Hardness - Science topic

Wealth can only be spiritual.

I also tried a license for WOMAC with no response.

Since October 2023, KOOS, HOOS, HOOS and FAOS licenses must be asked to Mapi Research Trust: https://www.mapi-trust.org/news-events/news/koos-hoos-and-faos.

Looking for other osteoarthritis scores that requires no licenses (including funded studies or commercial uses).

Thank you so much for idea, i'll look through it more.

Dampening bone conduction involves reducing the transmission of sound vibrations through bone to the inner ear. Methods include padding or cushioning, adjusting pressure, using thicker materials, proper positioning, noise cancellation, and frequency filtering. These techniques help minimize the impact of bone conduction for improved comfort and clarity of audio transmission.

Hello Prof.

As I understand your question-

The incorporation of sulfur and sulfate in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) profoundly influences its hardness and strength. These impacts rely on the particular methodologies and extent of substitution or incorporation. The effects below explain how sulfur/sulfate incorporation can influence these properties:

1. Solid solution substitution:

  - Carbonate ions (CO3^2-) in the calcium carbonate lattice are replaced by sulfate ions (SO4^2-), thus forming a solid solution.

  - This causes distortions and stresses in the crystal structure, thereby elevating its hardness and strength.

  - At any rate, excessive substitution may result in lattice destabilization, which weakens the material.

2. Interstitial incorporation:

  - Sulfur atoms or sulfide ions (S^2-) can be incorporated interstitially into the calcium carbonate lattice.

  - This too can induce lattice strain and distortion that could increase its hardness and strength respectively.

  - Nonetheless, high concentration of interstitial species leads to instability of the lattice hence weakening it

3. Surface adsorption/substitution:

  - In case of surface carbonate ions, sulphate ions will either be adsorbed onto calcium carbonate crystals or substitute them.

  - Changes made at this level affect surface energy as well as crystallinity; thereby altering material’s hardness/ strength as well

4. Impurity effects:

  - Calcium carbonate crystals may have impurities such as sulfur-containing compounds or ions that modify their growth patterns as well as defects concentrations.

   

   Certain impurities may increase dislocation pinning while others hinder dislocation movement leading to increased hardness/ strength levels.

   

   Presence of structural defects, however, arising from other impurities may lead to weakening of materials and promotion for undesirable phase transformations.

   

On the whole effect of sulfur/sulfate inclusion on CaCO3’s hardness/strength is determined by specific mechanisms implicated herein, distributed concentration levels incase of incorporated species and consequential structural and compositional changes. In general, moderate levels of substitution or incorporation can increase hardness and strength but excessive inclusion can lower the material’s strength through lattice destabilization. The influence of sulfur/sulfate incorporation can also be varied by other factors such as calcium carbonate polymorph (e.g., calcite, aragonite, vaterite), presence of other impurities or additives, processing conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure).

The answer to Your question cannot be unambiguous and suitable for all cases. Everything depends greatly on the development of consciousness of the student himself. Thus, the answer to your question may look like this: for 5-10% of students the answer is “yes”; for 65-70% of students the answer is “possible with efforts on the part of the student and teacher”; for 20-30% of students the answer is “no”.

I recommend that you study the works of Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Sergei Savelyev(Сергей Савельев) dedicated to the morphology of consciousness.

Hi Alireza,

I would suggest trying to publish in F1000Research. It is an open-access journal that publishes every article before peer-review. Once it is published, the article is indexed in Google Scholar, and then they search for peer reviewers. The process is very open, so you and everybody can see who the peer reviewers are, and what are their comments (and your responses).

Although it is already published, once both peer reviewers agree in "accepting" a version, then your article gets to be indexed in Pubmed and Scopus. I think it is a great way of handling the editorial process, very transparent, and you won't have the problem you are describing.

For example, in this manuscript (https://f1000research.com/articles/9-120) the first reviewer approved the initial version, and the second had some comments that led to a second version, which was the one finally approved to be indexed. You can see who the reviewers were, and what were their comments about.

You are definitely not overthinking it, since most people don't know how useful AI tools can be in scientific research. Most people in academia have harsh rules and are too critical and judgemental. Your fear is very valid, but still I think you should go on with it. This prejudice comes from the work of researchers with little to no understanding of AI, creating papers that include false information with the help of ChatGPT. If we don't use it and spread awareness about how useful it can be in scientific research, this stigma will continue. Banning the usage of AI (or ChatGPT) is not going to prevent people from using it, they will just not acknowledge that they used it. It is also a temporary solution, knowing that the usage of these tools are going to be inevitable in the next 5 to 10 years.

Instead of banning the use of AI, there should be more education, workshops, seminars etc. about the right and ethical way of using this tool. We need to be careful about it, but do not disregard it completely. Look at how ANU approaches this topic : https://teaching.weblogs.anu.edu.au/files/2023/02/Chat_GPT_FAQ-1.pdf

Hello. A sample is prepared to measure the microhardness of the surface of materials. When measuring the microhardness of rough surfaces, no traces of the deforming element are visible. Therefore, I believe that to evaluate microhardness, a sample should be prepared with precise surface treatment. Then coatings are applied to its surface. After this, the sample is machined at an angle. This rule is used to evaluate the change in coating hardness with depth.

hardness of DLC coatings depend, among other things, on its hydrogen content. With hydrogen in the range of 15-20at% hardness can be in the range of 15-30GPa as already described by Gedvidas. With lower hydrogen content of 5 ... 2at% hardness can even increase upto 50GPa. While high hydrogen content of 30-40at% will decrease hardness to be below hardness of quartz.

By conventional methods the answer is no. But if you used a coupled method of MD and Machine Learning, the answer will be yes.

Dear Virendra

Thank you for your clarifications.

Best regards.

Hey there Refilwe Mashamaite!

If you're aiming to create gold nanoparticles with a robust pellet, I'd recommend considering a method called citrate reduction. In this process, you typically mix a gold salt solution (like HAuCl4) with sodium citrate under controlled conditions.

Now, for that sturdy pellet, you Refilwe Mashamaite might want to explore variations in the synthesis parameters. Adjusting factors like the concentration of reactants, reaction temperature, and reaction time can influence the size and stability of the nanoparticles, potentially giving you Refilwe Mashamaite a more solid pellet.

Once you've got your gold nanoparticles, the watery pellet issue might be addressed by optimizing the washing steps. Use a centrifuge to separate the nanoparticles from the solution efficiently. Be mindful of the centrifugation speed and duration to ensure a tight pellet.

For encapsulation efficiency and permeability studies, consider employing a reliable surfactant or stabilizing agent during synthesis. This can enhance the stability of your gold nanoparticles during subsequent experiments.

Now, when diving into drug permeability studies, the choice of drug and the encapsulation method become critical. Evaluate different encapsulation techniques to find the one that provides optimal drug loading and release characteristics.

Remember, these are general pointers, and you may need to fine-tune based on your specific requirements and the characteristics you're aiming for in your gold nanoparticles. Good luck with your research!

Hi, a breakdown of the differences:

Soft Attention: Mechanism, Soft attention calculates weights in a differentiable manner, often using functions like softmax. This allows the model to pay attention to different parts of the input, with the weights indicating the importance of each part. Training, Since it's differentiable, soft attention can be trained using standard backpropagation techniques, making it easier to integrate into most neural network architectures, Deterministic: is deterministic, meaning it will produce the same output given the same input.

Example: BERT or GPT series.

Generally more computationally efficient as it avoids sampling.

Hard Attention: Mechanism;Hard attention selectively focuses on certain parts of the input while ignoring others. It's often non-differentiable, as it involves making discrete choices about which parts of the input to attend to; Training, Due to its non-differentiable nature, hard attention usually requires alternative training techniques like reinforcement learning or variance reduction methods. Stochastic, is stochastic, meaning it might focus on different parts of the input each time, leading to varied outputs.

Examples, Used in specific applications where discrete attention decisions are beneficial, like in certain image processing tasks.

Can be less computationally efficient due to the need for sampling or more complex training techniques.

Christian Geiser Thank you for your answer, can i have the document's name for reference?

Bir protein - Dna disketinin güçlü olabilmesi için dna proteinleri çok iyi okunmalı. Yani anlaşılabilir olması gerekir. Karmaşık yapıdaki dna disketinin kolay okunabilir olması için proteinleri diskete tanıtmak gerekiyor. Disket ne kadar çok protein okursa kristal yapısı o kadar güçlü olur. Diskete dna aktarımı sırasında bilgi ve iletişim kaybı olmaması gerekiyor.

I think the hardness of the pomegranate peel does not determine the harvest date

in all my years as a lecturer, I noticed that most of my students study in "compartments", and whatever they learn in that compartment, stays there. coming to the next subject, and these knowledge areas pop up and student needs to be able to apply their knowledge, they forgot it all. they will even tell their lecturer they have never seen it before.

the industrial engineering field is very interactive, and if my students need to create a floor plan, they need to be able to apply work-study concepts, production engineering, costing, possibly simulation CAD and even communication skills...... yet the students do not always "see" how all their subjects link together, and influence your decisions.

Rohit Agarwal If you are in the process of learning machine learning, I suggest you start with one of many books on the subject. The way you choose to start is a dead end, regardless of the type of relationship between y and x (linear or non-linear, one or multiple variables).

I suggest that you start instead with the use of the so-called Iris data set. It is a multivariate data set used and made famous by the British statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher. This set became a typical test case for many statistical classification techniques in machine learning such as support vector machines. The data set consists of 50 samples from each of the three species of Iris. The Iris data set is widely used as a beginner's dataset for machine learning purposes. Several other classic data sets have been used extensively, such as (among others):

It should be a simple task for a mechanical workshop of an university to build a similar tool or modify the existing one (if the black parts are fixed by screews). An original part would be xk€, my guess.

Ok sir, I do not repeat , I do post such requests

Hello Nils, I think, your simulation is correct. The message is related to the initial contact analysis, which contains two seperate bodies. Hope it helps.

Dear friend Cw Yoon

Ah, diving into the intricate world of reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF), are we? I am here to guide you Cw Yoon through the perplexities of your reactor design.

Now, the amount of H2 to use in your RCF reactor depends on several factors, including the specifics of your biomass, the desired reactions, and the reactor design. The pressure and temperature conditions you've provided (30 bar and room temperature) are typical for hydrogenation reactions.

Here's a general approach:

1. **Stoichiometry of the Reaction:** Consider the stoichiometry of the hydrogenation reaction involved in your RCF process. The balanced chemical equation will give you Cw Yoon the molar ratio between biomass and hydrogen.

2. **Molar Ratios:** Determine the molar ratio of H2 to biomass required for the reaction. This ratio is typically derived from the hydrogenation reactions involved in breaking down biomass components.

3. **Amount of Biomass:** If you Cw Yoon know the amount of biomass you're using, you Cw Yoon can use the molar ratio to calculate the amount of H2 needed.

4. **Consider Excess Hydrogen:** Often, an excess of hydrogen is used to drive the reaction to completion. Common practice might involve using a certain molar excess of H2, such as 1.5 or 2 times the stoichiometric amount.

5. **Safety Considerations:** Ensure that the pressure (30 bar) is within the safe operating range for your reactor system.

Remember, the specifics can vary based on the type of biomass, the exact reactions you're aiming for, and the details of your reactor design. It's also essential to consider safety factors and the efficiency of the reaction.

For a more precise calculation, you Cw Yoon might want to consult literature related to the specific biomass and reactions you're working with or seek advice from experts in the field. Good luck with your RCF reactor design!

Cell aging. I had the same experience as you, throwing away the cells and replacing them with new ones.

SOLVED

'a' is equal to 3.7835 for ideal Berkovich indentor with a half angle of 65.03

Hi, a few colleagues and I were experiencing the same problem. One of them figured out that there is a folder created by the unzipper program that unzips the photoQuad_win32mcr.zip file, which creates a conflict when running photoQuad. By deleting this folder, the problem seems to be fixed and photoQuad runs normally.

The folder can usually be found in temporary files in the following path:

C:\Users\yourusername\AppData\Local\Temp\yourusername

First, in order to be able to find the folder, you must activate the option View>Show>Hidden items.

If you have two groups to compare and your data is not normally distributed, you could opt for Kruskal Wallis test. This is a non-parametric test that does not require the data to be normally distributed. I have used this test in two of my recent publications in journals by SAGE and Taylor and Francis. You could go through them to understand how to present and report the results. All the best.

First, be sure that the Dual-phase stainless steel has contributions from only ferrite and austenite, not other phases. Secondly, bear in mind that, Ferritic Stainless steel might not have same chemical composition as and likely not in chemical equilibrium with ferritic phase of such dual-phase stainless steel. Microscale mechanical properties may vary substantially from Macroscale, you know!

And high TS of ASS compared to FSS might be due to martensitic transformation- are you sure that occurs as unhindered as ASS in gamma-phase of F-A-DSS? The phases that are more difficult to deform are going to have higher hardness and strength, unless fracture occurs. It is likely that, while embedded in Austenitic matrix, ferritic phases deform and fracture at a much higher stress compared to FSS, and ferrite-austenite microscopic GB binding strength might play some role here.

consider strength vs phase content of FA-DSS. If the strength rises more than linear sum midways, you can see for yourself the mutual strengthening effect.

Hope this helps

ِِDear Omidi

In my experience, when adding acid does not help, it is best to crush the sample with pliers (with the striate surface of the mouth) until the mud is removed from the sample. Then place the prepared sample in water for 48 hours, then grind the appropriate sieve sample under water for a few minutes. This method is helpful for separating the sediment on the isolated form in hard samples

Hello Haque Mobassir Imtiyazul Haque Shaikh ,

I agree with your contention that some ideas initially strike most people as 'crazy' both in technical and nontechnical fields. Examples from nontechnical fields include: opposing slavery, gun control, democracy, women voting, environmentalism, climate change, etc. Examples from technical fields include: mRNA vaccines (COVID-19 vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer), prions (self replicating proteins), continental drift, quasicrystalls, Josephson junctions (SQUIDs), quantum mechanics, the personal computer, the Internet, the airplane, radio, TV, electricity, etc. One person's 'crazy' idea may eventually become widely accepted, and even commercially important. And don't forget, many 'crazy' ideas originated from by-the-book investigations: the idea of the quantum of energy arose from Max Planck's tireless attempts at trying to explain the shape of the blackbody curve using classical thermodynamics, and superconductivity in some metals was the result of a rather pedestrian checking of electrical conductivity of metals at liquid helium temperatures - no one expected superconductivity and no theory predicted it.

I really like your question.

Regards,

Tom Cuff

yes it is possible, go through any Design of experiments book

Dear Dr. Yurii V Geletii. I would agree with your opinion. I answered with the intent to add to your answer and provide additional information. I am sorry if I was misinterpreted.

I hope this will be of some help to Dr. Anne Rosi Guadagnin, as I have included the general characteristics of each of the antioxidant groups and their differing roles in the papers I introduced.

Thank you.

You may use hot acetolysis: it is very efficient to retrieve isolated forams, ostracodes and any other calcareous microfossiles (echinoderm plates, cirripedes, worm tubes, etc.) from indurated (even hardground) carbonates.

Please refer to Pr F. Lethiers in Revue de Micropaléontologie.

Dear Ahmed,

perhaps the following study, their references and publications that cite this study are helpful for your question:

Good luck.

Martijn

Well, decreasing the volume of everything by 1/4 will give you that total volume of 7.5 microliters.

But, it's very challenging to accurately and consistently measure volumes that small.

Why are you trying to get the volume so low? In general, PCR works better in larger reactions (20-50 microliters is common).

The "add water to make it 25 microliters" is the flexible part of this protocol. That's where you have the space to account for the volume of your primers & template/DNA.

I'd suggest talking with your supervisor to make sure you understand the protocol & how it fits into your overall experiment. Good luck!

Shore hardness is a measure of the hardness of a material, and it is commonly measured using Shore scales, such as Shore A and Shore D. Shore 000 is not a standard Shore scale but could refer to a super-soft material. To convert it to Shore A or Shore D, you might need additional information or perform specific tests.

If you're dealing with a super-soft material, it might not align directly with the conventional Shore scales like A or D. However, if you have access to the Young's modulus (or elastic modulus) of the material, you can explore correlations between hardness and modulus.

Here's a general guideline for comparison:

In summary, without specific conversion tables or established correlations for Shore 000 to Shore A or D, you may need to perform additional tests, consult relevant literature, or explore correlations between hardness and Young's modulus for your particular material.

Eduardo F Orrego-Escobar

I personally believe Neuromyths are misconceptions or misunderstandings about the brain & learning that persist despite being contradicted by scientific evidence & I can think of several common reasons why this is happening:

In addition to what David Coker has highlighted, I do hope some of these strategies can be employed:

Hope this helps.

Dear ,

Thank you for your details explanation and the possible procedure that could solve my problem.

The thing is, I'm also working on the simulation of circular CFSST columns and it converges fine and very quick to solve as well. But when I applied the setting of the circular section to the rectangular section, this problem arises as I stated earlier.

I try changing the initial time step, but I don't want to modify the contact properties as it was what many researchers employed in their research work which I cited. Plus, I don't think the contact properties could be what causing this problem, but I'll try adjusting them to see if it helps in anyway.

I could send you my CAE file too if you want to investigate in details about my boundary or loading conditions as well as other material properties.

Jiaqi Chen I have zero experience with column chromatography, so I won't be able to comment.

But freeze-drying is definitely an option. I forgot to mention it last time.

There is also one "dumb" approach — poor the reaction solution in petri dish, plate or tray and left it dry in an ambient condition.

for detail go through this paper

@all The high total hardness in your ponds (1,500 - 2,000 ppm) and the use of calcium hydroxide to maintain pH could be factors affecting the growth of your Tilapia. Here are a few considerations:

In summary, while water quality parameters are crucial, it's important to consider other factors like the specific mineral composition, fish diet, and overall pond management. Addressing these aspects should help you identify and resolve the issues affecting your Tilapia's growth.

Dear Srijit,

In general, short period waves transfer much more easily through geological rock sites that are comprised of more compact rocks (e.g., granites and basalts). Hence, the short period part of the spectrum will have much large amplification for such (hard) rock sites compared to the sites located on (softer) deep geological deposits. This phenomenon was analyzed in a recent seismic hazard study for a mountainous region in Serbia:

Hope this was helpful.

Best regards,

Borko Bulajic

-----------

Assoc. Prof. Borko Đ. Bulajić, PhD

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences

Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy

According to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, inoculation agar plates, should be at room temperature before inoculation. The first 15 minutes is about the usage of adjusted inoculum suspension within 15 minutes of preparation. The second 15 minutes state that the disks should be applied within 15 minutes of inoculation because if it is left at room temperature for a long period before disks are applied, the organism might begin to grow which will result in an erroneous reduction in sizes of inhibition zone diameters. With that being stated, according to Anna King and Derek F.J. Brown in their journal entitled Quality Assurance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing by Disc Diffusion, if the problem includes too large or too small zone diameters with all antimicrobials, the following should be observed:

1. Depth of agar should be checked, if it is incorrect, the amount of agar should be adjusted.

2. Inoculum size should be checked.

3. Ensure that the discs are applied to the inoculated plates within 15 minutes and that the plates are incubated within 15 minutes of the application of the discs.

The inclusion of the 15-15-15 rule in the troubleshooting controls proves that it is done to reduce errors in susceptibility testing in disc diffusion.

How did you verify that you have no leak? What is the N2/O2 ratio? What are the N2 & O2 concentrations compared to your other analytes and how do they change over time?

Water could limit the length of your polymer chains in the case of the 1:1 ratio of MDI:polyol. In the other case you should still be able to obtain a higher molecular weight polymer as Igors Sivacovs already mentioned.

Scene Understanding and Object Detection & Recognition are at least, two of them.

Hello Daniele

I have sent you a message yesterday.

Sanjay.

The bands that move furthest in agarose gels are the smallest size bands. Becuuse they are small molecules they are most effected by thermal diffusion....the hot molecules of buffer ions hit the molecule and knock it randomly in all directions. This is thermal diffusion and it makes the bands spread in all directions so they look diffuse and weak. They also look weak because the ethidium bromide or other dna stain binds between the dna strands in a manner related to the length of the molecule so small dna binds less ETBR and fluoresces less than large dna.

To get sharper clearer bans cool the gel and buffer and run it in a cold room and run at a low voltage (so less heating of the gel and buffer) and also use a higher percentage agarose gel. These 3 things will give much clearer bands

I would suggest to use AAS for determination of Ca concentration, you get more accurate data.

Please note that you wrote to the ResearchGate community, not to the RG team.

However, I do not see any problems to contact users who requested full texts. Open the "Requests" area (https://www.researchgate.net/requests), open a request and click on "Reply", then on "Send message only". See also https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14292986311825-Discovering-and-requesting-research for more explanations.

I suggest doing the dilution little by little under agitation and heating and doing a treatment to reduce the hard water salts. You could decalcify using ion exchange resins to capture calcium and magnesium from hard water.

not sure if its a help-but we looked at a surfactant-Perflourocarbon fluid to help the lungs inflate, maybe something like that would work to help freeze the tissue and keep it from sticking, keep the tissue as viable as long as possible at least

Hello Berhanu Negese Kebede. The bivariate (or univariable) screening you describe is not recommended, because it is known to produce over-fitted models. See Mike Babyak's nice 2004 article on over-fitting, for example. And see the datamethods.org checklist section on multivariable models. HTH.

Try to reduce the flow in the regulator.

Hello, this question is very important. I would be very happy if you share the work done on this subject.

as people pointed out, the CO2 can lower the pH and may possibly form a buffer system with NaOH. also the metabolites of the cells can affect ph, and they often lowers the ph. so I think it's ok to use higher concentration of NaOH, provided you have good control pump and mixing system to avoid over adjusting. The following article has more info on pH control in bioreactors:

I can still offer some suggestions to help you address the issue you're facing with the Indentation Size Effect (ISE) in your ABAQUS simulations.

Here are a few potential reasons why you might not be observing the expected trend of decreasing hardness with increasing indentation depth:

It is worth noting that the Indentation Size Effect (ISE) can be influenced by various factors, including material properties, strain gradient effects, and surface roughness. It is possible that other mechanisms or phenomena are counteracting the expected trend in your specific simulation. Additional considerations may be necessary to capture these effects accurately.

In addition to the aforementioned options, you may also consider utilizing project management software like Trello or Wekan. These tools are primarily designed to enhance organization and promote transparency in workflow management. While they are not specifically tailored for behavior management, they can be adapted to facilitate communication between teachers and parents regarding students' behavior.

Polishing a composite material, like a W-Cu alloy, can be challenging due to the differences in hardness between tungsten (W) and copper (Cu).

Tungsten is indeed much harder than copper, which can lead to preferential erosion of the copper during mechanical polishing and uneven surfaces that interfere with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses.

Here are some strategies to consider:

Remember, polishing is an iterative process that often requires multiple attempts and fine-tuning to achieve the desired results. Therefore, it might be necessary to experiment with a combination of these techniques until you achieve a sufficient surface quality for EBSD.

Hello Senthilkumaravelan Ayyar

You can have a look into the catalogues by Oakton or Hanna, both of these reputed brands offer quite a diverse option regarding multiparametric probes and monitors. Ofcourse should your budget allow you to as these aren't dirt cheap but as far as scientifc instruments go, not exorbitant either.

Regards

If the sulfate or sulfonate anion is the active site on carbon treated by H2SO4, these anions would prefer hard cations. This may be an over simplification, but you suggest that line of reasoning by giving the HASB class of cations.

The following article has described the concepts of energy span during the reaction cycle. You can have a look over there.

DOI: 10.1021/ar1000956

I am having a similar problem. The screen will sometimes "load" continuously unless we restart it.

I contacted Molecular Devices and they quoted me almost $6k to come out and replace the hard drive, which seems very high to me. I am trying to see if I can find a 3rd party repair person since ours is out of warranty. Our lab is pretty unhappy about it because its only 3 years old.

Hi Evans,

I did not have a particular framework of falsificationism in mind with my question on the falsifiability of the climate scientists' views.

Of course Popper's idea of instant rationalism, by which a theory is instantly rejected upon falsification, has been superseded by Kuhn's idea of scientific revolutions, where one paradigm is superseded by another one after a prolonged crisis period.

But then Kuhn's framework has been superseded by Lakatos' idea of research programs, where one research program is superseded by another one on rationalistic grounds, but only after a prolonged battle of research programs.

I myself view the scientific landscape in terms of research programs, but regardless whether one sees the climate scientists' views (i) and (ii) - see the original question for the formulation - as a Popperian theory, as a Kuhnian paradigm, or as the hard core of a Lakatosian research program, in one way or the other these views have to be falsifiable to be viewed as 'scientific'.

I'm not a climate scientist, but I'm interested in what observations we would have to make in order for the climate scientists' theory to be falsfied c.q. for the climate scientists' paradigm to end up in a crisis c.q. for the climate scientists' research program to become degenerative.

Keith has suggested an answer; what else is there?

There could be several reasons why you are having difficulty visualizing the EGFP protein under the microscope:

Regarding the negative western blot results, it is possible that the antibody you are using is not detecting the EGFP-CagA fusion protein. You may want to try using a different antibody or optimizing your western blot protocol to increase sensitivity. Alternatively, you could try using a different method for detecting the protein, such as immunofluorescence or flow cytometry.

These video playlists might be helpful to you:

Just to add, there are two different levels of theory, namely the (Bouguer-)Beer-Lambert (BBL) approximation and the combination of Wave Optics and Dispersion Theory. The BBL approximation assumes that light has no wave properties (e.g., no interference effects, but also no reflection) and it also assumes that light does not polarize matter. Depending on the nature of your sample, such simplifications may be admissible. Additionally, most single crystals are anisotropic. This usually kills the concept of an absorption coefficient, because it only makes sense on the BBL level of theory (refractive index and absorption coefficient are wave properties!). Instead you have to determine the (complex) dielectric function tensor.

Please check the fully-ready preprint article DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27720.65287/3, Title: Qualitative Analyses of Thin Film-Based Materials Validating New Structures of Atoms

Promoting scholastic excellence among students is the goal of all institutions of learning. To the question of the best method, I believe any method can be best as long as it is relevant to the needs of the students, the needs of the learning environment, and the need of time.

I would guess that either the BCl3/Ar etch was not complete (leaving some Al2O3) or that the SiO etch is not complete (leaving some oxidized silicon). Is there some way to analyze the surface after these steps? Or maybe just adjust the times and see what happens. Good luck

try this: https://www.profex-xrd.org/