Fees and Charges - Science topic

Circuit Diagram: https://components101.com/articles/boost-converter-basics-working-design

Good day Fellow Electrical/Electronic Engineers I am having a conceptual challenge here when deriving the DC Current transfer functions (i.e Relationship between Input Current (Ii) from Unregulated DC input power supply and Load Current (Io) drawn by the load from the regulated Boost Converter operating in Continuous Conduction mode). So the challenge is this, when i use the Volt-Second balance equations and derive the ON-time and OFF-time ratios which are equal to the Voff and Von voltage ratio....i can actually replace the ON-time with Voff, and OFF-time with Von in the Duty cycle equation to get a relationship between Vin (unregulated DC voltage input) and Vo (Regulated DC voltage output) connected by the Duty cycle for switching ON and OFF the MOSFET or BJT switches. Using the Power Balance equation, i.e Pin=Pout, which implies 100% efficiency, assuming no power losses in the rectifier diode when forward biased and the BJT in saturation mode, i then found that Ii=Io/(1-D). Now, if i try to derive this expression, i.e Ii=Io/(1-D), using basic concepts i get stuck. WHY? In continuous conduction mode, the Inductor current of the Boost regulator is not allowed to discharge till the Inductor current reaches 0A or NO conduction in the OFF-state. This means the inductor does not completely discharge before the next ON-state cycle begins. Now, during the OFF-state of the BJT or MOSFET switch, the inductor current discharges and the current waveform is a negative gradient moving from the peak inductor current to some arbitrary current below the average inductor current=input current (Ii). Literature seems to show the average load current as Io=Ii*Toff/T=Ii*(1-D)...which implies Ii=Io/(1-D). However, when i analyze this i actually get confused because then it implies that the total charge discharged during the OFF-state is Ii*Toff and that charge which is discharged during the OFF-state actually charges the output Capacitor of the Boost Regulator with Io*Ton charge and also supplies the load with Io*Toff charge which implies that during the OFF-state the inductor charges the Capacitor with enough charge that it, the Capacitor, can supply the load Io current for Ton duration during the ON-state when the inductor is cut-off from the output circuit by the rectifier diode. It also means that the inductor supplies Io current for Toff duration during the OFF-state.. However, where does this charge come from....If Ii*Toff=Io*Ton+Io*Toff=Io*(Ton+Toff)=Io*T...this implies that the charge to charge the capacitor and supply the load during the OFF-state is actually the total charge, or Area, under the current discharge waveform of the Inductor in the OFF-state which contradicts the Continuous Conduction Mode philosophy. Who can assist?

Hai...could anyone suggest for me a journal with rapid publication in the field of microalgal CO2 sequestration.(review work)... a journal indexed in WOS, Scopus, SCIE with no publication fees..

Thank you

For publishing transformation related method I need name of some journals without costing us Article Processing Charges. Kindly help.

Is there any mathematical relationship between zeta potential and both the polydispersive index (PDI) and pH of the zero-point charge of the nanoparticles?

Dear all,

I would like to publish my papers in a journal. Since it is strongly required to publish the paper in an international journal indexed by Scopus, I face some difficulties due to some fees that must be paid (which is very high) by the author.

My research areas are computer science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, Pattern recognition, natural language processing and Social Media Analytics.

Are there any Scopus-indexed journals without without any article processing charge or other hidden charges for publication and suitable for my research areas?

I would like to thanks for your kind help.

With best regards,

Amit

Why? Why not?

Are there any students, researchers and sector employees who would like to present their research abstract (free of charge) at an international congress and thus contribute to their own development?

https://careerbootcamps.stonybrook.edu/blog/software-engineering/become-a-software-engineer-without-a-degree/#:~:text=No%2C%20a%20degree%20isn't,tests%20to%20gauge%20your%20abilities.

Iam designing a buck converter of input 200V with an output V of 48V with current more than 10amp for charging a battery. Can we convert 200v to 48 v, What can be the design problems that i can face. Can u suggest me driver Circuit for this circuit

Please, is there someone that could lead me to a tourism journal easy and quick to publish in, that charges low fees and at least Google scholar indexed. I look forward to your response 🙏

I have a protein, for which I want to computationally study the effect of its phosphorylation. I was able to add a phosphoryl group to my desired THR residue and the structure looks fine. However, when I try to generate topology using gmx_pdb2gmx, it does not work. I figured it has to do with the extra phosphoryl that i added, which is naturally absent in the aminoacids.rtp file. Hence, I manually created another entry namely "pTHR", where I added the charges for the THR along with the phosphoryl. I tried to generate the topology once again, but its still not accepting it. Kindly tell me if anyone has done it before on gromacs. Thanks, ahead of time.

My phosphothreonine looks like this:

ATOM 2808 N pTHR A 174 231.841 -74.271 -80.471 1.00 0.00 N

ATOM 2809 H pTHR A 174 231.591 -73.451 -81.001 1.00 0.00 H

ATOM 2810 CA pTHR A 174 231.141 -75.531 -80.731 1.00 0.00 C

ATOM 2811 HA pTHR A 174 230.571 -75.901 -79.881 1.00 0.00 H

ATOM 2812 CB pTHR A 174 230.081 -75.331 -81.901 1.00 0.00 C

ATOM 2813 HB pTHR A 174 230.651 -75.081 -82.791 1.00 0.00 H

ATOM 2814 CG2pTHR A 174 229.231 -76.511 -82.181 1.00 0.00 C

ATOM 2815 1HG2pTHR A 174 228.451 -76.411 -82.951 1.00 0.00 H

ATOM 2816 2HG2pTHR A 174 229.861 -77.351 -82.471 1.00 0.00 H

ATOM 2817 3HG2pTHR A 174 228.771 -76.881 -81.261 1.00 0.00 H

ATOM 2818 OG1pTHR A 174 229.141 -74.291 -81.511 1.00 0.00 O

ATOM 2819 C pTHR A 174 232.111 -76.601 -81.201 1.00 0.00 C

ATOM 2820 O pTHR A 174 232.911 -76.371 -82.101 1.00 0.00 O

ATOM 2821 P pTHR A 174 227.940 -74.052 -82.816 1.00 0.00 P

ATOM 2822 O1 pTHR A 174 227.269 -72.653 -82.656 1.00 0.00 O

ATOM 2823 O2 pTHR A 174 228.744 -74.140 -84.379 1.00 0.00 O

ATOM 2824 O3 pTHR A 174 226.709 -75.306 -82.719 1.00 0.00 O

Is an electromagnetic wave produced by a charge moving with a constant velocity and accelerated proton emits electromagnetic radiation?

Hello all,

I want to calculate fragment charge from a complex after optimize its structure. Is there any software that could do that?

Thanks in advance

The point of zero charge (pHpzc) indicates in which pH the adsorbent and adsorbate prefer to adsorb each other. At this pH, the number of positive charges are equal to the number of negative charges. To evaluate the pHpzc, 0.03 g of the adsorbent (PTA@MIL–53 (Fe)) was added to each 10 different 60 mL beakers containing 0.1 M KNO3 solution. HCl (1.0 N) as a strong acid and NaOH (1.0 N) as a strong base were applied to adjust the initial pH of each beaker (pHi) between 2–11. The samples were stirred for 24 hrs to get equilibrated and then the final pH values (pHf) correspond to the pH at which there is no net OH− or H+ adsorption, were measured. Then the diagram of pHi–pHf was plotted versus pHi. As depicted in Figure 5.8, the pHpzc was found to be 4.3 which was obtained from the intersection between the sketched curve and horizontal axis.

Hello scholars,

I am looking for a list of journals with scope in computer science, information technology, or education that do not charge a publication processing fee and are recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) under categories W, X, and Y. Additionally, I would appreciate information on the paper acceptance rate, publication cycle, and any other relevant details for each journal on the list.

If you have any recommendations or resources that can help me, find such journals, please share them here. Your expertise and insights would be greatly appreciated.

Thank you!"

Wireless charging for EVs is considered as efficient and fast as charging with a plug,

I've seen published papers from my colleagues in Iran which were free of charge

What should I do to get a full discount?

I am doing DFT calculations on a series of compounds, but I have two important questions.

1- How can I calculate the spin multiplicity for a large molecule with -1 and -2 charge.

2- To calculate the redox potential for the transfer of the second electron, am I allowed to do the calculations in the gas phase for the anion with charge -1 to obtain the free energy change in the gas phase? (And then the calculations in the solvent state for the anion with charge -1 and -2)? Or is only the free energy change calculations valid for the neutral species in the gas phase?

If the electron is a point-size ball of charge, the field it creates is infinitely strong at the electron's location. This means the field would have no defined direction and thus no defined forces, which leads to problems in calculating the forces. But if the electron is instead an extended field of charge, the forces on the different parts of the electron would be finite with well-defined directions. But if the electron's charge is spread out, why don't the various parts of the electron repel one another so that the electron rapidly explodes?

Hi, I want to perform Galvanostatic charge/discharge studies using Wonatech SP1 electrochemical workstation. I do not know how to do this. There are two tests showing in this. One is CC/CC test and next is CC/CV test. Which in this is for super capacitor studies we uses?. I do not know the parameters to put in it as well. Kindly someone help me with it. In particular those who are using this workstation. For a reference the picture of both CC/CC and CC/CV are attached with this email. Thank you.

What is a super vacuum? Is the earth in a vacuum? And what is dark energy?

It has not been proven until today and nature has always applied and proven exceptions and violations in the accepted theories many times in the past. That these were merely human formalisms and experimental artifacts and exploiting the limits of technology, and physical limits and laws are constantly being broken and bent in nature. Hereby we will attempt to show theoretically why and how there is and experimentally evidence in our universe of vacuum space, either in its theoretically idealized absolute form, thus free space or the partial vacuum that characterizes the vacuum of QED or QCD. And its zero-point energy and oscillations may actually be the greatest proof in nature for super energy.

It is possible without violating causation. that the apparent effect of "nothing" of vacuum space may be evidence for it

superluminocity and all this time it was hidden right in front of us. We are here trying to answer a fundamental question of physics, why the vacuum is basically space to us looks like nothing on the assumption that "nothing" exists in nature, and why a hypothetical superluminous vibration, a particle the size of Planck creates apparent nothingness in our spacetime. The novelty of the research here infers that free space is dark energy and that superluminous energy.

Stam Nicolis added a reply:

(1) Depends what is meant by ``super vacuum''. The words must, first, be defined, before questions can be asked. As it stands, it doesn't mean anything.

(2) To a good approximation the earth is moving around the Sun in a vacuum, i.e. its motion can be described by Newtonian mechanics, where the only bodies are the Earth and the Sun and the force between them is Newton's force of gravitation.

(3) Dark energy is the property of space and time that describes the fact that the Universe isn't, simply, expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. To detect its effects it's necessary to measure the motion of bodies outside our galaxy.

To understand all this it's necessary to study classical mechanics-that leads to understanding the answer to the second question-and general relativity-in order to understand the answer to the third

László Attila Horváth added a reply:

Dear Abbas Kashani ,

The graviton - which creates or capture elementary X-rays and gamma rays- , by itself, it can be considered almost like a super vacuum.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:

What are rather numerous, and really strange, “vacuums” in mainstream physics, and what are two real vacuums is explained in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force.

The first vacuum is the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), which is the actualization of the Logos set elements “Space” and “Time” [what are “Logos” set, “Space” and “Time” see first pages in 1-st or 2-nd links] at creation and existence of a concrete informational system “Matter”,

- i.e. this vacuum is a logical possibility for/of Matter’s existence and evolving, and so is by definition nothing else than some fundamentally “empty container” , i.e. is “real/absolute” vacuum.

The second vacuum, which can be indeed rationally called “physical vacuum”, is the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the Matter’s spacetime above;

- while all matter in Matter, i.e. all particles, fields, stars, galaxies, etc., are only disturbances in the lattice, that were/are created at impacts on some the lattice’s FLE. At that it looks as rather rational scientifically to assume, that such vacuum really existed – that was the initial version of the lattice that was created/formed at the “inflation epoch”, more see the SS&VT initial cosmological model in section “Cosmology” in 2-nd link.

After this initial lattice version was created, in the lattice a huge portion of energy was pumped uniformly globally [and non-uniformly locally], what resulted in Matter’s “matter” creation, which we observe now.

Since all disturbances always and constantly move in the lattice with 4D speeds of light, now can be only some “local physical vacuums”, etc.;

- though that is really quite inessential – the notion “physical vacuum” is completely useless and even wrong, since the really scientifically defined FLE lattice is completely enough at description n and analysis of everything that exists and happens in Matter. The introduced in mainstream physics “vacuums” really are nothing else than some transcendent/mystic/fantastic mental constructions that exist in mainstream physics because of in the mainstream all fundamental phenomena/notions, including “Matter”, “Space/space”, “Time/time” are fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational,

- while these, and not only, really fundamental phenomena/notions can be, and are, really rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the SS&VT philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- the SS&VT physical model is based on which.

More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_quantized_vacuum_And_what_is_the_role_of_gravity_in_nature_And_what_is_the_relationship_between_dark_energy_and_quantum_gravi are relevant in this case also.

Abderrahman el Boukili added a reply:

Super vacuum, in my view, is just the vacuum itself, that is, the channel through which the universe of particles and anti-particles intersects.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

For all practical purposes, the Earth is moving through a vacuum as it orbits the Sun, as there is so little of anything in any given place that only the most sensitive instruments could tell that there was anything there. But there are microscopic pieces of stuff that used to be inside asteroids or comets, and pieces of atoms blown out of the Sun as the Solar Wind, and cosmic rays that manage to get through the Sun's "heliosphere" and run into anything that happens to be in their way. So though the essentially empty space around the Earth would qualify as a vacuum by any historical standard, it isn't an absolutely perfect vacuum. And I suppose a "super vacuum" would be a region where there isn't anything at all, including not only matter, but also any form of energy (which has a mass equivalence of sorts, per Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity); and if so, then "super vacuums" do not exist.

Harri Shore added a reply:

The concepts you're exploring—super vacuum, dark energy, and the nature of the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—touch on some of the most profound and speculative areas in modern physics. Let's break down these concepts to provide clarity and context for your inquiry.

Super Vacuum

The term "super vacuum" is not widely used in mainstream physics literature but could be interpreted to mean an idealized vacuum state that is more "empty" than what is typically considered achievable, even beyond the vacuum state described by quantum field theories. In standard quantum field theories, a vacuum is not truly empty but seethes with virtual particles and fluctuates due to quantum uncertainties, known as zero-point energy.

Is the Earth in a Vacuum?

The Earth is not in a vacuum but is surrounded by its atmosphere, a thin layer of gases that envelops the planet. However, outer space, which begins just beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is often described as a vacuum. This is because outer space contains far fewer particles than the Earth's atmosphere, making it a near-vacuum by comparison. It's important to note that even the vacuum of outer space is not completely empty but contains low densities of particles, electromagnetic fields, and cosmic radiation.

Dark Energy

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. It is one of the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology, making up about 68% of the universe's total energy content according to current observations. The exact nature of dark energy is still unknown, but it is thought to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion rate of the universe since its discovery in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovae.

Vacuum Energy and Superluminosity

Vacuum energy refers to the energy that exists in space due to fluctuations of the quantum fields, even in the absence of any particles or radiation. It is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which allows for the temporary creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from "nothing."

The concept of superluminosity or superluminal phenomena (faster-than-light phenomena) is speculative and not supported by current mainstream physics, as it would violate the principle of causality, a cornerstone of the theory of relativity. However, there have been theoretical explorations of conditions under which apparent superluminal effects could occur without violating causality, such as in the context of quantum tunneling or warp drives in general relativity.

Vacuum Space as Evidence of Superluminous Energy

Your hypothesis suggests that vacuum space or "nothingness" might be evidence of a superluminous energy or vibration at the Planck scale that creates the apparent emptiness of space. This is a speculative notion that would require new theoretical frameworks beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. It also implies that dark energy, the force behind the universe's accelerated expansion, could be related to this superluminous vacuum energy.

While current physical theories and experimental evidence do not support the existence of superluminous phenomena or energies, the history of science shows that our understanding of the universe is constantly evolving. Theoretical proposals that challenge existing paradigms are valuable for pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and prompting new avenues of experimental and theoretical investigation. However, any new theory that proposes mechanisms beyond established physics must be rigorously tested and validated against empirical evidence.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

1. A vacuum is a region of space with no matter; a super vacuum could be defined in one of two ways, depending on whether it is a concept, or a description of current technology. In the first instance, it with be a region of space with neither matter nor energy (in which case, unless an extremely small region, it does not exist, because any part of space big enough to see without a microscope would at least have light of some sort passing through it (e.g., at least the Cosmic Background Radiation). In the second instance, it could be used to describe a "laboratory" vacuum which has far less matter in it than any previously created laboratory vacuum.

2. The Earth is in a region that is essentially a vacuum, because most of the space between the planets has practically nothing in it at any given time. However, there are cosmic rays and the Solar Wind everywhere, so though merely pieces of atoms, there is some stuff everywhere in space; but the amount is so small that for all "practical" purposes, it is a vacuum.

3. Dark energy is a fiction created by cosmologists to explain why, despite having too little mass for the gravity of that mass to fight the tendency of empty space to expand (per Einstein's General Theory of Gravity), the geometry of the Observable Universe is "flat", which would require something to add up to 100% of the "critical mass" of the Universe, and since visible and unobservable ("dark") matter makes up at most 27% of the critical mass, cosmologists created the concept of dark energy to make up the remaining 73%. However, there is no need to presume that the Universe is flat. Just as the Earth is a globe but looks essentially flat (on the average, and particularly at sea) because you can't see enough of it to see its real shape, the Universe is actually what is called "hyperbolic" in shape, which is exactly what you would expect if its mass is less than the "critical" mass. However, almost all cosmologists are convinced by various characteristics of the Observable Universe that the "real" Universe is at least 1000's and perhaps 10 to the 1000's of times bigger than what we can see, what we can see is too small to see its real shape, so it just looks "flat". Since by definition we can't see anything but the "Observable" Universe, we will never be able to see the true shape of the Universe; so "dark energy" will remain a "useful" fiction for calculation purposes for the foreseeable (if not infinite) future; but I am certain that we will never figure out what it is, because it doesn't exist. (Having been both a mathematician and a professional astronomer, I can assure you that even when something like "dark energy" doesn't exist in real life, creating a mathematical model that includes it, in order to make the math work right, is considered perfectly OK by professional mathematicians.)

Sergio Perez Felipe added a reply:

Introduction The ‘Theory of Everything’ is a hypothetical theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. There is a possible solution to the origin of gravity force, postulating it as angular piece of this theory, this solution erases gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and unifies it with strong nuclear force. Let’s analyze the forces that occur in the universe transforming string theory. It allows to explain many physical behaviors that without its existence would be practically impossible to understand, even so, these strings have not been able to be discovered and are only that, a theory that serves as an important support to the world of physics. One of the best known theoretical applications about them is how their vibration can provoke the creation of matter, but this is not about theories already written, we are going to place these strings in a simpler way to answer some doubts in subatomic world. This theory uses 4 dimensions in space and a behavior as one dimension in strings with superconducting capacities. Like an elastic band between V-shaped sticks where the elastic band slides down, the strong nuclear force, forces these strings to bend to fall dawn.

It’s not directly related to electromagnetism. . Actors . String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by onedimensional objects called strings. Each string that we cross would be the minimum distance that can be traversed during a displacement. We can note two important qualities of strings: Distance to the most distant object detected by the human being is more than 30 billion light years, that means there are beams of light which are able to travel that distance without decreasing its speed (they modify only its wavelength). Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period, as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it. If strings exist, they act as a superconductor of matter with a resistance near 0. In order to generate waves it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves behave like ocean waves which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as one-dimensional structure for its study. Strings, at same time, could be one or zero-dimensional, like points under extreme bound forces, think about them as something tenser than any cable that holds the heaviest bridge in the world. The new framework we have drawn would be a set of extremely tense strings, with a practically infinite matter conduction capacity. Remember we are moving into universe at a stimated speed of 600km/sc. Strong Nuclear Force Strong nuclear force is another variable. This force allows the atomic nucleus to remain together, being the strongest of the so-called fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). Gluon is in charge of this interaction, it has a scope not greater than 10 to the power of -15 meters, preventing matter to separate by a constant attraction force between quarks of maximum 10.000 N (F). This real picture illustrates the three dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties. The volume of the box is 2,4 by 2,4 by 3,6 fm.Contrary to the concept of an empty vacuum, this induces chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate into this example is billions of billions frames per second (FPS). Superconducting String Theory (SST): Fundamentals: superconductor of matter interacting with a force that makes that matter hold together, but, how can they interact with each other? The most simple is to think about two V-shaped sticks (simulating the strings), and an elastic band that tight them at the most opened side (it would simulate the gluon, with size 10 to the power of -15 meters). If sticks are sufficiently lubricated and tense, what does the elastic band do? It will slide to the thinnest side. More elastic bands, more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them, so next bands will slide even faster (equally, more mass causes more attraction). We are talking about unknown limits in known world, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen in materials. Suddenly, we have erased one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity force doesn’t really exist, exists the strong nuclear force interacting with strings. this theory ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’. Calculations: Apply formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law). Simulation is in horizontal direction. Friction is imperceptible and acceleration down the plane is matched with gravity acceleration in our planet. Vertical force is not gravity force, it is gluon force, which values ares estimated, so we keep force 10.000 N (F1) and mass 0,0002 eV/c2 (m2). It can be considered vertical angle, but it’s depreciable.Dark energy and universe’s expansion. The behaviuor of the strings implies to have any kind of polaritation to expand, at least, strong enough to avoid get closer and restablish its structure after any contraction. This strength propagates over long distances.Gravitational constant (G = 6,67408 × 10−11 m3 kg-1s -2) and its problem to measure with high accuracy since it can be related to the density exposed. Schrödinger equation, to describe how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time, similar to Newton's second law. Planck's length (1,616229 × 10-35 m) which can indicate the distance between strings. Gluon size and its larger size far from earth. Black holes.and .....

Sergio Perez Felipe added a reply:

You can try my theory, is 50% strong force, 50% quantum vacuum.

It's really easy, it simplifies many ideas because I don't use dimensions and I use simple maths to explain all fundamental forces.

According to Pualing's scale, carbon and iodine has same electronegativity while on the Allred-Rochow scale, carbon is more electronegative than iodine.

How can I inspect the surface charges and composition of my derived composite adsorbent sheet for heavy metal removal?

I am calculation for optimization of TS of an aromatic molecule and a hydroxyl radical. In this DFT calculation, I am using the functional B3lyp/6-311+G(d,p) in the Gaussian16. The charge and multiplicity was ensured as 0, 2. But at the end it gives the following error message:

Error on total polarization charges = 0.05019

SCF Done: E(UM062X) = -323.942120576 A.U. after 401 cycles

NFock=400 Conv=0.36D-03 -V/T= 2.0041

<Sx>= 0.0000 <Sy>= 0.0000 <Sz>= 0.5000 <S**2>= 0.7612 S= 0.5056

<L.S>= 0.000000000000E+00

SMD-CDS (non-electrostatic) energy (kcal/mol) = 2.33

(included in total energy above)

Annihilation of the first spin contaminant:

S**2 before annihilation 0.7612, after 0.7501

Convergence failure -- run terminated.

What is a super vacuum? Is the earth in a vacuum? And what is dark energy?

It has not been proven until today and nature has always applied and proven exceptions and violations in the accepted theories many times in the past. That these were merely human formalisms and experimental artifacts and exploiting the limits of technology, and physical limits and laws are constantly being broken and bent in nature. Hereby we will attempt to show theoretically why and how there is and experimentally evidence in our universe of vacuum space, either in its theoretically idealized absolute form, thus free space or the partial vacuum that characterizes the vacuum of QED or QCD. And its zero-point energy and oscillations may actually be the greatest proof in nature for super energy.

It is possible without violating causation. that the apparent effect of "nothing" of vacuum space may be evidence for it

superluminocity and all this time it was hidden right in front of us. We are here trying to answer a fundamental question of physics, why the vacuum is basically space to us looks like nothing on the assumption that "nothing" exists in nature, and why a hypothetical superluminous vibration, a particle the size of Planck creates apparent nothingness in our spacetime. The novelty of the research here infers that free space is dark energy and that superluminous energy.

Stam Nicolis added a reply:

(1) Depends what is meant by ``super vacuum''. The words must, first, be defined, before questions can be asked. As it stands, it doesn't mean anything.

(2) To a good approximation the earth is moving around the Sun in a vacuum, i.e. its motion can be described by Newtonian mechanics, where the only bodies are the Earth and the Sun and the force between them is Newton's force of gravitation.

(3) Dark energy is the property of space and time that describes the fact that the Universe isn't, simply, expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. To detect its effects it's necessary to measure the motion of bodies outside our galaxy.

To understand all this it's necessary to study classical mechanics-that leads to understanding the answer to the second question-and general relativity-in order to understand the answer to the third

László Attila Horváth added a reply:

Dear Abbas Kashani ,

The graviton - which creates or capture elementary X-rays and gamma rays- , by itself, it can be considered almost like a super vacuum.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:

What are rather numerous, and really strange, “vacuums” in mainstream physics, and what are two real vacuums is explained in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force.

The first vacuum is the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), which is the actualization of the Logos set elements “Space” and “Time” [what are “Logos” set, “Space” and “Time” see first pages in 1-st or 2-nd links] at creation and existence of a concrete informational system “Matter”,

- i.e. this vacuum is a logical possibility for/of Matter’s existence and evolving, and so is by definition nothing else than some fundamentally “empty container” , i.e. is “real/absolute” vacuum.

The second vacuum, which can be indeed rationally called “physical vacuum”, is the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the Matter’s spacetime above;

- while all matter in Matter, i.e. all particles, fields, stars, galaxies, etc., are only disturbances in the lattice, that were/are created at impacts on some the lattice’s FLE. At that it looks as rather rational scientifically to assume, that such vacuum really existed – that was the initial version of the lattice that was created/formed at the “inflation epoch”, more see the SS&VT initial cosmological model in section “Cosmology” in 2-nd link.

After this initial lattice version was created, in the lattice a huge portion of energy was pumped uniformly globally [and non-uniformly locally], what resulted in Matter’s “matter” creation, which we observe now.

Since all disturbances always and constantly move in the lattice with 4D speeds of light, now can be only some “local physical vacuums”, etc.;

- though that is really quite inessential – the notion “physical vacuum” is completely useless and even wrong, since the really scientifically defined FLE lattice is completely enough at description n and analysis of everything that exists and happens in Matter. The introduced in mainstream physics “vacuums” really are nothing else than some transcendent/mystic/fantastic mental constructions that exist in mainstream physics because of in the mainstream all fundamental phenomena/notions, including “Matter”, “Space/space”, “Time/time” are fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational,

- while these, and not only, really fundamental phenomena/notions can be, and are, really rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the SS&VT philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- the SS&VT physical model is based on which.

More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_quantized_vacuum_And_what_is_the_role_of_gravity_in_nature_And_what_is_the_relationship_between_dark_energy_and_quantum_gravi are relevant in this case also.

Abderrahman el Boukili added a reply:

Super vacuum, in my view, is just the vacuum itself, that is, the channel through which the universe of particles and anti-particles intersects.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

For all practical purposes, the Earth is moving through a vacuum as it orbits the Sun, as there is so little of anything in any given place that only the most sensitive instruments could tell that there was anything there. But there are microscopic pieces of stuff that used to be inside asteroids or comets, and pieces of atoms blown out of the Sun as the Solar Wind, and cosmic rays that manage to get through the Sun's "heliosphere" and run into anything that happens to be in their way. So though the essentially empty space around the Earth would qualify as a vacuum by any historical standard, it isn't an absolutely perfect vacuum. And I suppose a "super vacuum" would be a region where there isn't anything at all, including not only matter, but also any form of energy (which has a mass equivalence of sorts, per Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity); and if so, then "super vacuums" do not exist.

Harri Shore added a reply:

The concepts you're exploring—super vacuum, dark energy, and the nature of the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—touch on some of the most profound and speculative areas in modern physics. Let's break down these concepts to provide clarity and context for your inquiry.

Super Vacuum

The term "super vacuum" is not widely used in mainstream physics literature but could be interpreted to mean an idealized vacuum state that is more "empty" than what is typically considered achievable, even beyond the vacuum state described by quantum field theories. In standard quantum field theories, a vacuum is not truly empty but seethes with virtual particles and fluctuates due to quantum uncertainties, known as zero-point energy.

Is the Earth in a Vacuum?

The Earth is not in a vacuum but is surrounded by its atmosphere, a thin layer of gases that envelops the planet. However, outer space, which begins just beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is often described as a vacuum. This is because outer space contains far fewer particles than the Earth's atmosphere, making it a near-vacuum by comparison. It's important to note that even the vacuum of outer space is not completely empty but contains low densities of particles, electromagnetic fields, and cosmic radiation.

Dark Energy

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. It is one of the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology, making up about 68% of the universe's total energy content according to current observations. The exact nature of dark energy is still unknown, but it is thought to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion rate of the universe since its discovery in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovae.

Vacuum Energy and Superluminosity

Vacuum energy refers to the energy that exists in space due to fluctuations of the quantum fields, even in the absence of any particles or radiation. It is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which allows for the temporary creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from "nothing."

The concept of superluminosity or superluminal phenomena (faster-than-light phenomena) is speculative and not supported by current mainstream physics, as it would violate the principle of causality, a cornerstone of the theory of relativity. However, there have been theoretical explorations of conditions under which apparent superluminal effects could occur without violating causality, such as in the context of quantum tunneling or warp drives in general relativity.

Vacuum Space as Evidence of Superluminous Energy

Your hypothesis suggests that vacuum space or "nothingness" might be evidence of a superluminous energy or vibration at the Planck scale that creates the apparent emptiness of space. This is a speculative notion that would require new theoretical frameworks beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. It also implies that dark energy, the force behind the universe's accelerated expansion, could be related to this superluminous vacuum energy.

While current physical theories and experimental evidence do not support the existence of superluminous phenomena or energies, the history of science shows that our understanding of the universe is constantly evolving. Theoretical proposals that challenge existing paradigms are valuable for pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and prompting new avenues of experimental and theoretical investigation. However, any new theory that proposes mechanisms beyond established physics must be rigorously tested and validated against empirical evidence.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

1. A vacuum is a region of space with no matter; a super vacuum could be defined in one of two ways, depending on whether it is a concept, or a description of current technology. In the first instance, it with be a region of space with neither matter nor energy (in which case, unless an extremely small region, it does not exist, because any part of space big enough to see without a microscope would at least have light of some sort passing through it (e.g., at least the Cosmic Background Radiation). In the second instance, it could be used to describe a "laboratory" vacuum which has far less matter in it than any previously created laboratory vacuum.

2. The Earth is in a region that is essentially a vacuum, because most of the space between the planets has practically nothing in it at any given time. However, there are cosmic rays and the Solar Wind everywhere, so though merely pieces of atoms, there is some stuff everywhere in space; but the amount is so small that for all "practical" purposes, it is a vacuum.

3. Dark energy is a fiction created by cosmologists to explain why, despite having too little mass for the gravity of that mass to fight the tendency of empty space to expand (per Einstein's General Theory of Gravity), the geometry of the Observable Universe is "flat", which would require something to add up to 100% of the "critical mass" of the Universe, and since visible and unobservable ("dark") matter makes up at most 27% of the critical mass, cosmologists created the concept of dark energy to make up the remaining 73%. However, there is no need to presume that the Universe is flat. Just as the Earth is a globe but looks essentially flat (on the average, and particularly at sea) because you can't see enough of it to see its real shape, the Universe is actually what is called "hyperbolic" in shape, which is exactly what you would expect if its mass is less than the "critical" mass. However, almost all cosmologists are convinced by various characteristics of the Observable Universe that the "real" Universe is at least 1000's and perhaps 10 to the 1000's of times bigger than what we can see, what we can see is too small to see its real shape, so it just looks "flat". Since by definition we can't see anything but the "Observable" Universe, we will never be able to see the true shape of the Universe; so "dark energy" will remain a "useful" fiction for calculation purposes for the foreseeable (if not infinite) future; but I am certain that we will never figure out what it is, because it doesn't exist. (Having been both a mathematician and a professional astronomer, I can assure you that even when something like "dark energy" doesn't exist in real life, creating a mathematical model that includes it, in order to make the math work right, is considered perfectly OK by professional mathematicians.)

Abbas Kashani added a reply:

Introduction The ‘Theory of Everything’ is a hypothetical theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. There is a possible solution to the origin of gravity force, postulating it as angular piece of this theory, this solution erases gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and unifies it with strong nuclear force. Let’s analyze the forces that occur in the universe transforming string theory. It allows to explain many physical behaviors that without its existence would be practically impossible to understand, even so, these strings have not been able to be discovered and are only that, a theory that serves as an important support to the world of physics. One of the best known theoretical applications about them is how their vibration can provoke the creation of matter, but this is not about theories already written, we are going to place these strings in a simpler way to answer some doubts in subatomic world. This theory uses 4 dimensions in space and a behavior as one dimension in strings with superconducting capacities. Like an elastic band between V-shaped sticks where the elastic band slides down, the strong nuclear force, forces these strings to bend to fall dawn.

It’s not directly related to electromagnetism. . Actors . String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by onedimensional objects called strings. Each string that we cross would be the minimum distance that can be traversed during a displacement. We can note two important qualities of strings: Distance to the most distant object detected by the human being is more than 30 billion light years, that means there are beams of light which are able to travel that distance without decreasing its speed (they modify only its wavelength). Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period, as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it. If strings exist, they act as a superconductor of matter with a resistance near 0. In order to generate waves it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves behave like ocean waves which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as one-dimensional structure for its study. Strings, at same time, could be one or zero-dimensional, like points under extreme bound forces, think about them as something tenser than any cable that holds the heaviest bridge in the world. The new framework we have drawn would be a set of extremely tense strings, with a practically infinite matter conduction capacity. Remember we are moving into universe at a stimated speed of 600km/sc. Strong Nuclear Force Strong nuclear force is another variable. This force allows the atomic nucleus to remain together, being the strongest of the so-called fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). Gluon is in charge of this interaction, it has a scope not greater than 10 to the power of -15 meters, preventing matter to separate by a constant attraction force between quarks of maximum 10.000 N (F). This real picture illustrates the three dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties. The volume of the box is 2,4 by 2,4 by 3,6 fm.Contrary to the concept of an empty vacuum, this induces chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate into this example is billions of billions frames per second (FPS). Superconducting String Theory (SST): Fundamentals: superconductor of matter interacting with a force that makes that matter hold together, but, how can they interact with each other? The most simple is to think about two V-shaped sticks (simulating the strings), and an elastic band that tight them at the most opened side (it would simulate the gluon, with size 10 to the power of -15 meters). If sticks are sufficiently lubricated and tense, what does the elastic band do? It will slide to the thinnest side. More elastic bands, more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them, so next bands will slide even faster (equally, more mass causes more attraction). We are talking about unknown limits in known world, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen in materials. Suddenly, we have erased one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity force doesn’t really exist, exists the strong nuclear force interacting with strings. this theory ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’. Calculations: Apply formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law). Simulation is in horizontal direction. Friction is imperceptible and acceleration down the plane is matched with gravity acceleration in our planet. Vertical force is not gravity force, it is gluon force, which values ares estimated, so we keep force 10.000 N (F1) and mass 0,0002 eV/c2 (m2). It can be considered vertical angle, but it’s depreciable.Dark energy and universe’s expansion. The behaviuor of the strings implies to have any kind of polaritation to expand, at least, strong enough to avoid get closer and restablish its structure after any contraction. This strength propagates over long distances.Gravitational constant (G = 6,67408 × 10−11 m3 kg-1s -2) and its problem to measure with high accuracy since it can be related to the density exposed. Schrödinger equation, to describe how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time, similar to Newton's second law. Planck's length (1,616229 × 10-35 m) which can indicate the distance between strings. Gluon size and its larger size far from earth. Black holes.and .....

Reply to this discussion

Mohammed H.Ali added a reply

Until date, there is no conclusive evidence to support this claim. Throughout history, nature has consistently shown exceptions and violations to widely accepted beliefs. These human formalisms and experimental objects are just abusing the constraints of technology. In nature, physical limits and rules are continuously being surpassed and manipulated.

What is a super vacuum? Is the earth in a vacuum? And what is dark energy?

It has not been proven until today and nature has always applied and proven exceptions and violations in the accepted theories many times in the past. That these were merely human formalisms and experimental artifacts and exploiting the limits of technology, and physical limits and laws are constantly being broken and bent in nature. Hereby we will attempt to show theoretically why and how there is and experimentally evidence in our universe of vacuum space, either in its theoretically idealized absolute form, thus free space or the partial vacuum that characterizes the vacuum of QED or QCD. And its zero-point energy and oscillations may actually be the greatest proof in nature for super energy.

It is possible without violating causation. that the apparent effect of "nothing" of vacuum space may be evidence for it

superluminocity and all this time it was hidden right in front of us. We are here trying to answer a fundamental question of physics, why the vacuum is basically space to us looks like nothing on the assumption that "nothing" exists in nature, and why a hypothetical superluminous vibration, a particle the size of Planck creates apparent nothingness in our spacetime. The novelty of the research here infers that free space is dark energy and that superluminous energy.

Stam Nicolis added a reply:

(1) Depends what is meant by ``super vacuum''. The words must, first, be defined, before questions can be asked. As it stands, it doesn't mean anything.

(2) To a good approximation the earth is moving around the Sun in a vacuum, i.e. its motion can be described by Newtonian mechanics, where the only bodies are the Earth and the Sun and the force between them is Newton's force of gravitation.

(3) Dark energy is the property of space and time that describes the fact that the Universe isn't, simply, expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. To detect its effects it's necessary to measure the motion of bodies outside our galaxy.

To understand all this it's necessary to study classical mechanics-that leads to understanding the answer to the second question-and general relativity-in order to understand the answer to the third

László Attila Horváth added a reply:

Dear Abbas Kashani ,

The graviton - which creates or capture elementary X-rays and gamma rays- , by itself, it can be considered almost like a super vacuum.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:

What are rather numerous, and really strange, “vacuums” in mainstream physics, and what are two real vacuums is explained in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force.

The first vacuum is the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), which is the actualization of the Logos set elements “Space” and “Time” [what are “Logos” set, “Space” and “Time” see first pages in 1-st or 2-nd links] at creation and existence of a concrete informational system “Matter”,

- i.e. this vacuum is a logical possibility for/of Matter’s existence and evolving, and so is by definition nothing else than some fundamentally “empty container” , i.e. is “real/absolute” vacuum.

The second vacuum, which can be indeed rationally called “physical vacuum”, is the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the Matter’s spacetime above;

- while all matter in Matter, i.e. all particles, fields, stars, galaxies, etc., are only disturbances in the lattice, that were/are created at impacts on some the lattice’s FLE. At that it looks as rather rational scientifically to assume, that such vacuum really existed – that was the initial version of the lattice that was created/formed at the “inflation epoch”, more see the SS&VT initial cosmological model in section “Cosmology” in 2-nd link.

After this initial lattice version was created, in the lattice a huge portion of energy was pumped uniformly globally [and non-uniformly locally], what resulted in Matter’s “matter” creation, which we observe now.

Since all disturbances always and constantly move in the lattice with 4D speeds of light, now can be only some “local physical vacuums”, etc.;

- though that is really quite inessential – the notion “physical vacuum” is completely useless and even wrong, since the really scientifically defined FLE lattice is completely enough at description n and analysis of everything that exists and happens in Matter. The introduced in mainstream physics “vacuums” really are nothing else than some transcendent/mystic/fantastic mental constructions that exist in mainstream physics because of in the mainstream all fundamental phenomena/notions, including “Matter”, “Space/space”, “Time/time” are fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational,

- while these, and not only, really fundamental phenomena/notions can be, and are, really rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the SS&VT philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- the SS&VT physical model is based on which.

More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_quantized_vacuum_And_what_is_the_role_of_gravity_in_nature_And_what_is_the_relationship_between_dark_energy_and_quantum_gravi are relevant in this case also.

Abderrahman el Boukili added a reply:

Super vacuum, in my view, is just the vacuum itself, that is, the channel through which the universe of particles and anti-particles intersects.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

For all practical purposes, the Earth is moving through a vacuum as it orbits the Sun, as there is so little of anything in any given place that only the most sensitive instruments could tell that there was anything there. But there are microscopic pieces of stuff that used to be inside asteroids or comets, and pieces of atoms blown out of the Sun as the Solar Wind, and cosmic rays that manage to get through the Sun's "heliosphere" and run into anything that happens to be in their way. So though the essentially empty space around the Earth would qualify as a vacuum by any historical standard, it isn't an absolutely perfect vacuum. And I suppose a "super vacuum" would be a region where there isn't anything at all, including not only matter, but also any form of energy (which has a mass equivalence of sorts, per Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity); and if so, then "super vacuums" do not exist.

Harri Shore added a reply:

The concepts you're exploring—super vacuum, dark energy, and the nature of the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—touch on some of the most profound and speculative areas in modern physics. Let's break down these concepts to provide clarity and context for your inquiry.

Super Vacuum

The term "super vacuum" is not widely used in mainstream physics literature but could be interpreted to mean an idealized vacuum state that is more "empty" than what is typically considered achievable, even beyond the vacuum state described by quantum field theories. In standard quantum field theories, a vacuum is not truly empty but seethes with virtual particles and fluctuates due to quantum uncertainties, known as zero-point energy.

Is the Earth in a Vacuum?

The Earth is not in a vacuum but is surrounded by its atmosphere, a thin layer of gases that envelops the planet. However, outer space, which begins just beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is often described as a vacuum. This is because outer space contains far fewer particles than the Earth's atmosphere, making it a near-vacuum by comparison. It's important to note that even the vacuum of outer space is not completely empty but contains low densities of particles, electromagnetic fields, and cosmic radiation.

Dark Energy

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. It is one of the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology, making up about 68% of the universe's total energy content according to current observations. The exact nature of dark energy is still unknown, but it is thought to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion rate of the universe since its discovery in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovae.

Vacuum Energy and Superluminosity

Vacuum energy refers to the energy that exists in space due to fluctuations of the quantum fields, even in the absence of any particles or radiation. It is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which allows for the temporary creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from "nothing."

The concept of superluminosity or superluminal phenomena (faster-than-light phenomena) is speculative and not supported by current mainstream physics, as it would violate the principle of causality, a cornerstone of the theory of relativity. However, there have been theoretical explorations of conditions under which apparent superluminal effects could occur without violating causality, such as in the context of quantum tunneling or warp drives in general relativity.

Vacuum Space as Evidence of Superluminous Energy

Your hypothesis suggests that vacuum space or "nothingness" might be evidence of a superluminous energy or vibration at the Planck scale that creates the apparent emptiness of space. This is a speculative notion that would require new theoretical frameworks beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. It also implies that dark energy, the force behind the universe's accelerated expansion, could be related to this superluminous vacuum energy.

While current physical theories and experimental evidence do not support the existence of superluminous phenomena or energies, the history of science shows that our understanding of the universe is constantly evolving. Theoretical proposals that challenge existing paradigms are valuable for pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and prompting new avenues of experimental and theoretical investigation. However, any new theory that proposes mechanisms beyond established physics must be rigorously tested and validated against empirical evidence.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

1. A vacuum is a region of space with no matter; a super vacuum could be defined in one of two ways, depending on whether it is a concept, or a description of current technology. In the first instance, it with be a region of space with neither matter nor energy (in which case, unless an extremely small region, it does not exist, because any part of space big enough to see without a microscope would at least have light of some sort passing through it (e.g., at least the Cosmic Background Radiation). In the second instance, it could be used to describe a "laboratory" vacuum which has far less matter in it than any previously created laboratory vacuum.

2. The Earth is in a region that is essentially a vacuum, because most of the space between the planets has practically nothing in it at any given time. However, there are cosmic rays and the Solar Wind everywhere, so though merely pieces of atoms, there is some stuff everywhere in space; but the amount is so small that for all "practical" purposes, it is a vacuum.

3. Dark energy is a fiction created by cosmologists to explain why, despite having too little mass for the gravity of that mass to fight the tendency of empty space to expand (per Einstein's General Theory of Gravity), the geometry of the Observable Universe is "flat", which would require something to add up to 100% of the "critical mass" of the Universe, and since visible and unobservable ("dark") matter makes up at most 27% of the critical mass, cosmologists created the concept of dark energy to make up the remaining 73%. However, there is no need to presume that the Universe is flat. Just as the Earth is a globe but looks essentially flat (on the average, and particularly at sea) because you can't see enough of it to see its real shape, the Universe is actually what is called "hyperbolic" in shape, which is exactly what you would expect if its mass is less than the "critical" mass. However, almost all cosmologists are convinced by various characteristics of the Observable Universe that the "real" Universe is at least 1000's and perhaps 10 to the 1000's of times bigger than what we can see, what we can see is too small to see its real shape, so it just looks "flat". Since by definition we can't see anything but the "Observable" Universe, we will never be able to see the true shape of the Universe; so "dark energy" will remain a "useful" fiction for calculation purposes for the foreseeable (if not infinite) future; but I am certain that we will never figure out what it is, because it doesn't exist. (Having been both a mathematician and a professional astronomer, I can assure you that even when something like "dark energy" doesn't exist in real life, creating a mathematical model that includes it, in order to make the math work right, is considered perfectly OK by professional mathematicians.)

Abbas Kashani added a reply:

Introduction The ‘Theory of Everything’ is a hypothetical theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. There is a possible solution to the origin of gravity force, postulating it as angular piece of this theory, this solution erases gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and unifies it with strong nuclear force. Let’s analyze the forces that occur in the universe transforming string theory. It allows to explain many physical behaviors that without its existence would be practically impossible to understand, even so, these strings have not been able to be discovered and are only that, a theory that serves as an important support to the world of physics. One of the best known theoretical applications about them is how their vibration can provoke the creation of matter, but this is not about theories already written, we are going to place these strings in a simpler way to answer some doubts in subatomic world. This theory uses 4 dimensions in space and a behavior as one dimension in strings with superconducting capacities. Like an elastic band between V-shaped sticks where the elastic band slides down, the strong nuclear force, forces these strings to bend to fall dawn.

It’s not directly related to electromagnetism. . Actors . String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by onedimensional objects called strings. Each string that we cross would be the minimum distance that can be traversed during a displacement. We can note two important qualities of strings: Distance to the most distant object detected by the human being is more than 30 billion light years, that means there are beams of light which are able to travel that distance without decreasing its speed (they modify only its wavelength). Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period, as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it. If strings exist, they act as a superconductor of matter with a resistance near 0. In order to generate waves it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves behave like ocean waves which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as one-dimensional structure for its study. Strings, at same time, could be one or zero-dimensional, like points under extreme bound forces, think about them as something tenser than any cable that holds the heaviest bridge in the world. The new framework we have drawn would be a set of extremely tense strings, with a practically infinite matter conduction capacity. Remember we are moving into universe at a stimated speed of 600km/sc. Strong Nuclear Force Strong nuclear force is another variable. This force allows the atomic nucleus to remain together, being the strongest of the so-called fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). Gluon is in charge of this interaction, it has a scope not greater than 10 to the power of -15 meters, preventing matter to separate by a constant attraction force between quarks of maximum 10.000 N (F). This real picture illustrates the three dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties. The volume of the box is 2,4 by 2,4 by 3,6 fm.Contrary to the concept of an empty vacuum, this induces chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate into this example is billions of billions frames per second (FPS). Superconducting String Theory (SST): Fundamentals: superconductor of matter interacting with a force that makes that matter hold together, but, how can they interact with each other? The most simple is to think about two V-shaped sticks (simulating the strings), and an elastic band that tight them at the most opened side (it would simulate the gluon, with size 10 to the power of -15 meters). If sticks are sufficiently lubricated and tense, what does the elastic band do? It will slide to the thinnest side. More elastic bands, more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them, so next bands will slide even faster (equally, more mass causes more attraction). We are talking about unknown limits in known world, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen in materials. Suddenly, we have erased one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity force doesn’t really exist, exists the strong nuclear force interacting with strings. this theory ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’. Calculations: Apply formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law). Simulation is in horizontal direction. Friction is imperceptible and acceleration down the plane is matched with gravity acceleration in our planet. Vertical force is not gravity force, it is gluon force, which values ares estimated, so we keep force 10.000 N (F1) and mass 0,0002 eV/c2 (m2). It can be considered vertical angle, but it’s depreciable.Dark energy and universe’s expansion. The behaviuor of the strings implies to have any kind of polaritation to expand, at least, strong enough to avoid get closer and restablish its structure after any contraction. This strength propagates over long distances.Gravitational constant (G = 6,67408 × 10−11 m3 kg-1s -2) and its problem to measure with high accuracy since it can be related to the density exposed. Schrödinger equation, to describe how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time, similar to Newton's second law. Planck's length (1,616229 × 10-35 m) which can indicate the distance between strings. Gluon size and its larger size far from earth. Black holes.and .....

Hey everyone, does anyone know of any management or business administration journals that have an ISSN and publication fees under 100USD? Ideally, I'm looking for free journals with no specific ranking requirements. The journals should be easy to submit to and have a lenient review process. Thanks for any recommendations!

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What makes clay particles negative?

Which of hydrogen cars and electric cars will win the race to green smart mobility? As many countries (Norway, Germany, Japan, etc.) are shifting towards cleaner and sustainable mobility, hydrogen cars and electric cars have emerged as viable alternatives to conventional fossil-thermal powered vehicles. Both of the two technologies are zero direct emissions while hydrogen cars have a fast refueling time, lighter weight and longer driving range compared to electric cars who have Lower operating costs due to fewer moving parts and reduced energy costs. For instance, EV cars, even with longer charging times, are leading due to vehicle availability with lower cost and extensive charging infrastructure.

Everyone,

I have calculated the charge density using postproccessing file as a following after scf calculation. After postproccessing, which outputfile can be used for visualization in the VESTA program? Thanks!

&INPUTPP

outdir = "./outdir/"

prefix = "KGeCl3_scf_cal"

plot_num = 9

/

&Plot

iflag = 3

output_format = 6

fileout = "myplot.rho"

e1(1)=1.0, e1(2)=0.0, e1(3)=1.0,

e2(1)=0.0, e2(2)=1.0, e2(3)=0.0,

e3(1)=0.0, e3(2)=0.0, e3(3)=1.0,

x0(1)=1.0, x0(2)=0.0, e0(3)=1.0,

nx=64, ny=64, nz=64

/

I have calculated charge density using this postprocessing for materials with cubic symmetry. But I have obtain VESTA image using .cube output file. Any comment for this failure?

&INPUTPP

outdir = "./outdir/"

prefix = "KGeCl3_scf_cal"

filplot = "file.cube"

plot_num = 0

/

&Plot

iflag = 3

output_format = 6

fileout = "myplot_rho.cube"

e1(1)=1.0, e1(2)=0.0, e1(3)=0.0,

e2(1)=0.0, e2(2)=1.0, e2(3)=0.0,

e3(1)=0.0, e3(2)=0.0, e3(3)=1.0,

x0(1)=0.0, y0(2)=0.0, z0(3)=0.0,

nx=64, ny=64, nz=64

Berger Science Press is an academic publisher that specializes in peer-reviewed, open access journals for a wide range of subject areas, including engineering, economics, business, education, social sciences, humanities, and sciences.

All journals are google scholar indexed, and all articles will have its DOI immediately.

Currently, there is without any publication charge, including article processing and submission charges. You are invited to submit your works to our journals.

Dear all,

We are organizing a conference on technology and consumer behavior in Turku, Finland. The conference is free of charge for everyone: https://www.abo.fi/en/event/mos-2024-technology-consumer-behavior-conference/

Could you please suggest any ideas on how we could better promote it?

Regards,

Ilia

Hi,

I am wondering about well-known platforms that are free of charge for posting a postdoc vacancy. I know a few, but it would be nice to know more.

Dear Colleagues,

Academic Medicine & Surgery is accepting manuscripts that span the breadth and depth of medicine and surgery. FREE to publish, turnaround time is ~2 weeks. Article types accepted include original research, practice innovations, data notes, technical notes, clinical images, case reports, and survey studies.

Submit here: https://academic-med-surg.scholasticahq.com/for-authors

why discharge time in supercapacitors is higher than charge times?

I am facing a reproducibility issue. I am measuring the specific capacitance for my sample (carbide based). I am getting pseudocapacitive behavior in CV curves. The first time while measuring GCD i am getting around 100 F/g at 1 A/g current density, but when i try to repeat the same i am not getting the same value. Moreover the GCD curve is not triangular shape.

Electrolyte used is 1M Sulphuric acid

Mass loading is from 1.3 to 1.8 mg/cm2

Potential window is from -0.1 V to 0.4 V

As per suggested i optimize molecule in semi emipirical Am1,pm3 set and reoptimize it in dft . And directly optimize from gaussian input file . But optimize geometrical parameter and mulliken charge were different for two cases.Is it okay to have different result?

which journal is best for a pathology/gasteroenterology case report to be published with no publication fee?

#Copied post just for an insight

Scam in the Academia: The Saudi Royal Institute of Business and Social Sciences  (SRIBSS Scam) The title summarises the ordeal of 3 good friends who registered to attend the Saudi Royal Institute of Business and Social Sciences (SRIBSS) conference scheduled to hold from 29-31 October 2019. The organizers used names of prominent professors and experts to advertise their scam to unsuspecting public. At the end of the registration and flight book periods, these three friends have paid more than RM 14000 (US$3337). Meanwhile, the organizers claimed that over 1900 participants registered for the conference! How it happened. These friends saw an advert on a conference supposedly organised by the Saudi Royal Institute of Business and Social Sciences (SRIBSS) via social media channels. As expected, they searched the website of the organizers (http://sribss.org/) and found out the following are the board of directors of the entity-  Ziyad Almalki Board Chair SRIBSS; Assistant Professor , Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Eng Imam Ahmed Operations Manager; Head of organizing team Dr. Abdullah Alfaifi; Research Education & Training Director; Assistant Professor, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Saad Alshahrani; Deputy Chair, Research Director; Assistant Professor, Head of Department of Economics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Ahmad Alalaiwe; Research Policy Director; Assistant Professor, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Naseer Alqahtani; Director; Advisor to Executive VP Dr. Monira Alwhaibi; Co-Director of Scientific Affairs and Research Dr. Ahmed Al-Shehri; Director; Assistant Professor, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University,Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Abdullah Alahmari; Research Integrity Director; Assistant Professor, King Fahad University, KSA With the names of these respected individuals, they felt all was ok. In fact, they also reviewed the event brochure (http://sribss.org/Downloads/Jeddah_6ISRMC_Brochure.pdf; a copy is also attached as the website may cease to exist after this post) and names of respected scholars enlisted as key speakers- Prof. Mahmoud Shahin Alahwal Dean, Faculty of Medicine, KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY, KSA; Dr. Hani Z. Asfour Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY, KSA; Professor John Hattie Director Melbourne Graduate School of Engineering UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE & CHAIR AITSL; Professor David Giles Dean of Sciences FLINDERS UNIVERSITY and Professor Field Rickards Dean of Education Melbourne Graduate School of Education UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE. The website also showcased pictures from the past conferences held in GCC countries such as Oman, UAE, Qatar (details here: http://sribss.org/previous-events/). The networth of the event partners- Saudi Airline and King AbdulAziz University, KSA - seems to further add credence to the search. They thought all facts looks genuine and fine.  These friends submitted their unpublished paper and also got acceptance letter. They paid registration fees, and went further to pay the flight tickets through the Emirates Airline ‘agents’ (as a 30% discount on flight ticket was presumably given). They got Emirates flight booking reservations and required details to process their leave applications from the university to attend the conference....everything looks set. During this period, the organizers respond to emails within the hour through the representative- Dr Noor Hadi. Noor Hadi even noted that over 1900 participants registered for the conference and urged participants to make payments within the time to avoid disqualification. The problem started when the expected visa letters were not issued within the stipulated time. They got worried and sent emails to the usual contact, no response was received. Their hearts already beating fast, they contacted the Board of Directors and Key Speakers. Only of them responded:  The key speaker- Professor John Hattie wrote (October 02, 2019):  “This is a con.   They have never asked me, I (and not is field rickard) am not going, and this is fourth year in a row they tried this scam.”  The Chairman of the Board - Dr. Ziyad S. Almalki wrote ( (October 02, 2019): “This website and their operators are not from Saudi Arabia or even in Saudi Arabia and used Saudi identities to make everything looks real.  We reported it here but can’t do anything about it out of Saudi Arabia. You need to notify all your colleagues about this scam.” At this time, is clear this is a scam! The feedback seems to suggest this scam has been ongoing for four years, and these respected personalities did not post any report online to save unsuspecting researchers from such trauma! The friends contacted another friend who checked the domain registration information for sribss.org and observed the website is registered in the United States and the owner also resides in the US. I have decided to share their experience to save other researchers from such trauma. As at now, no report online to expose these illicit activities. Infact, the organizers are already organizing another round of event for January 2020 tagged ‘Madinah 7th International Saudi Royal Multidisciplinary Conference (Madinah-7ISRMC)’ (http://sribss.org/jeddah-6isrmc/). It is hoped that this post will alert other researchers on SRIBSS SCAM. Lessons for other researchers: 1. Researchers should search for names of the conference organizers (especially the prominent persons) and contact directly to confirm the genuineness of the workshop/conference 2. Information of sites such as https://www.exordo.com/blog/9-signs-this-is-a-fake-conference/ should help further. Here are the 9 Signs that indicate a conference is fake: The conference has an overly ambitious title; The technical programme is broad. Very broad; The language on the conference website is…off (typos and grammatical errors); Renowned organisations are sponsoring a low-profile conference; The organisers’ contact details are missing, or aren’t quite right; Another conference with a suspiciously similar name already exists; The conference or its organisers have known associates; The organisers are charging higher-than-normal fees; The conference is unusually frequent 3. Buy air tickets directly from airlines. Do not allow organizers to buy on your behalf 4. Be careful if the contact person sounds too nice or responds too soon to enquiries. For now, these friends are taking necessary legal steps to seek redress. Hopefully, we can stop such fraud from expanding in our communities and especially in such areas as academia.  Thanks for reading. Hope we can keep exposing these individuals and their tactics. Kind regards. Hafis Bello [email protected] *Please reshare to save others from such ordeals.*

A post from @Sulaimon Olanrewaju Adebiyi, dated October 4, 2019

What are some good journals to publish molecular docking studies with no article processing charges?

Thanks and Regards

Aaryan Gupta

I had sent an abstract for the "International Conference on Critical Architecture, Culture and Design (ICCACD- 2024) " scheduled to take place on 26th - 27th November 2024 in  Dallas, USA organized by sciencesociety.co

It was favorably peer reviewed within 48 hours! I have been given a discount of $35 on the registration fees for registration by end of day today.

The President is Dr.Allena Whitfield ([email protected]) and I am not able to locate her on linkedIn.

The Conference venue is tentative.

I want to be very sure about this before I take the next step.

Please advice.

Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover

Professor, School of Planning and Architecture, Bew Delhi

CNP and Dirac point in Graphene

Scenedesmus obliquus cells are positive or negatively charged?

Electric field is a presence resulted from coulomb force of the carrier charges. As it does not manifested physically, could electric field do some mechanical damage such as lattice displacement ?

Hello,

I am analyzing purified antibodies using a superdex 200 increase 10/300 GL column. Occasionally, I observe tailing at the peak, particularly with antibodies that have high surface concentrations of Lysine and Arginine.

The figure below shows data from size exclusion chromatography analysis conducted under the same conditions, where tailing was observed in antibodies with high positive charge.

I'm wondering if increased positive charge on the surface could enhance interactions with the column.

Are there any references demonstrating this phenomenon?

Thank you!

Which type of charge carrier has greater mobility why and difference between ion mobility and diffusion coefficient?

I have a cylindrical deep-drawn cup. This cup is subjected to cathodic hydrogen charging for a hydrogen embrittlement behaviour study as shown in the figures below.

I wish that the electrolysis only take place at the inner surface of the cylindrical deep-drawn cup where the cup is submerged in the electrolytes during cathodic hydrogen charging.

Any masks or barriers can be used to cover the specific areas where electrolysis needs to be restricted?

Thanks in advance

Hello to all, I am utilising SCAPS-1D to simulate a perovskite solar cell and require guidance regarding the selection of input parameters for the various layers. In particular, I am considering thickness, material composition, defect density, charge mobility, and other relevant parameters.

How to Select the Appropriate One to Enhance Characteristics Could anyone provide resources or insights regarding

Hello RG Community I hope you're well:).

For the above topic I only need to optimize two-dihedral angles, can I therefore

only select Scan and Opt Torsion tabs and ignore the others i.e. Opt Charge etc.?

(My goal is to simulate a protein-ligand Complex via Gromacs and my ligand exhibited

only two penalized dihedral angles needing optimization before proceeding any further.)

Thanks if you know:) Joel 

Hello RG Community:), towards the above topic:

I had entered all of the appropriate files within the ffTK Opt. Charge Tab, however,

am generating the below errors upon Run Optimization (just the first error is included

to facilitate):

Atom name: C1 not found in molecule

Attached is the INPUT PSF and PDB Files and QM Target Data first output file: output14C+H-ACC-C1.out

I believe the molecule is referencing the pdb file which indicates the C1 atom.

Please let me know if you would need to inspect the INPUT par files.

Thanks if you know:),

Joel 🚀

We have a surplus of positively charged slides (Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides) since they did not perform well with small zebrafish brain slices, which were washed off from these slides during the Nissl staining. I am wondering if I can still cover them with poly-lysine. I have doubts because both charged slides and poly-lysine are positively charged, so they could potentially repel each other due to electrostatic forces. Please share your thoughts and experience! Thank you!

I have been trying to figure out how to run GDC using Bio-logic software but still not able to figure it out. Can someone please point me in the right direction to run this experiment?

I've been having some trouble with the output I've obtained from my calculations: I've tried to optimize three excited states from the same molecule. All of them reached convergence (and in all three cases the .log file states that the calculation has terminated normally). But the problem is that I can't load the .fchk file in the MO's visualization menu. When I try to do it, the following error pops up:

'SCUtil_ConnectionGFCHK::Parse_GFCHK()

Missing or bad data: MM charges

Line number: 54'

I'm fairly new to the software and to computational chemistry, sorry if it's too much of a basic question. Should I try to maybe change something manually in the .fchk file?

In simpler terms, if an electrical charge ‘q’ is so small like a test-particle regarding its dimensions but huge in its electrical charge, is there any substance in nature or phenomena where a small volume can have huge electrical charge (like e.g., small volume of a star but with millions of Coulombs in small volume?

why the colombic efficiency of supercapacitor device initial decreases then increase for 1000 cycles of charge discharge?

How is the development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure impacting local ecosystems, and what strategies are being employed to minimize environmental disruption during infrastructure expansion?

Dear colleagues, I am currently in a search of Q1-Q2 journal that is specialized on general mycology and is free of publication or any other charge. I would like to publish manuscripts on ecology of mycorrhizal and plant-associated fungi. Could you suggest any?

I am curious whether the pKa of a charged side chain on the surface of a protein can be influenced by the charged state of nearby amino acids.

My hypothesis suggests that, in comparing Figure 1A and 1B, 1B would be more stable energetically due to reducing repulsion from the charge. Therefore, I propose that this could lead to an increase in pKa, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Is my hypothesis scientifically valid, and are there any literature references supporting it?

In fact what is a charge? This is a question that has not yet response in physics. But according to me the charge vibrates at the speed of light and provide this speed c to the photons to travel at the same speed which is the speed of light by a mechanism not yet known in fundamental physics. In addition according to me the charge quantify the energies it provides for the photons that it "produce"!

I want to evaluate the cathode's capacity as soon as possible. In the beginning, can I test the half-cell using a 1C rate?

Then, If the capacity is acceptable, I use the standard charge-discharge protocol.

With natural photons from stars and artificial photons from light sources such as bulbs, fire, some photons interact in way that appears to have slight charge.

If charge polarity gradients exist on photons emitted from light sources, charge state could be from quanta spin angular momentum, excited atoms, Electromagntism, and other factors.

Artificial Photons. With photons from light bulbs, RF, and chemical reactions, the most common types of light bulbs are incandescent bulbs, halogen bulbs, CFL bulbs, and light-emitting diode (LED), bulbs. Heating the atoms of filament, millions and billions of electrons are excited to higher energy shell levels and then simultaneously descend to lower levels, which releases photons with Energy (E=hf) that could also be electrons. Photoelectric effect is also the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material.

Some found that RF photon energy is vastly smaller than an optical photon energy, which would suggest two separate particles of different size, spin state, charge, etc. Negative photons are fragments derived from electrons that are negatively charged. X-ray is a positive photon;Photons of different sizes have different masses and spin magnetic moments. negative photon speed was found to be in excellent agreement with the existing light speed constant.(Yuan, et al, 2021) Further research may help quantify polar dynamics of photonic interactions.

If aspartic acid residues are densely packed and the distance between their side chain functional groups is close, I believe that the pKa might upshift to reduce charge repulsion. Is my understanding correct? Additionally, are there any papers that address pKa shifts in amino acids within proteins based on their surrounding environment?

I am trying to do a simulation on Materials Studio that was performed on LAMMPS (doig2014).

It is about an adsorption of surfactant molecules onto solid surfaces, and the aim is to calculate the kinetic friction coefficient as a function of sliding velocity.

I got the Model done on Materials Studio: two surface (super cell) (100) of iron(III) oxide with lateral (xy) dimensions of 55.1 Å × 50.4 Å and a thickness of approximately 10 Å. First I cleaved the Fe2O3, and then I built a supercell using COMPASS forcefield and Conjugate Gradient algorithm; built an amorphous cell with 72 surfactants (stearic acid) and 168 squalanes, but when I try to optimize the geometry (forcite – compass) this error appear:

(…)

“Unable to calculate the ForcefieldType for particle 'FE'

The typing engine has been unable to assign a forcefield type.

No typing rules found that match (except the wildcard '?').

The typing engine has failed to calculate a forcefield type for 2464 particles.

Try using a different forcefield or assign types manually (and remember to turn off the automatic calculation of forcefield types).

Unable to calculate energy and gradients.

Geometry optimization finished with an error condition”

I change the algorithms, but this error still. When I changed the COMPASS to Universal, the type error changes:

“Automatic charge group calculation failed.

No charge groups have been calculated.

The particles that are being considered for a charge group are not charge neutral.

The absolute net charge is 0.8 and it should be less than 0.1

Unable to calculate energy and gradients.

Geometry optimization finished with an error condition.”

What is the problem?

Dea All , One of my papers was accepted by a journal. They shared an acceptance email and demanded a publication fee. The journal website offers publishing under the Hybird system, and I want to publish under the traditional publishing system (publication without APC). I did not pay the fee; the journal has withdrawn the paper. What remedy do I have? Needs guidance from experts, Thanks

Dear Colleagues, I am very pleased to inform you that I am serving as a guest editor for Energies Special Issue: Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging. You are all welcome to contribute with a research or review article!

Finding solutions that optimize the management of energy

demand from electric vehicles and alternative methods of

power generation are two strategies that contribute to the

overall success of the energy transition. With this goal in

mind, this Special Issue aims to analyze approaches for the

smart charging of electric vehicles that can be optimized

for better results. The focus is on using renewable energy,

reducing peak electricity demand, and maintaining the

quality of energy while meeting the needs of electric

vehicle drivers. We are also interested in work that

considers fuel cell electric cars.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not

limited to:

Smart management of private and public charging

demand;

Integration with renewable sources and storage

management: potential, critical issues, enabling

technologies, and grid integration;

Analysis of the bidirectional functionalities of

vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home;

Smart charging for power regulation, grid stability,

power quality, and reliability;

Local energy market and neighborhood

management for district infrastructure.

Please List Scopus-indexed Open Access Journals with NO Publication Charges in Physiotherapy

What actually the reason of change of anode material, why due to charging anode material act again as electron reservoir so that Li ion or Na ion can take it. It would be helpful if I got the answer of this reversible behaviour during charging and discharging.

Dear members,

I would like to know if there is a pattern of proportion between the generated Abraham-Lorentz force and the Lorentz force leading to study the fine-structure constant. I am studying the proportion between these forces when q=e or charge of electron. It might be that a comparison of forces lead to link certain combination of electromagnetic fields and velocities of a charge particles q in low speeds.

I am working on room temperature sodium sulfur batteries with carbon-based cathode. I have tried many carbonaceous materials like microporous carbon, cnt etc which were reported in literature. But in every case, I get very high charging capacity and low discharge capacity. Ex. In a paper, for CNT-S composite, they reported a capacity of ~500 mAh/g at 0.1 C whereas I got 140 mAh/g at 0.01C, even though I followed the exact same procedure.

Please help me in understanding why I am getting such high charging capacities and so low discharging capacities. The electrolyte Im using is 1 M NaClO4 in TEGDME and Na metal foil as anode. I`ve put the charge-discharge curve of my battery.

Do all open-access remote sensing and geography journals require a publishing charge?

Association of the effect of the medication on the disease (efficiency), but also the effect of the drug the body in general (side effects). Furthermore, the association of the effect of the disease on the body (processes and functions).

Bioinformatics can be in charge of both: automatization of the tests and the vizualization of data and results.

I set the discharge cut-off voltage to 1V, but at a current density of 1mA/cm2, the discharge voltage does not reach the cut-off voltage, why is that?