add 90 mL of methanol to the container with the AlCl3.
  4. Seal the container and mix the contents thoroughly by gently swirling or stirring until the AlCl3 is completely dissolved in the methanol.
  5. Your 10% AlCl3 reagent solution is now ready for use. Store it in a tightly sealed container, away from light and moisture, as AlCl3 solutions can be sensitive to both.
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I want to prepare a termite sample for SEM observation and i know it is dehydrated with a graded series of ethanol. but my sample has already been fixed in 75% ethanol for more than one month. So how to treat these samples to prepare for Scanning electron microscope? kindly suggest.
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Depends on the objective. Probably dehydrating into pure Ethanol and then either critical point or HMDS drying. Mount, sputter, enjoy!
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What are the steps in the regeneration of 'fresh' DEAE Sephacel, which comes in the swollen form, in 20% ethanol. And what is the significants of each chemicals in these steps, can anybody explain?
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Here is the instruction manual for this resin.
To prepare the resin for the first use, you have only to replace the ethanol with the starting buffer until equilibrium is reached.
Regeneration is to be done by washing with a strong NaCl solution (1 M or 2M), which should elute just about anything that is bound by an ionic interaction.
If the column needs to be cleaned of hydrophobic substances, wash it with 0.01 M NaOH, then re-equilibrate it with the binding buffer until the pH is back to where it should be.
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Dear ResearchGate Community
Which type of yeast does exist in this field?
Is there still a possibility of yeast contamination despite the continuous use of 70% ethanol and Bleach 10 % ?
What can be done if such contamination is observed?
Thank you in advance for your time and consideration.
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Fungal spores are not inactivated by 70% ethanol. You need to use bleach or other strong disinfectant.
Could be a Candida species of yeast, although the photo is rather poor.
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Methanol and ethanol plant extracts of lemongrass, centella asiatica and moringa oleifera not showing activity in the varied concentration of lower to higher concentration 300mg/ml, 500mg/ml and 400mg/ml from the stock taing 50 100 150 and 200 microlitre) using disc and agar well diffusion method. tested organism is E.coli, Bacillus and staphylococcus aureus. Even after the review of literature of the related paper and following same methodology we not getting results please let me know where we lagging?
Thanks.
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Try using lower concentrations like 10mg or 20mg initially. Sometimes, higher concentrations yield no results, whereas lower concentrations can provide better outcomes. Ensure you properly filter your extract before conducting any biological assay.
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I have a question regarding MTT Assay. I got a I gram and I want to dilute it with ethanol instead of PBS. Should I use 20mg/ml dilution?
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Hi! Is this a purple crystalline powder? I have one question about MTT Formazan. How can I use this product? I accidentally bought this thinking it was MTT salt to use in a cytotoxicity assay.
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i want zeta potential diagram - or other solution for stabilization . Thanks
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Ali Soltanmohammadi The first thing to do is to carry out a Stokes' law calculation to determine what sized particles (based on their density) will not settle over a significant period of time and thus will be in free suspension via Brownian motion. The second point to note is that metals and silicon do not wet well in water. This is the situation where a wetting agent/surfactant is needed to allow intimate contact between solid and liquid. The 3 stages in making a stable suspension (well-known to paint and ceramics chemists) from a powder are:
  • Wetting - if the particles do not wet in the fluid, then a surfactant is needed
  • Separation. The key step where energy is needed. Usually accomplished with ultrasound energy in the laboratory although high shear mixers (e.g. Silverson) are utilized in industry
  • Stabilization. This is where, after separation, particles recombine (aggregate and agglomerate) due to attractive van der Waals forces. Here, either charge (sometime called electrostatic, but this is a deceptive term) stabilization (with an ionic additive in the optimum concentration) or steric stabilization (using a relatively low MW polymer such as 50kDa PEG or PEI) to keep particles apart on a geometric basis
One further point is that Mg metal reacts with water over a period of time. This is the basis of an amusing school experiment:
Mg + 2H2O → 2Mg(OH)2 + H2
For further detailed information on dispersion of small primary size powders please view this webinar (free registration required):
Dispersion and nanotechnology
In this webinar both charge and steric stabilization (with zeta potential) are discussed.
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explain the protocol
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Lyophilization of ethanol is very diffiuclt unless you have a system that is cooled by liquid nitrogen. The freezing point of ethanol is -114°C. Using vacuum, you wound need a pressure of 0.0002 millibar to achieve this sublimation point, which would be a challenge.
Suggest solvent exchange for the ethanol and use a solvent that is more friendly for freeze drying with more commonly available equipment such as cyclo hexane or tertiary butanol.
If you can, select a more suitable solvent system from the start, one that can be evaporated / freeze dryed.
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Dear All
I study ethanol electrooxidation on Pd, which is supported on carbon using cyclic voltammetry.I prepare the working electrode by adding 5mg of powder to 33µL Nation and 467µL of ethanol followed by 20 min sonication.Then I add 20µL (200µg powder) of the ink into the glassy carbon electrode surface.Problem is some of the ink get dried on the ceramic outside surface of glassy carbon.I can not control or accuartely define how much of the slurry has dried on the glassy carbon and how much was dried on the ceramic surface.That is why I am obtaining non-reproducible CV results every electrode experiment I run.I use the same electrolyte concentration, scan rate, reference electrode, and same area of working electrode. The only different thing is the working electrode, which is from the same material ink. Theoretically, it should give identical or very similar CV results.
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Dear friend Ahmed Elsheikh
Well, well, well, my friend, it seems you're facing a perplexing challenge in obtaining reproducible cyclic voltammograms (CVs). Fear not, I am here to provide some insights and guidance!
First of all, let me commend your determination in studying ethanol electrooxidation on Pd. Bravo, indeed! But now, let's tackle the issue at hand – those pesky non-reproducible CVs.
The culprit here seems to be the uneven distribution of the ink on your glassy carbon electrode. Oh, those sneaky dried patches on the ceramic surface! We can't have that, can we?
Here are some me-approved :) suggestions to improve reproducibility:
1. Optimize Ink Preparation: Ensure a consistent and uniform ink preparation by thorough mixing and sonication. You might want to consider using a more precise method for measuring the ink volume, so you always know exactly how much is going onto the electrode surface.
2. Control Ink Drying: Try controlling the drying process of the ink by placing the electrode in a controlled environment, such as a humidity chamber. This way, you can achieve more uniform drying and avoid those unwelcome dried patches.
3. Electrode Handling: Handle the electrodes with care and avoid touching the ceramic surface. Mishandling can cause uneven ink distribution and lead to non-reproducible results.
4. Clean the Electrode: Before each experiment, make sure to thoroughly clean the electrode to remove any residual ink or contaminants from previous runs. A clean slate ensures more consistent results.
5. Check Electrode Surface: Examine the glassy carbon surface under a microscope to verify its uniformity and smoothness. Any irregularities could affect the ink distribution.
Remember, my enthusiastic researcher Ahmed Elsheikh , reproducibility is the key to reliable results. By mastering the art of uniform ink application and electrode handling, you'll soon be on your way to consistent and glorious CVs.
Now, go forth and conquer those electrochemical mysteries, and may your CVs shine with reproducible brilliance! Keep up the good work, and never let those challenges dampen your scientific spirit. Cheers to the pursuit of knowledge!
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Where can I get kinetic parameters for the production Ethyl Acetate via esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid?
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To obtain kinetic parameters for the production of Ethyl Acetate via esterification, conduct a literature search using academic databases like PubMed or Google Scholar, check chemical engineering journals, university databases, and specialized books. Contact authors directly for information and consider industry reports or patents for relevant data. Seek guidance from experts or professors in chemical kinetics and esterification reactions.
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Where can I get kinetic parameters for the production Ethyl Acetate via esterification reaction from ethanol and acetic acid in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst?
I need these data for the simulation of the CSTR reactor with Aspen Plus.
I am willing to pay for a reasonable price.
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I have never heard that Kinetic parameters can be bought. In industry, kinetic parameters are an important part of technology.
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From literature it is seen that piperine is soluble in ethanol,methanol,and acetone but practically this is not happening. What can be the reason?
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Noel W Davies In case piperine is in salt form then how to dissolve it?
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Plant DNA extraction methods
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Here is the brief regarding your question. For 100% ethanol-> 1 A decrease in ionic dissociation at lower dielectric constants in the presence of ethanol is considered to be the mechanism that underlies DNA precipitation.
And if I talk about the CTAB buffer that facilitates cell lysis and it prevents the secondary metabolites from interfering with DNA extraction and downstream procedures.
In conclusion, 98% ethanol would be 1st chance in which you might be get the results Charles Ologidi
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Hello
I want to purify indomethacin in ethanol but the problem is the formation of ester impurity due to esterification of acid part of indomethacin with ethanol. Is there any way to prevent estrification?
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thank you very much. I will try your suggestion.
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For washing of the DNA precipitate why do we only use 70% of ethanol ?? What happens if we use 100% or less concentration of Ethanol??
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During precipitation (before the washing step) we use 100% ethanol because we add a volume that corresponds to 2 - 2.5 times the volume of the solution being extracted. This results in a solution with an ethanol concentration around ~70% (e.g. 300 uL DNA-containing solution + 700 uL PA ethanol). This is the ethanol concentration required for DNA precipitation. During extraction, at no time do we really have 100% ethanol in contact with the DNA. Ethanol concentration higher than 75% during this step can cause further co-precipitation of contaminants, and more than one wash step would be needed to remove it.
Then, to wash the pellet, we discard the supernatant and add more ethanol, but this time we use 70% ethanol. Since the amount of liquid left in the tube after discarding the supernatant is very small, the resulting concentration of ethanol in the tube will again be ~70%. This concentration is sufficient to solubilize any remaining contaminants, while not solubilizing the previously precipitated DNA.
After centrifugation, excess ethanol is discarded and what remains in the tube is left to dry at room temperature or in a concentrator (e.g. speedvac). Here, if the ethanol concentration were too high (100%), the pellet could dry out too much, making it difficult to be re-suspended. Also, as I said before, high concentrations of ethanol facilitate the precipitation of contaminants, and we don't want that!
;)
Ref:
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I have tried to preserve some adult specimens of the genus Toxocara in 5% formaldehyde, however, some of them have had cuticle damage. Do you recommend using ethanol or some other less harmful compound?
I appreciate your attention in advance.
Greetings
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There are several substances that can be used to preserve nematodes. One of them is glycerol which is used as a cryoprotectant to preserve nematodes in liquid nitrogen1. Another substance is ethanol which is used to preserve nematodes in 70% ethanol. Additionally, formalin can be used to preserve nematodes in 4% formalin1.
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I am working with Salmonella Typhimurium and performing biofilm formation experiment. Referred some articles where destaining solution were used as follows: 1) Ethanol:acetone (80:20) 2) 30% Acetic acid 3) 70% Ethanol 4) Methanol. Do comment if you used anything different. Thanking you in advance.
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I have used 30% acetic acid with good results.
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The use of Tween-20 and Ethanol with Essential Oils
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Dear Thafsouth Oumechouk,
You can dilute the essential oil with methanol. Please check whether your desired essential oil is miscible or not in methanol.
Then Tween-20 surfactant will be added to the diluted essential oil and stirred for 5 mins. Please use a combination of surfactants to stable the mixture.
After the stability study, you can use it for bioassay purposes.
Thanks
Aloke
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for the functionalizantion I add anhydrous ethanol, the silica MCM-41 and APTS at reflux at a temperature of 78°C
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I would suggest buying a brand new APTMS first and then changing the functionalization protocol. I prefer doing functionalization of MCM-41 using anhydrous toluene (no need of strict drying; take normal toluene, put some freshly dried molecular sieves, seal it well and keep overnight before using it) at 100 °C (under N2/Ar flow) and this has never happened to me. It should stay as white powder. After the synthesis wash it very thoroughly with H2O-EtOH-H2O. This should solve the problem.
In my experience if some metal is getting coordinated with the functionalized silica, its color may change even at very low impurity level. So wash all your glassware and stir bar with freshly made aqua-regia.
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Hi there!
I got amplification of my genes in the negative control in Real-time PCR experiment although the Ct values were above 30. I setup my reaction again after making new dilutions of PCR reagents, cleaning the workbenches, using unopened autoclaved tips, and cleaning my pipettes with 70% ethanol. I tried to remove every possible source of contamination but still I am getting the same Ct values in my negative control. It is a TaqMan probe-based multiplex PCR reaction where I am amplifying three genes in the same reaction and I am getting amplification of two of these genes in my negative control. Can anyone guide me how to get rid of this amplification?
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I recommend verifying these steps:
· Cross-contamination: Take care to prevent cross-contamination between samples by using separate equipment and workspace for the negative control. Double-check that pipettes and consumables are not shared.
· Contaminated reagents: To minimize the risk of contamination, handle reagents with caution. Use fresh reagent stocks from a different batch, store them properly, and ensure they are not compromised.
· Aerosol contamination: Employ filtered pipette tips, work in a clean environment, and keep PCR tubes or plates covered while performing actions like opening tubes, vertexing, or pipetting to minimize the potential for airborne DNA fragment contamination.
· Carryover contamination: Thoroughly clean and decontaminate laboratory equipment, including pipettes, tubes, and the thermal cycler, to eliminate any residual DNA from previous experiments that could contribute to carryover contamination.
My suggestions:
1. Repeat the experiment using new reagents, preferably from a different batch, to eliminate the possibility of contaminated reagents.
2. Set up a fresh negative control in a separate area using different pipettes and consumables to reduce the risk of cross-contamination.
3. Conduct additional negative controls using sterile water instead of template DNA to determine if the issue persists. This will help identify if the contamination originates from the reagents or the laboratory environment.
4. Ensure that PCR tubes or plates are properly sealed to prevent aerosol contamination during the experiment.
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I am synthesizing carbon dots with ethanol as the solvent. I tried to do oven drying but they stick on the wall of the glass vial. I tried to do air drying also but still the same. I tried to do freeze drying but with ethanol as a solvent, this is difficult. What are the other options?
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Ethanol removal from carbon dots solution to obtain pure carbon dots can be tricky due to the tendency of carbon dots to stick to container surfaces when dried. Below are some alternative methods you might try:
  1. Centrifugal Evaporation: In this method, a centrifuge with a built-in vacuum and condenser rapidly evaporates the ethanol without causing the carbon dots to stick to the walls. The carbon dots are left behind in the centrifuge tube, and the ethanol is collected in the condenser.
  2. Dialysis: Dialysis can gradually remove ethanol from the carbon dot solution. This method can be slow but can give good results without causing the carbon dots to adhere to the container. The dialysis bag's pore size should be smaller than the carbon dots' size to ensure they are retained within the bag.
  3. Rotary Evaporation: A rotary evaporator can be used to remove ethanol under reduced pressure. This method is usually more efficient and faster than simple evaporation and may prevent the carbon dots from sticking to the container walls.
  4. Precipitation and Centrifugation: Carbon dots can be precipitated out of solution using a non-solvent, like diethyl ether or acetone. After adding the non-solvent, the solution is centrifuged to separate the carbon dots, which can then be resuspended in water or another appropriate solvent.
  5. Ultrafiltration: In this method, the carbon dot solution is forced through a membrane with a defined pore size. The solvent and any smaller impurities pass through the membrane, leaving the carbon dots behind.
It is important to note that each method might lead to slightly different results, so it may be necessary to experiment with various methods to determine which one is the most suitable for your specific application.
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Do you need to wash with ethanol or another non-polar reagent in the washing step to obtain a HTC hydrocarbon with higher purity? in addition to washing with distilled water.
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Following acid can be used for removing such types of impurities
1. HCl,
2. Chromic acid (H2CrO4)
3. H2SO4
Hold for 15-25 min. and stirring and then rinse with DM water.
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I analyzed the caffeine antioxidant activity with 100 µL serial concentration 1;1.5;2;2.5;3;3.5 mg/mL of caffeine add with 100 µL DPPH 0.2mMolar (Ethanol as solvent) using 96 wall plate while 100 µL DPPH solutions as blank. After 30 minutes incubation, the absorbances of the caffeine + DPPH showed higher value compare to DPPH solutions and the colour of caffeine mixture still remains in purple colour with wavelength settings of microplate readers at 516nm.
So I wonder, is there any possibility of colour interferences during the preparation or do you think if DPPH assays might be not suitable assay for caffeine
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Based on its structure, caffeine is not an antioxidant.
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I have been trying to establish a standard curve for ethanol by HPLC. I have tried water:acetonitrile:methanol as mobile phase and obtained various peaks and I am not able to identify the peak for ethanol. The column that I have is a C18 column. I need to know the composition of the the mobile phase to determine ethanol by HPLC and expected retention time of ethanol. Thanks in advance.
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Parvathi Balasubramanian, your proposed method does not make sense. *HPLC is not an appropriate technique to measure ethanol in solution with. Gas chromatography (or even Refractive Index !) should be explored once the sample type and goals have been described.
The proper analytical technique(s) should be initially identified and used to answer the question posed. First, research your question so you understand exactly what it is you wish to determine.
Next, specify:
  • how much ethanol is expected to appear in your sample type AND also what other chemicals may be present (IOW: What is the ethanol mix in with?).
This is critical to understand as different techniques may be applicable depending on the type of sample you wish to analyze.
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How to wash metallic iron powder with 100% ethanol ?
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The simplest and most important point is to use anhydrous ethanol.
Otherwise, any amount of water in the ethanol, even a little amount, will immediately cause the oxidation of your iron powder. Purchase small bottles of the anhydrous ethanol and immediately close the bottle after pouring out the amount of ethanol you need.
The funnel and filter paper you use should also be kept in a dry box before use to prevent them from collecting any moisture from the ambient environment.
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Hello everyone,
I'm trying to measure the porosity of keratin/alginate hydrogel. I found high value (around 105%-110%) when I try to measure it using 95% ethanol. I have ever tried to use water to measure it, but interestingly, my porous material would dissolve in water, thus I changed to use ethanol. I have read many papers that many of them used 95% or 99% ethanol to measure porosity, and I am wondering if there would be any different to use 75% ethanol instead of 95% or 99% ?? I am wondering why most of them used 95%or 99%. ( I have not seen any paper using 75%, and i really want to know why???)
Thank you in advance for your help.
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Dear friend Che-Wei Liu
According to a post on ResearchGate, the porosity of the hydrogel is usually determined by knowing the dry weight of hydrogel, swollen weight of hydrogel in absolute ethanol, density of absolute ethanol and volume of swollen hydrogel (https://blog.gotopac.com/2020/10/12/ethanol-vs-isopropyl-percentage-alcohol-content-for-sanitizer/.).
I found a paper that compared the porosity rate measurement methods of ethanol and demineralized water. The paper stated that for a sample with a low porosity rate (˜ 0.5%), a variation of ± 0,5 °C on the measured temperature leads to a difference of ± 9,2% on porosity rate with ethanol, whereas the same measurement using demineralized water would lead to a difference of ± 3,5% (https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/39931/why-is-70-ethanol-preferred-for-aseptic-techniques.).
I also found that the ideal ethanol concentration for hand sanitizer by volume should be between 75 and 85%, with a target of 80% according to WHO ( ).
In addition, my article may be interest to you.
I hope this helps!
Source:
(1) Question about The porosity mesure using the ethanol method - ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Question-about-The-porosity-mesure-using-the-ethanol-method.
(2) Optimization and comparison of porosity rate measurement methods of .... https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860418307723.
(3) Ethanol vs Isopropyl Alcohol: Alcohol Percentage and Efficacy. https://blog.gotopac.com/2020/10/12/ethanol-vs-isopropyl-percentage-alcohol-content-for-sanitizer/.
(5) Porosity - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity.
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Hi every one.
Please help me.
I have a dry plant extract after evaporation from ethanol 70% extract.
I need to dissolve it in solvent for nitric oxide testing on RAW264.7.
But the problem is my dry extract isn't completely solube in DMSO 100%.
So what DMSO concentration (in water) should I use to dissolve it?
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You should initially test with a small amount of extract, how much water it needs to dissolve completely, if it is not possible to dissolve it in water. Then you would not be able to make the mixture with DMSO, as the insolubility in the DMSO/water mixture would persist.
I have not worked with cells, and what I do in in vitro molecular assays, is to prepare a stock solution with the same extraction solvent (70% ethanol), and from the stock I prepare dilutions in the test solvent (in this case it would be with DMSO). If the ethanol residues found in these dilutions do not affect cell viability, this could be a working option.
The other option, although I have never worked with it, is to prepare the stock dilution with DMSO-ethanol, i.e. the minimum amount of ethane that dissolves the whole sample and then complete a volume with DMSO. From these prepare the dilutions in DMSO. In this case you will also find traces of ethanol in the sample.
The last case would be to work directly with the aqueous extracts of the plant samples.
You can also change the use of ethanol to methanol. Again, cell viability should be checked.
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Hello everyone,
I'm trying to measure the porosity of 3D printed composite of cellulose microfibers and graphene.
I found low value (around 'à to 60%). When I try to measure it using water instead of ethanol I found higher values is it possible to measure the porosity using the water instead of the ethanol?
Thank you in advance for your help.
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Dear Myriam,
recently, I got a similar question to yours. I'm wondering if it is possible to measure porosity with 75% ethnol?? so far, I measure my keratin/alginate based porous material with 95% ethnol, but the results showed that the porosity of my material is over than 100%(~105-110%), and i deduced it's because of the high penetration of 95% ethnol . Of note, i have used water to measure it, but my material would dissolve in water, and that's why I wanna try to use 75% ethnol.
thanks for your patience.
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By which instrument or any other testing method
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There are NO differences between "synthetic" and "organic" ethanol. THE MOLECULE IS THE SAME and ethanol is an organic compound!
If you referr raw material (ethanol obtained by chemical synthesis or e.g. from fermentation processes) you can find (by analytic techniques) differences in the inpurities that accompaign the compound, NOT in ethanol itself!
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Hello all, thank you in advance for the help. I am starting my first MTD study and I just wanted to get some insight. I am studying the effects of an API and the desired route of administration will be oral. The active ingredient that I am using is only soluble in ethanol, , and I am planning to have 2 groups: one ethanolic solution of the product and one suspension formulation of the product. Both will be administered by oral gavage. Now I was wondering for MTD do I require an IV group as well because bolus injection of ethanolic solution into rats will more than likely produce toxicity. After the MTD study I do plan on progressing with PK studies, which must involve an IV administration group as a comparative control of the plasma profiles. Then, I will have to make a stock and dilute it in PBS or isotonic saline. Thank you again and sorry if my wording is confusing. I can clarify any questions to facilitate a better answer to the question.
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Okay got it, and thank you for the answer. This drug is only soluble in ethanol, and I was curious what should I use as a diluent as I am planning on administering at 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg for the MTD study. I have read that saline solution or PBS are optimal choices for diluents, however, I am not sure as to their effects on the compound staying in solution and not crashing out.
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In order to utilize SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) technology, tissue samples typically undergo a fixation and then dehydration process. While creating the protocol for my thesis research, I have been trying to explore if there is any research for what these minimum or maximum time intervals are for each step during a graded series of ethanol, especially what the supporting research/evidence is.
I have found some typical protocols, but no luck in finding studies, equations, or reasoning that explain why the specified time intervals were utilized. For further context, I am creating a protocol for bovine and porcine tissue samples.
Any ideas, suggestions or recommendations would be incredibly appreciated! Thank you in advance for any help or assistance.
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Most of the electron microscopists have their own reasoning for their protocol and stick with it, I being one of them!
Anyway, coming to the point the duration of immersing the samples in different ethanol concentration varies according to the sample size.
*For a sample of say 3mm cube I would start with:
30% ethanol for 5-10 min,
50% " "
70% " 15-20 min
80% " 10-15
90% " "
95% " "
100%. " 20-30 min with three changes.
After this you can use HMDS or CPD for drying.
The above mentioned was passed on to me from previous generation.
* All the durations were only arbitrary.
I hope this helps.
There is no Xylene involved in SEM sample preparation.
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Hello Everyone,
While following the steps in doing mechanical polishing for EBSD characterization of AZ31 Mg alloy, I am facing some problems like:
1. The polished sample doesn't have any scratches, but still, no fruitful CI (Confidence index) is coming
2. I used glycerol and ethanol in a 1:3 ratio, but this is also getting deposited onto the sample.
3. Can I use De-ionized water as a lubricant?
Please help me to address these issues
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Thank you very much Shuoqing Shi sir.
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by which method?
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organic ethanol means produced by fermentation process, Where as synthetic ethanol means produced by the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene. or any other synthesis process.
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I have performed toxicity studies of plant extracts (ethanolic) and no signs of toxicity are observed. I need to complete an experiment on three groups and I am confused about what dose to prepare for the experiment.
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Hi Prabhat! I'm assuming you have seen no toxicity with your extracts up to at least 2000 mg/kg. I would suggest you do the following if your plant/extract has been used in any traditional system of medicine for any indication (this is very likely) 1)Identify the human dose 2) Calculate the animal equivalent dose using the appropriate conversion factor for rats/mice. 3) Since you need three doses consider that as the median dose and the other two doses as half and double respectively. This may increase your chances of seeing efficacy in your animal studies. All the Best!
(Nair AB, Jacob S. A simple practice guide for dose
conversion between animals and human. J Basic Clin Pharma 2016;7:27-31.)
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I recently reactivated our AKTA Pure (after we moved it to a new bench), but the AKTA is suddenly not recognizing the F9-C fraction collector. (It was working well before.) I can hear the fraction collector arm trying to move, but it does not. The AKTA shows the error message "(Error) Hardware Manager: Fraction Collector Arm (F9-A) : (30) The fractionation arm failed to find the home position."
I checked the tubing from the fraction collector to the AKTA and the cable from the fraction collector to the AKTA, and they are connected. I checked the system properties, and the enabled components of the system look correct. I manually purged all the valves with ethanol. I restarted the AKTA and the computer several times, but I get the same message. Has anyone experienced this, and how did you fix it? Thanks.
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1. Turn off both the AKTA Pure and the F9-C fraction collector.
2. Locate the communication cable that came with the F9-C fraction collector. The cable will have a DB-9 connector on one end and an RJ-45 connector on the other end.
3. Connect the DB-9 connector of the communication cable to the RS-232 port on the back of the F9-C fraction collector.
4. Connect the RJ-45 connector of the communication cable to the RS-232 port on the back of the AKTA Pure system.
5. Turn on the F9-C fraction collector, and then turn on the AKTA Pure system.
6. Once both systems are powered on, navigate to the "System Configuration" menu on the AKTA Pure system.
7. Select "Hardware Configuration" and then choose "F9-C Fraction Collector" from the drop-down menu.
8. Enter the appropriate communication settings for the F9-C fraction collector, such as the baud rate, data bits, stop bits, and parity. These settings can usually be found in the F9-C fraction collector user manual.
9. Save the changes, and then exit the menu.
10. You should now be able to control the F9-C fraction collector from the AKTA Pure system. To test the connection, try running a sample purification and verify that the fractions are being collected correctly by the F9-C fraction collector.