Graphite - Science topic

I am planning to electrospun a water-soluble polymer with rGO.

I would like to learn the details coding GFET through SILVACO but need reference. Hoping anyone could help me

I am heating melamine at 550°C for 4 hrs but around 470°C I could observe white fumes from the muffle furnace which deposits as white powder on the outside of the furnace. I do not know why the product graphitic carbon nitride is also not formed.

A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in such a honeycomb structure forms a single graphene sheet. Several sheets stacked one on top of the other are regarded as multi-layer graphene, up to the point where the material becomes graphite (usually over about 30 layers, although clear standardization is severely lacking at the moment). Graphite, a 3D crystal composed of weakly coupled graphene layers, is a relatively common material - used in pencil tips, batteries and many more. In graphene, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. Thanks to the strength of the covalent bonds between carbon atoms, graphene boasts great stability and a very high tensile strength (the force in which you can stretch something before it breaks). Since graphene is flat, every atom is on the surface and is accessible from both sides, so there is more interaction with surrounding molecules. Also, the carbon atoms are bonded to only three other atoms, although they have the capability to bond to a fourth atom. This capability, combined with the aforementioned tensile strength and high surface area to volume ratio of graphene may make it appealing for use in composite materials. Graphene also enjoys electron mobility that is higher than any known material and researchers are developing methods to use this property in electronics. These futuristic properties of graphene made a future mobile oil with inclusion of gasoline products.

I would like to ask about the best conditions of sonication of graphite oxide in terms of apparatus (probe or bath), time and power in order to effectively exfoliate the graphite oxide without damaging the structure of GO sheets. The objective is to obtain water dispersion of about 5 mg/mL of the highest possible quality.

Thank you very much.

I am working to check the effect of particle size on the quality of graphene.

My suggestion is phase transfer or using a dialysis bag. Is there any way to precipitate sodium hydroxide?

I'm doing a XRD/XRF analysis for sandstone sample from a borehole, the sample is mixed with other materials from the drilling fluid like graphite and marble, all these material falling in range 20 - 150 microns, that makes it hard to get results from the analysis; so any ideas about how to remove the graphite and marble?

I am currently developing a biosensor tailored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, with graphene playing a crucial role in its design. However, I am encountering difficulties incorporating graphene into COMSOL Multiphysics for simulation purposes. Despite exhaustive searches, graphene does not appear to be readily available in COMSOL's material library. Therefore, I am seeking expert advice on the precise methodology or alternative strategies to effectively model graphene within COMSOL for accurate biosensor simulations. Any insights or recommendations on this matter would be greatly appreciated. Thank you !

I synthesized graphene oxide during synthesis, and when I added H2O2, the solution turned green. What is the reason for this?

or how can i draw it

I need the particle size and the shape of graphene oxide in epoxy powder as shown in the following FESEM morphology

How do I prepare different concentrations of graphene oxide (1, 5, 10ug/ml) for MIC from the powered form of synthesized GO? Please explain the steps.

Common parameters would be 200C for 8 hours for activated carbon/biochar. How about graphene oxide? Does it differ?

Recently i read about CNT/graphene Hybrid and there are few variants of CNT/Graphene such as (10,0) - 10h, (12,0) - 12h. What does each character means ?

It is widely reported that increasing the crystallinity of g-C3N4 boosts its photocatalytic activity. However, the possible mechanism is not clearly stated.

Hi, I want to synthesize graphene oxide from graphite flakes for the fabrication of a graphene oxide water filtration membrane. Can you plz suggest to me the best method of synthesizing?

Also, if possible, share the protocol of graphene oxide synthesis.

Hi, I am Abdul Samad, researching graphene oxide nanomaterials. I have synthesized graphene oxide by Hammer's method, and now I want to develop a graphene oxide membrane. I have tried to develop a membrane using the vacuum filtration method, but this method didn't work. Can anyone suggest the assay, accessible, and best method of fabrication of graphene oxide water filtration membrane?

Also, can anyone suggest the best dispersion agent for graphene oxide?

I am attempting to comprehend the performance of graphene/n-type semiconductor Schottky diodes in photodetector applications.

Given that silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) have similar electron affinities, 4.05 eV and 4 eV respectively, it might be expected that their Schottky barrier heights with graphene would be nearly identical.

However, the dark current in graphene/Ge contacts is significantly larger, as evidenced by both literature data and my experimental observations.

Beyond Schottky barrier height, what additional factors should be considered to understand this discrepancy in dark current?

(i am using kerosene as collector and butanol as a frother).

There are various nanostructures available for graphene such as nanosheets, nanowires, nanoribbons etc. Among them which is known for its best electrical conductivity

CNP and Dirac point in Graphene

I can access to few-layer graphene (non-oxidized) of 3-8 layers thickness and 2-8 micrometers of diameter. Is it possible to break this material into particles of 50-100 nm averaged diameter using standard laboratory equipment without altering its oxidation state?

Thank you in advance

Or in other words, what are its benefits or what distinguishes it compared to other materials? What happens when graphene is used in a waveguide? I need a detailed answer please.

Hii,

Can anyone please suggest articles for preparation of conductive ink using CNTs/graphene/ nanoparticles, etc.?

Various synthesis mechanisms of graphene and other 2D materials have been reported.

I want to get a dried, highly reduced graphene oxide from a graphene oxide solution. Is it ok to dry the solution around 80C, 24h?

Thank you.

I am prepared a Graphene solution in DMSO with different concentrations. Then I deposit the solution on a simple glass substrate, but the issue is the film is very instable in term of sticking. It is very easy to remove from the glass.

So, what the possible way to improve the adhesive of the graphene solution with glass slides. thanks

Our goal is to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) utilizing biomass graphite through a modified Hummers method. However, we get rGO straight away. How is rGO produced in the absence of a reducing agent or a prolonged heat treatment? Would you please tell me the reason?

For supercapacitor electrodes obtained from for example graphite powder, what kind of material is used to bond / combine the powders?

I'm trying to perform the CAFM of exfoliated graphene flake on gold substrate but the results aren't reseaonable.

Hi everyone,

I am trying to study Li adsorption on graphene and Electronic properties (PDOS and band structure) using Quantum Espresso. Anyone can help me how to do it? Starting from how to build the files and the steps, if there is any information, sources website can help me please let me know.

I will really appreciate it.

In the co-adsorption system of graphene oxide and oxytetracycline with soil, after the adsorption equilibrium, all of the soil and a small portion of the adsorbed graphene and oxytetracycline can be precipitated by centrifugation, but there is no good method concerning the determination of oxytetracycline and graphene oxide in the supernatant

Which steps, materials, temperature or stirring contain this process? Is there any publish or book? I want to materials make up only sulphuric acid and pyrrole monomer. Because my materials are unsufficient.. Thank you for your attention.

Dear All,

We used 0.45, 1.2 and 2.5 uM filter papers for vacuum filtration for during the sythesis of graphene oxide with the Hummers method for washing of the material after final treatment with H2SO4. But each time the filter papers get clogged before long and we cannot pass almost any distilled water.

What pore size of paper do you suggest we use?

Figure: Water remaining after 2 hours of vacuum filtration on 2.5 uM filter paper

Kind regards,

Hello Im Yuliana Jiménez Gaona, and I want to shared that the user Yuliana Gaona

is taking my research and already associated with her profile ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yuliana-Gaona).

These research items are mine, please confirm the authorship to add it to my profile.

1.Tunable optical and semiconducting properties of eco-friendly-prepared reduced graphene oxide.

2.Outcome of Ivermectin in Cancer Treatment: An Experience in Loja-Ecuador

3.Deep Learning Based Computer-Aided Systems for Breast Cancer Imaging : A Critical Review.

Thanks in advance.

Cheers Yuliana Jimenez

I am working on Graphene oxide/TiO2 nanocomposites. The samples are prepared by hydrothermal method. In order to investigate the electrical properties of these semiconducting material, please suggest me to prepare samples for Hall measurement.

For modelling graphene, the CST software includes both a graphene and a graphene-Eps model. The graphene model expressed in the CST with a thickness of 0.3 nm is considered a single layer of graphene, while the graphene-EPS model is expressed as a multilayer of graphene sheets with a suitable thickness. Whenever I use the ''graphene-EPS'' model and increase the chemical potential, it does not affect any changes while using the "graphene'' model. Even at 0 eV chemical potential, it reflects all waves.Now my question is: why does it reflect all waves, even in insulting phases? I suspect that I may have made mistakes while creating the graphene material.

I want to grow graphene nanoparticles on the woven glass fiber.

I'm stating to assembly LFP | 1M LiPF6 in EC:DC electrolyte | Graphite pouch cells for practicing.

I started to charge the pouch at C/20 CCCV until 3.8V. The battery was able to charge, but know it can't perform discharge, as it reaches 0V in a second. Why is the battery not discharging?

I am doing potentiostatic impedance spectra of graphite symmetric cell in the frequency range of 200 kHz- .01Hz using blocking electrolyte. while the literature says that there must a 45°C line followed by a near vertical line, I am frequently getting a semi-circle before 45° line. Could you please suggest what may be the possible reason for it?

i am trying to simulate 2DM MOSFET using silvaco tcad but i am not getting. can anyone provide sample code for this(such as graphene\MoS2）? When meshing 2D materials, something wrong always happened shuch as [Error: No region defined for element **** at 3.96666667E+00 1.02166667E-01] Thank you so much

Kindly explain it in detail.

Can anyone explain the possibilities of doping Zr, Ce, or any other rare metal in graphene oxide?

I prepare a 3D printed electrode for micro battery application. But it develops many cracks (shown in the image below) after drying at a very low temperature of around 35 degrees Celsius.

My ink contains active material (70%), binder (10%), carbon nanotube (10%), and Graphene oxide (10%). The solvent is either NMP or DMF, and the substrate is a Polyimide sheet.

Please suggest a way to overcome this issue.

please, can any one help me?

Kindly share information on effective re-utilization of waste/used Graphite and Silicon Carbide crucibles.

I had write matlab programme using kubo formula and plot the intra conductivity in the range of 1 thz to 10 thz using an article below but real part of conductivity is 3.5*10^-15 s/m is this result correct???? plz check the pdf and the figure

bcz in the article the real part of conductivity was 3.5 s/m

thank you all.

I have been reading in many publications that metallic SWCNTs exposed to a parallel magnetic field provide a paramagnetic susceptibility owing to the Aharnov-Bohm effect. However, I can find little information on why this effect causes such a response, beyond this statement.

From what I can understand (my background is chemistry/engineering), a metallic SWCNT (larger enough not to induce metallisation owing to curvature effects) is a zero-point semi-metal, much like graphene where linear dispersion bands meet at the K-point in Brillion space. When magnetic flux penetrates the SWCNT along the central axis the electrons experience a phase change. I am really struggling to understand how this results in a paramagnetic response, especially when the Aharnov-Bohm effect causes a periodic band gap resulting in a reduction in metalicity.

I am doing experiment to grow graphene using CVD. But I found the quartz tube range (around Oven) where the yellow strains appear. I use the CH4 to synthesis the graphene under 750℃. Dear all, could you tell me what materials the yellow strains? and how can I remove it?. If possible, I can use the hydrogen plasma to remove it.

Hello.

I have some strange problem during large area CVD polycrystalline graphene transfer by using polymer(polycarbonate(PC)).

When I rinsed PC+graphene on SiO2 to remove PC, the graphene was dissolved in acetone....

I know it looks strange but some times it did not happen, many times...

Also, when I do same thing with microscale, small graphene, it never happened.

It does not look like graphene itself was dissolved in acetone.

Maybe, it was polycrystalline, large size (few mm scale).

So if I put strain on grapehen, the graphene could be removed with PC?

I changed the time and temperature of annealing process to make good contact between substrate and transferred graphen, but It did not work.

Only with Polycrystalline, large size grapehen(not just graphene. Many other semi materials also), and some time it was fine, sometimes not.

Thank you for listening.

The picture shows a GITT diagram of a graphite and silicon composite half cell. Why does it indicate a reversible to higher voltage in the circles shown? Is it due of the electrode's high resistivity, or is there another reason?

Need detail procedure

I'm intended to incorporate sio2 (1 micron powder size) with graphene oxide and eventually have a fine and homogenous powder size of these combination.

Thanks in advance

#CIP #cold isostatically pressed #carbon refractory #lamination

Hi, can anyone give suggestion how exactly important procedure to synthesis graphitic carbon nitride from urea? I had synthesized using urea with 550 degree Celcius 4 hours 2 degree per minutes. However, the powder is brown color instead of light yellow. please help me. Thank you.

Please click the for further information. I just want what the community thinks/feedback.

Thanks.

I am panning to make Graphene Oxide following the methodology on the paper But the comment "My reaction using the improved GO synthesis caught on fire immediately and the graphite was smouldering. You guys said slight exotherm!" on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTooYDp1KD4 (explanation given by Professor James Tour himself) caught my attention. Since, I am working at a new lab, I don't want to cause any trouble while following this procedure.

Please share with me if you have faced any problems while following this procedure and also suggest me the improvisations if you have any.

Hypothesis

Nanozymes show elementary basic enzymatic functions completely similar to those of biological systems but with reduced performances in product production and stability.

Furthermore, they are strongly dependent on external chemical-physical conditions as they are truly naked and not protected by physical protective covers and/or chemical insulators.

However, precisely because of these characteristics they could represent excellent candidates for the creation of complex self-catalytic and/or self-replicating (but) pre-biological structures.

Pre-biological not only on planet Earth but in general on any planet or satellite where conditions make the functioning of nanozymes possible.

In this model we start from a relatively original assumption about life and its concept:

..LIFE is an emergent property of matter. Given the three main components (pressure, temperature, solvent), the key is catalysts. Life in terms of organized assembly of functions..

Nanozymes fit precisely into this model.

They could represent the starter of all life forms in the Universe.

The path that will be outlined will obviously have to be subjected to an in-depth bibliographic and laboratory analysis.

Analysis which should also be carried out at the same time during space explorations of comets, asteroids, satellites, planets, both with and without organic or aqueous solvents in a stably liquid form.

The path model could have been the following:

The nanozymes, through chemical selection processes, have undergone a significant stabilization and enhancement of the catalytic functions, leading to the formation of a proto-enzymatic primordial active site, with a clear structural and functional separation.

This proto-enzymatic population very quickly gave rise to chemical clades where they themselves were the product (auto-catalysis).

The next step was constant and conservative full self-replication; self-replication obtained with an even more marked separation, dimensional, structural, functional, between the proto-enzymatic primordial active site and the surrounding structure, made up of amino acids linked to each other and in turn linked to nitrogenous bases.

The last step may have been the close, almost univocal link between amino acids in sequence (polypeptide) and mini-aggregates of nitrogenous bases (2, 3, n units), forming the structural-functional basis of the triplet genetic code.

From this point on, the prebiotic evolution of nanozymes becomes indistinguishable from the biotic one, and will plausibly proceed faster and faster on the basis of fusion of functions, strengthening of functions, size, complexity and precision of self-replication, and symbiosis with other complex organic structures but prebiotic (ex.: bi-layer of phospholipids,..).

This evolutionary model of the origin of life starting from Nanozyme nuclei can very well also include the thesis ""Jupiter's Great Red Spot hides an exobiological nature??""

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Jupiters_Great_Red_Spot_hides_an_exobiological_nature

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Classification of Nanozymes

Nanozymes have been classified in two functional families:

I - Oxidoreductase (oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate reductase).

II - Hydrolase (nuclease, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and silicate).

Nanozymes have been classified in 3 material from which they are made:

A - Metal-based nanozymes (nanoparticles of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd,..).

B - Metal-oxide or sulfide-based nanozymes, based on Fe, V, Ru,.. (V2O5, RuO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CuO, NiTe, CoFe, BiFeO3, FeS, Co3O4, CdS, ZnO–Co3O4−v).

C - Carbon-based nanozymes (carbon nanotubes; graphene oxide; carbon dots; carbon nitride dots).

Moreover there are also a lot of organis-matal nanozymes (Cu with cysteine-histidine).

The nanozymes catalytic activity is influenced mainly by the morphology.

===================================

SOME REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

===================================

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Ipotesi

I nanozymes mostrano elementari funzioni enzimatiche di base del tutto analoghe a quelle dei sistemi biologici ma con ridotte performances nella produzione dei prodotti e nella stabilità.

Inoltre sono fortemente dipendenti dalle condizioni esterne chimico-fisiche in quanto sono realmente nudi e non protetti da coperture protettive fisiche e/o da isolanti chimici.

Però proprio per queste caratteristiche potrebbero rappresentare degli ottimi candidati per la realizzazione di strutture complesse auto-catalitiche e/o auto-replicanti ma pre-biologiche.

Pre-biologiche non solo sul pianeta Terra ma in generale su qualunque pianeta o satellite dove le condizioni rendono possibile il funzionamento dei nanozymes.

In questo modello si parte da un assunto relativamente originale sulla vita e sul suo concetto:

..La VITA è una proprietà emergente della materia. Date le tre componenti principali (pressione, temperatura, solvente), la chiave è rappresentata dai catalizzatori. Vita in termini di assemblaggio organizzato di funzioni..

https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1253171791381148&set=a.456765594355109

I nanozymes si inseriscono proprio in questo modello.

Essi potrebbero rappresentare lo starter di ogni forma di Vita nell'Universo.

Il percorso che verrà delineato dovrà ovviamente essere sottoposto ad una profonda analisi sia bibliografica sia laboratoriale.

Analisi che dovrebbe contestualmente essere condotta anche durante le esplorazioni spaziali di comete, asteroidi, satelliti, pianeti, sia con sia senza solventi organici o acquosi in forma stabilmente liquida.

Il modello-percorso potrebbe essere stato il seguente:

--Nanozymes primordiali, formati solo da semplici aggregati atomici catalitici, plausibilmente particolarmente diffusi ed attivi nelle zone vulcaniche eruttive.

--Pressione selettiva basata sulla stabilità dei nanozymes e sulla loro velocità di catalisi.

--Nanozymes di seconda generazione, originati da complessi con molecole organiche (residui amminoacidici e/o basi azotate).

--Le basi azotate di questa prima fase quasi certamente non erano basate sul ribosio bensì su altre molecole strutturali ben più stabili nell'ambiente chimico-fisico-enzimatico primordiale dei nanozymes: Threose-NA; Glycol-NA; Peptide-NA.

--Ulteriori pressioni selettive su stabilità & velocità di catalisi.

--Emersione di proprietà autocatalitiche in questa nuova generazione di Nanozymes organo-complessi.

--Rapidissima diffusione di nanozymes autocatalitici di terza generazione, ad alta efficienza e velocità di catalisi.

--Nanozymes stabilmente auto-replicanti di quarta generazione mediante il forte ampliamento della componente non-catalitica (amminoacidi e/o basi azotate).

--Rapidissima diffusione di varianti di nanozymes auto-replicanti con forte stabilizzazione, protezione, isolamento ed efficientamento del nucleo catalitico e notevole ampliamento della componente organica.

--Emersione di chiare unità o cladi autocatalitici, auto-replicanti e con linee di discendenza ben tracciabili, tra l'immensa popolazione di nanozymes; popolazione ora in forte competizione per il substrato; nanozymes di quinta generazione con chiara differenziazione tra la parte funzionale enzimatica del sito attivo e la parte organica contornante il sito attivo.

--Nanozymes di sesta generazione dove il sito attivo è contornato da una complessa struttura di aminoacidi legati tra essi ma legati anche a basi azotate basate sul Threose, Glycol, Peptides,..; origine del primordiale assetto del codice genetico con corrispondenza tra aminoacido e gruppi di basi azotate.

Questa sesta generazione di nanozymes è quella che darà origine al futuro assetto del codice genetico.

I nanozymes mediante processi di selezione chimica, hanno subito una rilevante stabilizzazione e potenziamento delle funzioni catalitiche portando alla formazione di un sito attivo primordiale proto-enzimatico, con una netta separazione strutturale e funzionale.

Questa popolazione proto-enzimatica molto rapidamente ha dato luogo a dei cladi chimici ove il prodotto erano essi stessi (auto-catalisi).

Il passo successivo è stata la piena auto-replicazione costante e conservativa; auto-replicazione ottenuta con una ancor più marcata separazione, dimensionale, strutturale, funzionale, tra sito attivo primordiale proto-enzimatico e struttura di contorno, costituita da aminoacidi legati tra essi e a loro volta legati a basi azotate.

L'ultimo step potrebbe essere stato lo stretto legame quasi univoco tra aminoacidi in sequenza (polipeptidica) e mini-aggregati di basi azotate (2, 3, n unità), formando la base struttural-funzionale del codice genetico a triplette.

Da questo punto in poi l'evoluzione prebiotica dei nanozymes diventa indistinguibile da quella biotica e plausibilmente procederà sempre più veloce sulla base di fusione di funzioni, rafforzamento di funzioni, dimensioni, complessità e precisione di auto-replicazione e di simbiosi con altre strutture organiche complesse ma prebiotiche (bi-layer di fosfolipidi,..).

Questo modello evolutivo della origine della vita a partire da nuclei nanozymici può includere molto bene anche la tesi ""Jupiter's Great Red Spot hides an exobiological nature??"" https://www.researchgate.net/post/Jupiters_Great_Red_Spot_hides_an_exobiological_nature

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What is the reason making the cyclic voltammograms looking so noisy like in the uploaded picture? is it a bad connection? something wrong with the instrument? or bad graphite source?

Hi,

I want to model a heterojunction using orthorhombic Bi2MoO6 slab and graphene. Since the lattice symmetry is different for both I need to make them same crystal symmetry. Therefore , I need to convert hexagonal graphene to tetragonal using vesta. Could anyone suggest the transformation matrix for the conversion?

please suggest any reference book or article related to how to construct the transformation matrix for the lattice conversion

Thank you

I am trying to wash reduced graphene oxide with water through centrifugation process at 10000 rpm for 10 min. However, a lot of rGO particles are also lost while removing supernatant, albeit rGO apparently seems to be separated from water at the end of centrifugation. Kindly suggest some suitable alternative except filtration (chances of product loss) and freeze drying (not available in my institute).

Recent progress in graphene research and feasibility of various graphene application in the year between 2021 to 2023

If graphene oxide and alumina composite is added in nickel bath solution and nickel GO-alumina composite coating is formed on cathode how can we show its mechanism of deposition? Or how can we schematically present this process or in chemical reactions?

Can anyone please help to suggest if I want to take spectroscopic (uv or Fluorescence spectra ) of non-soluble powdered solids such as silica, charcoal or graphene oxide?

please provide references.

I really appreciate any help you can provide.

Hello everyone,

I am new to the field of LAMMPS and MD simulation in general. Can anyone suggest a reliable open source software for building geometry other than LAMMPS and Material Studio? My eventual goal is to simulate tobermorite/jennite layer of structure with water layer in the middle. Currently, I am trying to build layers of graphite and water in one simulation box. I am using topotools in VMD to build the geometry but I couldn't control the number of atoms and also do not know how to merge to simulation box together.

Any help will be appreciated.

Hello,

What are the the best methods (in terms of time and complexity) to exfoliate graphite to synthesize graphene?

I have tried to do it using DMF as a solvent aplplying sonication followed by washing and filteration. As the XRDs of both reactant and product are typical, it did not work out well. I probably did the mistake of taking all the solid product inc graphite preciptate at the bottom while I only should have used the suspended graphene layers. I am not sure if this interpetation is accuarte enough.

Any thoughts or ideas are appreciated!!

I prepared a graphene oxide-coated granular activated carbon composite for my research. I characterized the composite using SEM and found graphene sheets on the GAC surface. However, while doing the XRD analysis, I did not get any graphene oxide peak on the XRD pattern of the composite. All the peaks I found are relevant to activated carbon. See the attached images. Could anyone please explain this phenomenon?

Despite the wide literature on solid lubricants (such as graphite, MoS2, hBN, MXenes, etc.), I wasn't able to find much info on how to bind these lubricants to the mechanical component. Of course, there are several binders and other strategies that are being tested... But I did not come across a paper that addresses the durabillity of these binders or other strategies over the years.

Do you have any papers to recommend or have any light to shine upon that matter? Are there any startegies that are consolidated to be durable when using solid lubricants?

For Superconductor.

If we assume the tunnling effect interlayers graphene. What type of it would be either Direc tunneling or FN tunneling. If it is Direct tunnling Effect, then the electron tunnling between the interlayers can be significantly improved with bias voltage.

What suitable characterization techniques can be used to compare the activated carbon (AC) (quite graphitic in nature) and reduced graphene oxide synthesized using that AC as a precursor?