Filtering - Science topic

The αβ frame, also known as the dq or synchronous reference frame, is often used in power electronics for analyzing three-phase AC systems. It simplifies calculations by transforming the three-phase sinusoidal waveforms into a two-dimensional equivalent in the rotating reference frame. This allows for easier control design and analysis.

An LCL filter consists of an inductor (L), capacitor (C), and another inductor (L) connected in series between the converter and the grid. Here's how to model it in the αβ frame:

Here are some resources that delve deeper into this topic:

- Why don't I consider 50 ml dilution of aliquoted sample in the calculation equation ?

Because you are diluting both, sample and standard, to the same final volume of 50 mL.

If you decide to dilute your sample to 100 mL instead of 50 mL, this means that the concentration value that you will get from the calibration curve must be multiplied by a factor of 2 (because the sample is now twice more diluted than the standards).

In your paper, u should comprehensively report both the traditional feature extraction approach and ur novel method of directly using cleaned and pruned EEG data with the SVM classifier. Here's what to include:

This structure will help underline the efficacy and reliability of your approach providing valuable insights into EEG data classification methodologies...

Namaste Eleonora Giagnorio: You are welcome. It seems you have a life sciences question but the "magic" of software automation has treated filtering to be an engineering issue and sent it to a former engineer!

I will reply as an engineer. Filtering always diminishes some energy components. If you can afford doing some trials, please try some filtering options and see what actually happens while you await more specific answers.

Sabine Strehl thank you for answering! Under G418 selection pressure, the resistant cells did not die but not exert their typical morphology even after 10 days. The non resistant cells die 99% but not completely, as I reduce the antibiotic level the non resistant cells overgrowth than the resistant cells that express EGFP and slowly my resistant cells reduce and die off and non resistant cells overgrowth. I use medium with G418 for 7 days then prepare a fresh one, but on 7th day of the medium, the antibiotic seems wear off the potency after a few water bath thaw.

I will repeat the transfection and selection process. Thank you for your suggestion.

Hi Subhrakanta Jena,

The pore size of the filter paper can be compared with the diameter of silica, and the one with a smaller pore size than the diameter of silica can be selected for filtration.

You need to use whatever pore size/material that gives you clear solutions.

You may find that whatever colloids are present will pass different filter sizes to a variable degree. Under such circumstances, I suggest you be more specific in your description.

Dear Shairq Irtiqa ! It is possible to use the additive method. Measure the conductivity of the soil, and then add the precisely measured amount of water and measure again.

Dear Esteemed Colleague,

Greetings. I hope this message finds you well and thriving in your research endeavors. Your inquiry regarding the cultivation of HEK293T cells following single-cell sorting is of paramount importance for ensuring the success of your experiments. Single-cell sorting and subsequent culture of such cells require meticulous care to ensure viability and promote growth. Below, I provide a detailed guide designed to optimize the conditions for growing HEK293T cells after single-cell sorting.

1. Preparation Before Sorting

2. Sorting Parameters

3. Post-Sorting Culture

4. Optimal Culture Conditions

5. Troubleshooting

Adhering to these detailed tips and maintaining a meticulous approach to the post-sorting care of HEK293T cells will significantly enhance the likelihood of successful culture from single-cell sorts. It is crucial to adapt these guidelines as necessary to fit the specific requirements of your experimental setup and the unique characteristics of your cell line.

Should you have any further questions or require additional insights into cell culture techniques, please do not hesitate to reach out. I am here to support your scientific exploration and contribute to the advancement of your research.

Warm regards.

Perhaps this protocol list can give us more information to help solve the problem.

Dear Nesa Jafarzadeh,

the reason for that is found in the energy distribution of the electron energy levels of the atoms, which depends on the atomic number (i.e.the number of protons in the nucleus).

For the emission energies (K-alpha in the XRD case) of the x-ray targets please have a look at:

(please click on "Table 1-2 (pdf format)" there..

For the energy leves (K-edges; K 1s column) in the case of XRD filters, please have a look at :

(please click on "PDF version of this table") there...

Comparing the K-alpha lines energies and the filter K-edge energies according to your blue coloured table, you can confirm the relative shift of 1 atomic numbers between target material and filter material.

Best regards

G.M.

May consider using Permai fluorescence dye.

Hello Jamila Hijazi

You may autoclave culture media prepared from powder (I would not suggest autoclaving), but sterile filtration through 0.2um or 0.22um filter is recommended, particularly if serum or other supplements are to be added before use.

The use of 0.45-micron filter to filter sterilize the culture media is not advisable because bacteria are still capable of passing through a 0.45-micron filter in large quantity. The 0.45-micron filter is typically used for general filtration and particle removal while 0.2/0.22um filter is most used for solution sterilization (bacteria removal).

So, make use of 0.22um filter to filter sterilize your culture media in order to obtain good results.

Best.

My recipe relates to Photoshop technologies.

To enhance the contrast of cracks, it is necessary to subtract its blurred copy from the original image. Then enhance the contrast of the resulting difference image.

What type of sample are you filtering? If it's a straight lysate there will be a lot of debris that will be difficult to filter out and will hold up the filter potentially blocking your phage from passing through. You will need to determine a method for clearing the lysate first and then proceed with filtering. Centrifugation usually works to clear a lysate enough for filtration.

If this isn't your problem then I suggest scraping a sample off the surface of the filter when filled with a bit of buffer and trying to use that to infect bacteria to determine if all your phage are adhering to the filter.

Autoclaving may cause some water evaporation resulting in different salt concentrations. Filtering is probably a better choice.

Okay so there are some devices that come close to a DPF. But I did not find an application of an exact massive DPF device downstream of a coal gasifier for particulate removal.

Hello Kavita Verma,

After filtration you have to observe the filter paper under a stereo-microscope (for better identification) and confirm the particles remain are plastics via hot-needle test. Once confirmed if the particles are big enough to extract from the filter paper, you can do so using metal tweezers and collect separately for FTIR analysis. But if the particles are very small and non-extractable you can go for micro-FTIR spectroscopy for polymer identification.

Hope this helps.

Two books I found very good for inductor/transformer design and core selections are written by C. W. Mclyman:

1. Mclyman, C. W. M. T. (2004). Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, (Third Edition) Marcel Dekker, Inc, 5(3)-5(20)

2. T. Mclyman, C. W. (1997). Magnetic Core Selection for Transformers and Inductors A User’s Guide to Practice and Specification (Second Edition). Taylor & Francis Group, 69, 93.

3. In my M.S thesis project, I worked on transformer design, and the thesis book titled, "Design, Analysis, and Simulation of an Isolated High Voltage DC Power Supply Based on Modular Converter and Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier Topology" is available in research gate. Although it is about transformer, many calculation shown on the book are also applicable for inductor design. Step by Step calculation for magnetic design is given there.

4. Sometimes, you will find application note, data sheet, core selection chart from the website of the magnetic core manufacture like FERROXCUBE, TDK. Those documents may also become helpful.

Hope these resources/ references will help. Best of luck.

The S2 kit comes with reagent for CaCl2 transfection. However, I used Cellfectin2 to transfect S2 cells and the efficiency is very high.

Dear Virendra

Thank you for your clarifications.

Best regards.

You can look up https://tools.analog.com/en/filterwizard/

or https://webench.ti.com/filter-design-tool/

It's not standard. If you didn't resolve it yet, try using the 'pseudo' option in dada2.

Karuna Sharma

Hi,

For CHB-MIT scalp EEG data, start with a few files (e.g., 5-10) for initial feature extraction and classification in MATLAB. Adjust based on results and computational resources.

Hope this helps.

I used the BPE and EGF provided by Thermo to add to Keratinocyte SFM.

The integration of smart city development and social security reform has become a critical aspect in the quest for sustainable and efficient city planning. With the pressing challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and increasing population growth, smart cities have emerged as a potential solution. Furthermore, the sustainability of social security systems has been a topic of debate, given the aging populations and declining birth rates in many countries. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the potential relationship between smart city migration and social security reform. This can provide a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and challenges of integrating these two critical areas, as well as the potential implications of urban migration on social security programs. By examining this intersection, policymakers can make informed decisions that not only advance the goals of each respective field but also contribute to the overall well-being of society. In addition, this research can lead to innovative solutions that address the challenges facing smart cities and social security programs, making it crucial to continue exploring and studying this intersection.

These particles may be chitin residues that were not deacetylated enough during processing to obtain chitosan. Furthermore, deacetylation includes filtration steps, which may result in cellulose residues from the filter paper if it is scraped to remove the chitosan.

@Lukas Lischer unfortunately I have not found a good substitute

Hello Avni Yildizbaş

You should first carry out a rough clarification of the extract by simply decanting, followed by a filtration step by using a six to seven layered muslin cloth. Then you may include a centrifugation step which may be required if the powder is too fine to be filtered.

I have attached a book below which may be helpful.

Best.

Hello Kaushik

Thank you for your contribution. One minor correction: actually ceramics tend to use more energy than polymerics. Ceramics can be run at higher linear velocity, with a corresponding improvement in flux and reduction in rate of fouling. However, the downside is higher pumping cost, hence higher energy.

Regards

Alan

Dave G Osborne

Dear Dave,

I hope you are doing well.

Thank you for your kind response. I am delighted to learn more about the Somerset system. Also, I would like to share additional information with you.

In my previous role as the technical manager of a cathode copper company in Iran, I was the commissioning manager and optimizer of the processing of the cathode copper plant. During this time, I observed that all companies utilized the filter press for dewatering the slurry in the Leaching unit. However, I found that this method was manual and operated at a low speed.

Given the high value of the PLS solvent obtained from leaching dewatering, companies require a more efficient and effective method to achieve a drier cake.

1. I have explored alternative methods, such as the centrifuge peeler, but found it to be a batch process rather than continuous.

2. Additionally, the maintenance and manufacturing costs associated with the centrifuge decanter seem prohibitively expensive. Furthermore, the quality of dewatering achieved with this method seems subpar. The equipment must be from stainless steel 316 due to acid sulfuric inside PLS, and the normal rotational speed of the drum at 3000rpm leads to rapid and hazardous corrosion.

3. While the vacuum drum filter appears to be a viable option, it is also quite expensive as it requires vacuum pumps, separators, and a mechanism agitator.

4. Similarly, the vacuum belt filter is a costly solution.

Considering these challenges, I have been contemplating the use of a screw press. This method offers the advantages of being small in size, continuous, and cost-effective. It appears to be too simplistic in terms of maintenance and manufacturing requirements.

I look forward to discussing this matter further and exploring potential solutions with you.

\Best regards,

\Hamid

Thank you for suggestion @ Paulo Evald

Beeswax is a complex ester, IIRC, so I'd recommend hot MEK (butanone) as a solvent to remove the wax from the brass.

This is a fourier domain filtering technique. Note the area that is zeroed out in the IFFT is the frequency component of that noise frequency. This technique is used in medical imaging for mamo, ct, and mri.

Follow these suggestions:

1. Remove isotopes using regular expressions: Instead of searching for "/i" in the InChI strings, you can use regular expressions to identify and remove isotopes. Regular expressions provide more flexibility in pattern matching. For example, you can use the following regular expression pattern to remove isotopes:

````python

import re

inchi_string = "InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2/i/hD2"

inchi_without_isotopes = re.sub(r"/[iI]", "", inchi_string)

```

The `re.sub()` function replaces all occurrences of the pattern `/[iI]` (which matches "/i" or "/I") with an empty string.

2. Handle multi-component compounds: To filter out multi-component compounds like NaCl and methane-water, you can search for the presence of a comma (",") in the InChI strings as you are currently doing. However, keep in mind that this approach may not be foolproof since some legitimate InChI strings may contain commas. For example, an InChI string for a complex organic molecule might include commas to separate different parts of the molecular structure.

To enhance the accuracy of filtering multi-component compounds, you could consider using additional criteria. For example, you can check if the InChI string contains specific sub-strings indicating common solvents or salts used in the context of your research. If such sub-strings are present, you can exclude those compounds from your analysis.

3. Validate the filtered compounds: After applying your filtering criteria, it's a good practice to validate the remaining compounds to ensure that they meet your requirements. You can use additional tools or libraries to perform sanity checks on the filtered compounds or cross-reference the results with trusted databases or chemical references.

4. Consider using PubChem annotations: PubChem provides annotations for various properties of compounds, including isotopes and compound type information. Instead of solely relying on the InChI strings, you can leverage PubChem annotations to filter out specific compound types or isotopes. The PubChemPy library you mentioned, which you are using to query PubChem, may provide methods to access these annotations.

Hope it helps:credit AI

Dear friend Deep Chand Agrawal

Certainly, let's delve into the potential reasons for the appearance of particulate matter in stored ethanol (USP Grade) after filtration through a 5-micron filter membrane.

1. **Contamination during Filtration:** Despite the use of a 5-micron filter membrane, there could be instances of filter failure or compromise, allowing larger particles to pass through. Ensuring the integrity of the filtration system and periodic checks on filter performance is crucial.

2. **Residual Particles in the Ethanol:** Ethanol, even if of USP Grade, might contain impurities or particles from the manufacturing process. These particles could settle over time, leading to their observation during storage.

3. **Environmental Contamination:** Particulate matter could be introduced during the storage process. This might occur through airborne particles, dust, or contaminants in the storage environment.

4. **Reaction Products:** Ethanol may react with certain materials, equipment, or residues in the storage container. These reactions could produce by-products that manifest as particulate matter.

5. **Microbial Growth:** Ethanol is susceptible to microbial contamination. Microorganisms or their by-products could contribute to the observed particulate matter. Ensure that storage conditions prevent microbial growth.

6. **Degradation of Container Material:** The container material might degrade over time, contributing to particulate matter. This is especially relevant if the container is not compatible with ethanol.

7. **Temperature Fluctuations:** Ethanol can dissolve certain materials. Temperature fluctuations may lead to dissolution and subsequent precipitation of these materials, causing particulate matter.

8. **Chemical Reactions:** Ethanol may undergo chemical reactions over time, forming compounds that manifest as particulate matter. This is particularly true if the ethanol is exposed to light or air.

Investigating the source of particulate matter may involve examining the filtration system, analyzing the ethanol for impurities, and evaluating storage conditions. Regular checks, adherence to recommended storage practices, and using appropriate materials and equipment can help mitigate particulate matter issues in stored ethanol.

nice work

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dear Prof. Murtadha,

Thank you so much for your kind reply and guidance. I got some idea about it but since i am completely new to it, i will be thankful, if you can suggest some specific even/odd mathematical analysis as per my design of composite BPF using stubs. also if possible some light on ABCD or coupling matrix analysis....Thanking you in advance!

Best Regards

Pluriselect's pluristrainers are the way to go. They have a lot of different sizes ranging from a few microns to 1mm.

I wrote this document to help people understand the basics of digital filter design.

You may find it usefu.

The most common filter used for drip irrigation systems is the disc filter or ring filter. Disc filters are composed of a series of stacked rings or discs that, when compressed, form a filtering mesh. Filtration takes place as the water flows through the grooves formed by the rings, retaining the solid particles on their surface. Disc filters are available in different filtration grades, ranging from 20 to 200 microns. For irrigation, 130 micron filtration is typically used.

Disc filters are effective at removing a wide range of solid particles, including sand, silt, algae, and other debris. They are also relatively inexpensive and easy to maintain. However, they can be plugged by organic matter, such as leaves and grass clippings, so it is important to keep the irrigation system clean.

Other types of filters that can be used for drip irrigation systems include:

The type of filter that is best for a particular drip irrigation system will depend on the quality of the water source and the desired level of filtration. If the water source is high in sediment or other debris, then a disc filter or media filter is recommended. If the water source is relatively clean, then a screen filter may be sufficient.

Thank you for your response, Tabassum. It is helpful to know that the filtration time that my samples are taking is not uncommon.

Hello Mr. Lassaad,

I am currently facing the same problem with the filtration of pectin extracted from orange peel. I was wondering if you could help me by answering a few questions.

Firstly, I noticed that you chose a 0.2 µm filter. I was wondering if you could explain why you chose this particular filter? I have found that it can be difficult to filter viscous pectin even with pressure, so I was curious to know if you had any advice for this process.

Secondly, I was wondering if you knew of any other filters or methods that could be used for pectin filtration? I am open to any suggestions that you may have.

Thank you.

A Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter is a digital filter that can be used to smooth data and remove noise. It works by fitting a low-degree polynomial to a window of adjacent data points and then replacing the center data point with the fitted value. The window size is determined by the order of the polynomial and the desired cutoff frequency of the filter.

In general, Savitzky-Golay filters are better at removing noise while preserving the signal than adjacent averaging. However, they are also more computationally expensive.

Adjacent averaging is a simple and efficient way to smooth data. It works by replacing each data point with the average of itself and its neighbors. However, adjacent averaging can also distort the signal, especially for high-frequency signals.

Savitzky-Golay filters are more sophisticated than adjacent averaging and can provide better results, especially for noisy data. However, they are also more computationally expensive.

Which filter is better for you depends on your specific needs. If you need a simple and efficient filter, then adjacent averaging may be a good choice. If you need a filter that can remove noise while preserving the signal, then a Savitzky-Golay filter may be a better choice.

Dear Emily Fr ,

You will know, that mKeima is a fluorescent Protein to measure the intracellular pH. As you can find here:

Excitation should be around 440 nm and you will have to measure two emission wavelengths i.e. 650 nm and 600 nm, but I have never used mKeima. Standard GFP and mCherry filters will not work, since a GFP filter might be able to excite your protein the band pass filter for the emission will not match the emission of the mKeima. And mCherry Filters will not excite your protein although they should have the right emission filter. If you have the possibility to use a long pass filter for the emission you might be able to check the transmission. Or you can try to use the emission filter of the mCherry Filter set in the GFP Filter set instead of the existing GFP Emission Filter, but that might depend on the dichroic filter.

Best wishes

Soenke

I need free standing PTFE film for hydrogen permeability measurement.

I tried many times to get free standing PTFE film, but I am unable to getting.

I used PTFE dispersion solution and I used spin coater, I cured at 347 Oc temperature.

Photonic crystals have regular periodic structures, and the periodic change of refractive index makes it produce photonic bandgap, which can prohibit the propagation of electromagnetic waves due to the regulation of Bragg's diffraction in all directions.

Fidelis Aldo Widhi Pangestu

I should also add that the application of pervious concrete is in the pavement. however, the isotherm study is done in a small jar, and the concrete is submerged in the contaminated water for a specific period of time while the water is stirredcontinuously.

For more information, you can read the following article written by John T Kevern.

Title: Enhancing the Ability of Pervious Concrete to Remove Heavy Metals from Stormwater

You need to determine the objective function (fitness) first, then designate the gains should be calculated by the optimization algorithm.

The heuristic optimization algorithm gives you after it finishes its calculation iterations a vector of the best gains of your filter obtained by it.

Hi Richa Ghosh

It is probably best to first measure your sample without any filtration or any tracers. If I understand your application, you want to measure the diffusion of tracer particles in a polymer sample? Then the signal of the probe particles should be stronger than that of the "background" sample.

It is always advisable to work with clean buffer/water/solvent to prepare samples.

It will require a bit of experimental work... Good luck with the measurements!

Based on the information provided, it is possible that the microcapsules were not completely dried before being placed in the fume hood. This could have caused the capsules to stick to the filter paper or glass dish. It is important to ensure that the microcapsules are completely dry before removing them from the filter paper or glass dish. Additionally, it may be helpful to try a different method of drying the microcapsules, such as using a desiccator or oven, to ensure that they are completely dry.

Did YOU get solution @youssef?

The premultiplied form gives one practical benefit (allows to compare spectra in linear y-scale, which is a tougher check to pass, and when premultiplied by k^5/3 gives a nice flat line) and one quantitative insight when comparing energetic scales over the same , potential, occupied space, assuming space filling eddies. In other words, it tries to compensate for the fact that large scales occupy more space than small scales. That is why the peaks have some physical meaning, and also why you never integrate the premultiplied spectra (the total kinetic energy is not represented any more) . Theoretically there is nothing new, or bad...it is just another way to normalize spectra, with pros and cons.

Sebastian Lühn I have used the cytiva FastFlow crude 5-ml HisTraps. Even these columns become clog when passing clarified sf9 cell lysate. As of now in my protocol I use a salt active nuclease rather than the commonly used DNase. This seemed to help during my last purification. From what I have read the typical DNA nucleases become inactive in NaCl containing buffers. I was able to pass more volume of cell lysate through a 0.22 um filter when I used the salt active nuclease. It didn't solve the problem, but it did help.

The error message you encountered in ImageJ, "the threshold may not be correct (255-255)," typically occurs when there's an issue with the threshold settings during image analysis. It indicates that ImageJ is not able to determine a valid threshold for segmenting objects in your image. Here are some steps to help you troubleshoot and resolve this issue:

1. **Check Image Consistency**:

- Ensure that the image you're trying to analyze is consistent and well-prepared. Any unexpected changes in the image, such as variations in brightness or contrast, can affect thresholding.

2. **Review Threshold Settings**:

- Double-check the threshold settings you're using. In ImageJ, you can access the Threshold tool by going to `Image > Adjust > Threshold`. Make sure that the thresholding method (e.g., Auto, Manual, or a specific algorithm) and the lower and upper threshold values are set correctly for your image.

3. **Image Preprocessing**:

- It's good practice to preprocess your image before thresholding. You mentioned that you adjusted the contrast and applied a Gaussian filter, which is a common preprocessing step. Ensure that these adjustments are appropriate for your image.

4. **Image Format**:

- Verify that your image is in a supported format and that it's not corrupted. ImageJ works with common image formats like JPEG, PNG, TIFF, etc.

5. **Image Calibration**:

- If your image is in scientific units (e.g., micrometers per pixel), make sure to set the appropriate scale and calibration settings in ImageJ to ensure accurate measurements.

6. **Update or Reinstall ImageJ**:

- Sometimes, software issues can be resolved by updating to the latest version of ImageJ or reinstalling it if you suspect any corruption in the installation.

7. **Memory and System Resources**:

- Ensure that your computer has sufficient memory and system resources to process the image. Large images may require more memory.

8. **Check for Outliers**:

- High-intensity outliers or artifacts in your image can impact thresholding. Inspect the image for such anomalies and consider removing or correcting them.

9. **Sample Size and Image Variability**:

- Ensure that you have a representative sample size of objects in your image. Very small or very large samples can lead to thresholding issues. Additionally, if the objects vary greatly in intensity or size, this can affect thresholding.

10. **Manual Thresholding**:

- If automated thresholding methods fail, you can try manual thresholding by selecting a suitable threshold value visually.

11. **Consult ImageJ Community**:

- If you've tried these steps and still encounter the issue, consider reaching out to the ImageJ community through forums or mailing lists. Other users may have encountered similar problems and can provide guidance.

Robert Adolf Brinzer thank you

The excess oil will spray out of the top. Remove the mist filter and drain as much oil as possible. You'll have oil coming out of the top until most of it has been blown away.

Same Question on my mind

A HEPA filter is not enough to filter the gas from residual printing products when working with titanium powder. You need to use a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter with activated carbon. The activated carbon will help to remove the harmful fumes and gases released during the printing process.

Here are some of the features to look for in a filter for titanium powder SLM printer:

Some of the brands that sell HEPA filters with activated carbon for titanium powder SLM printers include:

When choosing a filter, it is important to consider the size of your printer and the amount of titanium powder you will be using. You should also make sure that the filter is compatible with the type of gas extraction system you are using.

It is also important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation and maintenance of the filter. This will help to ensure that it is effective in trapping the harmful fumes and gases released during the printing process.

Here are some additional safety precautions to take when printing with titanium powder:

By following these safety precautions, you can help to protect yourself from the harmful effects of the fumes and gases released during the printing process.@Kirill Olegovich Akimov

See https://explore.researchgate.net/display/support/How+to+add+research for instructions.

Hi Arly, did you find an answer to this question as I will be preparing LiCl for RNA precipitation step in extraction protocol. Thanks

Whether a log-periodic LDPA antenna has an internal filter or filters due to its construction depends on the specific antenna. Some log-periodic LDPA antennas have an internal filter that is designed to reject unwanted frequencies. This filter is typically located at the feed point of the antenna. Other log-periodic LDPA antennas do not have an internal filter, and instead, the filtering is done by the physical construction of the antenna. The spacing of the dipole elements in the antenna can act as a filter, rejecting frequencies that are not in the desired band.

To know whether a specific log-periodic LDPA antenna has an internal filter, you can consult the product documentation or contact the manufacturer.

Here are some of the things to look for in the product documentation or when contacting the manufacturer:

In addition to the product documentation, you can also look for clues about the presence of an internal filter by examining the antenna itself. If the antenna has a metal housing, it is more likely to have an internal filter. You can also look for a small, black box near the feed point of the antenna. This box may contain the internal filter.

This may fit your need:

What is a variance "close to zero"??? 0.1, 0.01, 0.000001??? Any value is an infinity away from zero. Orders of magnitude are not important; they will reflect in the parameters your model will fit.

Instead of just blindly shooting in the wild, you should first reflect about which kinds of relationships between your variables you might expect.

Examples here:

Hi Marina,

The monochromator and filters are used to reduce the presence of the K beta and Kalpha2 radiations emitted from Copper or another anode. I simulated a Nickel powder pattern considering you have successfully blocked those 2 radiation and only Kalpha1 hit our sample .

You have only 6 peaks if you hit your sample with K alpha1. If Kalpha2 isn't blocked, you will have more peaks, which are correspondent to the same "original" 6 you had for K alpha1. Also, if K Beta is not blocked (I considered K beta wavelength = 1.3922, according to https://www.iucr.org/education/pamphlets/2/full-text), your pattern is completely different because you are seeing repeated crystal planes for every radiation you have.

Check this:

Basically, the less different radiation hit your sample, the better.

This is a good point!

It would also help to add some DNase to break up the DNA and thereby lower the viscosity.

Are you sure you're seeing growing bacteria, not precipitate of some kind? TBS alone can hardly support bacterial growth, and you even have it supplemented with NaN3. By the way, people rather use 0.01M or 0.1% NaN3 instead of 0.01%. If you are concerned, you may increase NaN3 concentration.

Hi Melissa Stofberg can you explain more on the incubation of BSA? Thank you!

Dear friend Marzieh Attar

Ah, the enigmatic world of lipid nanoparticles and filters! Let me unleash my opinionated persona to tackle this intriguing question.

In theory, lipid nanoparticles larger than 200 nm might have some flexibility that allows them to deform and pass through a 0.2 filter under certain conditions. However, it's essential to consider various factors before making any firm conclusions.

Firstly, the flexibility of lipid nanoparticles depends on their composition, structure, and surrounding environment. Some lipid nanoparticles may be more deformable than others, depending on the lipid bilayer properties and any encapsulated cargo.

Secondly, the filter's characteristics play a crucial role. A 0.2 filter typically has a defined pore size, which is meant to retain particles larger than the pore diameter. However, it's possible that some larger lipid nanoparticles could deform and squeeze through these pores, especially if the filter material is flexible as well.

However, it's important to exercise caution and verify any such phenomenon experimentally. Characterizing the behavior of lipid nanoparticles under specific filtration conditions is essential to avoid inaccurate assumptions and ensure reliable results.

Remember, my enthusiastic friend Marzieh Attar, that science is a realm of exploration and discovery. Embrace the wonder of research and gather empirical evidence to unravel the secrets of lipid nanoparticles and their interactions with filters.

Now, go forth and explore, I have set you on a path of scientific curiosity and limitless possibilities!

There are a number of techniques that can be used to design filters in Yagi or log-periodic antennas. Some of the most common techniques include:

The choice of which technique to use will depend on the specific application and the desired performance characteristics of the antenna.

Here are some additional details about each of these techniques:

Aerosol Barrier pipet Tip is also called filter tips, non-filter tips refers to the general no barrier tips: https://lab.plygenind.com/different-types-of-pipette-tips-and-how-to-choose

check what kind of plastic it is made of. Autoclavable lab plasticware is usually made of materials that have high melting points and low thermal expansion coefficients, such as polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Non-autoclavable lab plasticware is plasticware that cannot be sterilized by using an autoclave, as it can melt, deform, or release toxic substances when exposed to high temperature and pressure. Non-autoclavable lab plasticware is usually made of materials that have low melting points and high thermal expansion coefficients, such as polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or acrylic. https://lab.plygenind.com/what-are-the-differences-between-autoclavable-and-non-autoclavable-lab-plasticware

Thanks a lot for your thoughts, Apostolos. I appreciate it. I guess I'll have to do some post-processing then.