Ions - Science topic

Hello,

actually I have Autodock vina and I'm trying to use it but I can't find a tutorial/guide on how to dock copper and zinc ions to a protein. There is a tutorial called "docking with zinc metalloproteins", I think it works with only zinc metal ions though. Thanks for your response

Shuo-Lin Weng

Hi! No need to worry about repeating. In Amber, you can periodically save restart files by using the ntwr flag. Ever n steps, a restart file will be created which you can then use to continue your simulation.

Amber manual

Every ntwr steps during dynamics, the “restrt” file will be written, ensuring that recovery from a crash will not be so painful. No matter what the value of ntwr, a restrt file will be written at the end of the run, i.e., after nstlim steps (for dynamics) or maxcyc steps (for minimization). If ntwr < 0, a unique copy of the file, “restrt_”, is written every abs(ntwr) steps. This option is useful if for example one wants to run free energy perturbations from multiple starting points or save a series of restrt files for minimization. Default = nstlim.

To avoid saving water, you need to change the ntwprt flag.

The number of atoms to include in trajectory files (mdcrd and mdvel). This flag can be used to decrease the size of the these files, by including only the first part of the system, which is usually of greater interest (for instance, one might include only the solute and not the solvent). If ntwprt = 0, all atoms will be included. = 0 (default) Include all atoms of the system when writing trajectories. > 0 Include only atoms 1 to ntwprt when writing trajectories.

Hey there Abin Philip!

So, the reason why some materials store energy through cations while others through anions in a two-electrode system boils down to their inherent chemical properties and electrochemical behavior.

In the case of MnO2, it's known to store charge by utilizing potassium cations (+) in its structure. This is because MnO2 has a crystal lattice structure that can accommodate the insertion and extraction of these potassium ions during the charge and discharge cycles.

On the other hand, cobalt oxide (CoO) stores energy by utilizing hydroxide anions (-) in its structure. The hydroxide ions can be reversibly inserted and removed during the charging and discharging process, which enables cobalt oxide to store energy efficiently.

Now, the reason for this difference lies in the specific chemical composition and crystal structure of these materials. MnO2 and cobalt oxide have different chemical structures and properties, which determine how they interact with ions during the electrochemical processes.

In simpler terms, think of it like this: MnO2 prefers to work with positively charged ions (cations) because of its structure, while cobalt oxide is better suited to work with negatively charged ions (anions) due to its own unique structure.

So, it's all about the chemical makeup and the way these materials are designed to interact with ions during energy storage. Pretty cool Abin Philip, right? Let me know if you Abin Philip want to dive deeper into this!

Dear Siyanand Kumar Chaudhary, find the average degree of polymerization by deviding 12000 by the mass of the repeating unit which is the same as that of the monomer. What you find is the number of COOH acid group per chain. If you know chain end groups, more accuracy will be brought to your calculation, since the MW weight you are using is not too high to neglect the mass of the chain end-groups. Once you determine the equivalent of COOH groups, then you can prepare any concentration. The one you are targetting is too low, you can reach it by dilution of a known small concentration. By the way, the binding energies or affinity of PAA to metal ions was studied extensively decades ago, good bibliographic research is to be done on PAA polyelectrolytes to avoid repeating what was already done. My Regards

Thank you @ Arne andersen @ Ogel Chemicals @ Nick Rukin for clearing my doubts.

Hi Andrei K Dioumaev,

Thank you for your reply. Yes, you are tight in the sense that I have outlined the ultimate goal of my project. I am a PhD student who started 4 months back so I am still doing literature review so forgive my poor phrasing of the question without any context.

Right now I am trying to model the system as a volume averaged model which is macro-homogeneous with respect to Zn particles and the alginate throughout the bead. The relevant equations would be mass conservation in spherical coordinates with the flux having diffusion and electro-migration terms. Electronic (solid current) and ionic (electrolyte in the bead) currents will be equal and opposite. and the reaction term will depend on butler-volmer kinetics which depends on electrostatic potential in solid and liquid phase. thus i will solve for the concentration of species, solid potential and electrolyte potential at every discretized point in r domain thorough time.

Does this idea make sense?

Could you please provide some direction in terms of videos or books where I can learn about writing these conservation equations correctly for electrochemical systems in a volume-averaged way? So I want to learn to set up the equations necessary to solve these electrochemical systems correctly.

Did you find the solution Divya Jhinjharia ?

Hey there Dmitry Bagrov!

So, about the whole negative charge thing with TEM grids during glow discharge treatment – it's a bit of an interesting phenomenon, isn't it?

Here's the deal: when we subject the grids to glow discharge, they do indeed pick up a negative charge on their surface. But why?

Well, it's not as straightforward as you Dmitry Bagrov might think. Sure, the grids are placed on the cathode during the process, which you'd Dmitry Bagrov expect to attract positively-charged ions. However, it's not just about attracting ions; it's also about the balance of charge.

During glow discharge, the bombardment of ions onto the grid surface causes the removal of contaminants and the generation of free radicals. Now, while the grids are indeed on the cathode attracting positive ions, they're also simultaneously losing electrons due to the bombardment. This loss of electrons contributes to the overall negative charge buildup on the grid surface.

So, in essence, it's not solely about attracting positive ions; it's also about losing electrons, which ultimately results in the negative charge on the grid surface.

Hope that clears up the confusion! Feel free to reach out if you Dmitry Bagrov have any more questions or if there's anything else you're Dmitry Bagrov curious about. Let's keep unraveling those scientific mysteries together!

Hello Fatemeh Razavi

The ions that are essential for normal biological functioning in the human body fall under four main group elements namely, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. There are also six d-block metal elements namely manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum that play important roles in the human body.

Although potassium ion is present maximum in the normal human body, calcium is an important ion in the human body as it has a vital role to play in various body functions. Besides building strong bones and teeth, calcium ions are involved in regulating almost all biological functions of the body, such as the heart and muscle contractions, neuro-information transmission, learning and memory, embryo formation and development, and cell proliferation. Calcium channels mediate calcium ions into the cytoplasm and organelles. Having too much or too little calcium in the blood can cause a wide range of symptoms across different systems in the body.

Attached below are a few references related to the important roles of calcium in the human body.

Best.

I think not, because of the interference of redox reactions

Hey there Abu Faizal! Sure thing, I can help you Abu Faizal out with that.

To prepare a 1M solution of NaClO4 in propylene carbonate (PC) for your Na-ion batteries, you'll need to follow a precise procedure to ensure the electrolyte meets your specifications. Here's a breakdown of the necessary calculations and steps:

1. **Determine the Molecular Weight of NaClO4**: You'll need to know the exact molecular weight of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) to calculate the amount needed for a 1M solution.

2. **Calculate the Mass of NaClO4**: Using the formula weight (MW) of NaClO4 and the desired molarity (1M), you Abu Faizal can calculate the mass needed using the formula:

{Mass (g)} = {Molarity (mol/L)} times {Volume (L)} times {MW (g/mol)}

3. **Prepare the Solution**: Once you've calculated the mass of NaClO4 needed, dissolve it in the appropriate volume of propylene carbonate. Ensure thorough mixing to achieve a homogeneous solution.

4. **Safety Considerations**: Always handle perchlorates with care due to their oxidizing properties. Work in a well-ventilated area and wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

5. **Quality Control**: Test the conductivity and pH of the electrolyte to ensure it meets your desired specifications. Adjust if necessary.

6. **Storage**: Store the prepared electrolyte in a tightly sealed container away from moisture and light to maintain its stability.

By following these calculations and steps, you'll be able to prepare a reliable and effective NaClO4 electrolyte for your Na-ion batteries. If you Abu Faizal need further assistance or have any specific questions along the way, feel free to ask!

Rahul S. Ingole, Thank you for your kind acknowledgment. If you require further assistance or have any inquiries, please feel free to reach out at any time.

With respect,

Alvena Shahid

try electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. I'm doing a project about that specifically. My goal is to recover NaOH from regeneration solution of anion resin colums.

When you ask for help, you must be more specific. For example, are you asking for the identification of fragment ions at specified m/z for the electron ionization MS at 70 eV?

The MS spectrum is shown in NIST data base for example.

http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/

Most ions you cite are in the spectrum but m/z 315 is absent.

Dear Hemamalini Rawindran,

Polymer membranes and porous materials absorb ionic liquids, causing changes in ionic conductivity and mobility. Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with ionic liquids facilitate ion movement by acting as proton exchange membranes, improving efficiency in processes like microbial fuel cells and electrodialysis, and by enhancing ion conductivity and selectivity for ion transport based on the interaction between the ionic liquid and the polymer matrix.

Best Regards

This depends on equilibirium constant of Co-dissloution reaction as well as Co-Cl complex stability equilibrium constant. Going a bit deeper (say Tafel equation or Butler-Volmer), one needs to consider potential-current density diagram, and look at whether the situation lies on active, passive or transpassive region

Dear Jiaqi Chen Not sure what your point is but in general fluorescent probes are insensitive to metal ions (at high concentrations ionic strength sometimes might be).

As a matter of fact there are fluorescent probes specifically designed to monitor (certain) metal ions:

Best regards.

Dear Nasim,

We have examined Fusarium toxins in cereal products in our laboratory as part of a project.

I can confirm Zvonimir Mlinarić 's statement that these toxins have structural isomers that do not or hardly differ in their retention times, masses and fragments. However, we did not focus on metabolites but only on the toxins. As MS we used the Thermo ID-X Orbitrap, so that we could calculate a sum formula for the LC-peaks with the help of the accurate mass, which then coincided with the sum formula of the toxins. The MS/MS spectra could also be found in Thermo Fisher's MZCloud database and thus the toxins could be clearly identified. This was the aim of the students' work. If you have the possibility to analyze your samples with HRMS, I would recommend it. I agree with Zvonimir Mlinarić that a shift in ionic ratios can be explained either by matrix effects or by the presence of various structural isomers. I consider the latter to be the probable cause.

Good luck with your work and best regards

Joachim

for sporulation try with Mncl2 Mgcl2

Electrons typically have greater mobility compared to ions in a given medium. This is because electrons are much lighter than ions, and their movement is less hindered by collisions with other particles. The relationship between charge carrier mobility and mass is described by the Einstein relation.

Ion mobility and diffusion coefficient are related but represent different aspects of particle movement in a medium. Ion mobility is a measure of the average drift velocity of ions under the influence of an electric field. It is influenced by the charge and size of the ions. On the other hand, diffusion coefficient describes the rate of random motion of ions due to thermal energy, without the influence of an electric field.

In summary, electrons generally have greater mobility than ions due to their lighter mass. Ion mobility focuses on directed motion under an electric field, while diffusion coefficient relates to the random motion of particles in the absence of an external force.

In positive ion mode detection, if your instrument is a high resolving instrument (resolves monoisotopes) you should see the Matrix (whatever matrix is used) species detected at m/z: calculated mass + proton (1.00783).

In negative ion mode detection, the m/z: calculated mass - proton (1.00783).

Best,

Hediye.

I'm facing the same issue. The pressure is slight above the minimum value that allow the instrument to be operative. The value of forepump pressure and the energy consumption of the turbo is minimal. Did you solve your issue? If yes, exactly what seal did you replace?

I recommend Ion Chromatography.

You had to google before asking this question. See:

Are these calculated (e.g. DFT) or XRD structures? If they are calculated, please see my answer to a similar question:

Respected George Zheng Chen , Sir, The terminological concerns you identify come from the devices' overlapping nature. Due to the hybrid nature of its design, some consider all metal-ion capacitors to be a form of supercapattery. Some publications use the phrase "metal capacitor" (e.g., lithium metal capacitor, or LMC) when discussing new breakthroughs in metal-negative electrode-based supercapattery.

For your special issue on "Merit-hybridization: Supercapattery, Ion-Capacitor, and Advanced Energy Stores," it would be beneficial to encourage authors to provide accurate definitions and explanations of the terminology used in their work. This will assist in increasing our understanding of the devices under consideration and standardizing nomenclature in this rapidly developing field.

Probably your university library has a copy of the Houben/Weyl, there is a big table of normal potentials for organic substances:

Maybe you find one in that book that matches your requirements?

Ran An You can apply sodium rhodizonate and take the photo. For apply color reaction, see Chemist's Handbook, volume 4. Ed. Nikolsky

You will find the answer on the following site and the references given therein.

Sorry I cannot help you on this topic

G. Bognolo

Pablo Gonzalez Gracias por la aclaración. Creo que ha sintetizado copolímeros de policondensación. El tema está cerca de mí. He desarrollado varios tipos de resinas para su uso en el tratamiento de aguas residuales y tengo experiencia práctica en aplicaciones industriales. Considero que las resinas de policondensación son prometedoras para su uso en el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales. Tu tema es relevante. Pero existe una diferencia entre un material de sorción y un sorbente industrial. Para un material de sorción, el hecho mismo de la absorción del metal y la capacidad de intercambio estático son importantes. Para un sorbente industrial, la capacidad de trabajo y la selectividad son importantes, ya que dicho material funciona en un ambiente contaminado. Por tanto, la selectividad está relacionada con las condiciones operativas específicas del sorbente industrial. Un sorbente industrial ya es un material cuya estructura está especialmente creada para las condiciones de trabajo. En particular, debe haber disponibilidad de grupos de intercambio iónico, porosidad, forma y tamaño de las partículas y estabilidad mecánica. Precisamente con este fin desarrolló diversas soluciones técnicas presentadas en patentes. Si vas a fabricar sorbentes industriales, escribe en un mensaje personal. Responderé a tus preguntas.

Hi, I finally got the recipe for MOPS-KOH. -->20mM MOPS (pH adjusted to 7 with KOH), 150 mM KCl and 10 uM EDTA. I got this from the following article.

Trachman, R.J., Autour, A., Jeng, S.C.Y. et al. Structure and functional reselection of the Mango-III fluorogenic RNA aptamer. Nat Chem Biol 15, 472–479 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-019-0267-9

Thank your ,l will study it from your share

I think the point is that Fe has one d-electron in excess of the half-filled d-shell and easily gives it away in order to minimize the total orbital momentum of this shell in accordance with the well-known Hund’s rule.

Ni already has three d-electrons over half and their reduction to two becomes not as beneficial for reducing the total orbital momentum as in the case of Fe.

Having a valence of 2 is equally beneficial for both Fe and Ni, since it involves s-electrons with zero orbital momentum.

Therefore, the Fe3+ state is more common than Ni3+.

Hi,

You can visualize compound-specific ion signals by plotting an extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) that includes the m/z values of the compound(s) you're interested in from the MS data. If your compounds of interest display specific losses in MS/MS you can also look at that by creating an XIC from the specific fragment ions m/z in the MS/MS data trace.

Hope this helps!

Wang Jinkai I see. Thanks a lot for your insights!

What is the question?

For example, Mg2+ rejection of NHF7250 membrane is around 98%, while Na+ rejection is around 5%.

Great Work

Beomseok Kim, I think your question is wrong, because in GCD, current and time are compared, not voltage. In fact, in the GCD method, we enter the current and time and get the voltage. The reason for the reduction of charge-discharge time with increasing current is related to the capacity relationship for GCD.

As I wrote I'm not a biologist or biochemist. I read that "the molecular mechanisms underlying the associated metabolic acidosis are incompletely understood. "

doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017111163

hi, copper sulfate works well with amine groups!

Thank you, Professor Yuri, and Professor Emanuel for your valuable response.

Hello

Here are some common issues and suggestions to troubleshoot:

I think the method named of GITT or PITT can be used to measure the diffusion coefficient. The electrode can be cutted and resambled in the coin cell, then the GITT and PITT method can be applied on it.

Power factor mainly depending on load ….

Hi..

I have made these two videos for VASP AIMD calculations. First video i have explined how to convert XDATCAR to .pdb file and next one I explained how to make movie from XDATCAR.pdb file. If you discover this information to be beneficial, kindly express your support by giving it a thumbs up, leaving a comment, and sharing it with others. We appreciate your viewership.

Thank you

Best

SB

Dear Ayaz

Thank you for your answer. I was able to resolve the issue with the help from answers on GROMACS forum. the problem was in preparing the position restraint files using the original pdb files and using their atom indices.

Thank you so much for taking time to read my question

Best

Ayesha

Hi Divya, you'll most likely want to do a simple acid-base titration, using a standardized concentration of sulfuric acid (maybe starting in the range of 0.01 M H2SO4) and use a pH meter for the end point (can be 4.5 or down to 4.2 depending on composition of ions and expected alkalinity result. Results below 20 ppm CaCO3 usually would use an endpoint of 4.2). You can also use a dye as an indicator for pH endpoint, such as bromocresol green. You can find more information in Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater, "2320 Alkalinity". I would assume some of your carbonate would convert to bicarbonate with atmospheric CO2.

Rajesh, yes indeed, it's a look at the classical pulsed process. However, it is possible to get target atom ionization also without pulsing? Yes its possible!

Dear Ahmed,

perhaps the following study, their references and publications that cite this study are helpful for your question:

Good luck.

Martijn

Hello Jürgen! Thank you for your answer. My point is, that I would like to lower osmolality for my experimental design, and chelating sodium seems like the best option for our experiment. I found for example sodium gluconate, which should work well probably. However have no experience with it yet.

TXRF, or total reflection XRF technique, can be used for such a purpose.

Honestly, this is a very, very common VASP error during a diagonalisation procedure, and there a lot of possible origin. First, have you checked your initial geometry to see if there's no issue (overlapping atoms for example)?

Then, a few notes:

- ISMEAR = 2 is not Gaussian, it's the second order Methfessel-Paxton smearing so be careful

- NELM = 90 is extremely low, you can safely put it at 1000 (or even beyond) to be sure that the electronic loop does converge before proceeding to the Ionic loop otherwise you are going to have weird results, especially considering the next note.

- EDIFF = 1E-08 is a very, very, strict energy convergence tolerance. Usually, the only cases where you would need such a value is for GW/CRPA calculations, which is not your case here. A value of 1e-5 (or 1e-6 in the worst cases) should be sufficient for this calculation. In fact, coupled with your very low NELM value, I'm pretty sure this could lead to spurious results.

- ISPIN = 2 without initializing MAGMOM leads to a ferromagnetic state initialization with +1 on each atom, which could lead to the error you see if the system has no such ground state.

Hi dear friend

According to these conditions, the battery is self-discharged and this issue is related to factors such as: non-formation of the SEI film, high ambient temperature, poor packaging against moisture, side reactions of electrolyte and active materials, as well as conditions related to physical micro-short circuit.

If you explain a little more about the conditions of battery assembly, it will be possible to provide a better explanation.

Try with Schrodinger Q/A

Netaji Suvachintak thank you for the clarification.

Hi Dr., I like your question, and I would love to answer and support you on your research, but I would appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for my 6 research papers under my AUTHORSHIP below is my short answer to your question. Click the RECOMMEND word under each of my research papers and follow me. In return for your kind support, I provide you with the answer to your question :

Here are some potential reasons why the amount of nickel in the hydrothermally synthesized lithium battery cathode precursor material could be lower than the initial amount added:

Nickel metal salt precipitation/insolubility during the hydrothermal process - The high temperature and pressure hydrothermal conditions could have caused some of the nickel salt to precipitate out of solution prematurely before being incorporated into the crystal structure. This precipitated nickel would not be included in the final product analysis.

Nickel salt adsorption onto reactor wall/surfaces - Hydrothermal reactions are often carried out in Teflon-lined stainless steel reactors. Some of the nickel ions could have adsorbed or adhered to these surfaces during the long reaction time, being removed from the final product.

Preferential crystallization of other metals over nickel - Depending on factors like temperature, pH, concentrations etc., it's possible the manganese and cobalt salts were preferentially incorporated into the crystal lattice over nickel during nucleation and growth stages. This could explain lower final nickel content.

Nickel leaching during washing/workup - Without proper control of pH during washing, a small amount of nickel ions may have leached or dissolved out of the precursor material crystals, leading to a lower overall nickel content after drying.

The final nickel content is lower than intended due to inadequately controlled reaction/washing parameters. Further optimization of temperature, time, concentrations, pH etc. would be needed to fully incorporate the stoichiometric nickel amount

Hi Anna, maybe this application will be helpful to you: 06-ADC-F-03-EN Method for the determination of 346 Residual Pesticides in Milk using LCMS-8045 and GCMS-TQ8040 NX (shimadzu.com)

I feel like the question is quite vague. Which metal complex, with which other metal complex? Or what class of complexes with what other class of complexes? It's not at all clear if you are referring to metalation, substitution, doping, counterions, auxilary ligands or what?

The way the question reads you have a metal complex and you are unhappy with it's solid state properties. So make another, and test it's properties. Or specify in more detail what it is that you are trying to accomplish.

Hey there, Sunita Saharan researcher friend! I am here to assist you.

In Atomistic Tool Kit (ATK), which is a popular software for performing Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, you generally work with ions rather than isolated atoms. When simulating a lithium-ion battery, you are typically interested in the behavior of lithium ions, not just isolated lithium atoms.

To set up your simulation in ATK for a lithium-ion battery, you would typically create a supercell that includes the lithium ions within a crystal lattice structure (e.g., a cathode material). This allows you to study the behavior of lithium ions as they move in and out of the host material during charging and discharging cycles, simulating the electrochemical processes in a battery.

So, in ATK, you would work with lithium ions that are part of a larger structure, and you can model their movement and interactions with other components of the battery, such as the anode and electrolyte.

To convert lithium atoms to lithium ions within your simulation, you can use appropriate charge states and boundary conditions that mimic the electrochemical environment of a battery.

Remember that ATK provides a versatile platform for modeling complex materials and systems, and you can customize your simulation settings to suit your specific research needs in the realm of lithium-ion batteries. Good luck with your research!

Assuming the analysis target here is amino acids, after hydrolysis to get rid of Cl and other interferences, it is advisable to perform a cation exchange treatment. Protonated amino acids will retain on resin while most of the neutral and anionic species flow through. After elution, you can analyze AAs either by HILIC or derivatization followed by RP chromatography...chloride removal by forming CuCl, AgCl, BiOCl, and Friedel's salt (complexation-induced precipitation) is an alternative strategy but not necessary for this case...

Hi Andrew,

Your basic assumptions are first of all correct. However, there are some further details to consider. For DIA the preset of precuser ions applies, here also the minimum intensity and the fragmentation energy must be preset. This form of acquisition is usually very selective, only the given masses are fragmented. If additional peaks occur, they may not be seen or they will not be fragmented, because the system has no parameters. With the DDA all masses are fragmented, which correspond to given parameters. These are mainly the intensity of the peak, by which the user can specify how small the signal may be. The fragmentation energy is then used to generate the fragmentation. Usually a dynamic exclusion is then used. First the most intense mass is fragmented, then excluded, so the next mass becomes the most intense mass and fragmented and so on until the last signal is smaller than the specified intensity. This fragmentation ends with that. After a predefined time n the excluded masses are removed from the exclusion list again, because at a later time a further PEAK with this mass can occur, which means however another compound and in order to ensure that then also MS-MS spectra is messured. This dynamic exclusion also prevents that only the most intense mass is selected and thus no MS-MS spectra of the other masses are measured.

Many greetings

Joachim Horst

Hi,

Yes, it's possible that your theory might have elements of truth. Nonetheless, the real validation would come through rigorous experimentation, as you've proposed, using animals to discern if there's a consistent correlation between specific external frequencies and resultant neural patterns contributing to consciousness. However, based on current scientific understanding, your theory would require substantial empirical evidence to gain wide acceptance.

Hope this helps.

metal ion is a type of atom compound that has an electric charge. Such atoms loose electron(s) very easily to form cations.The metal ions can be formed by any of the metals in the Periodic Table. The rare earth ions consists of ions of the lanthanide series.

Yes, Schiff bases can be utilized for the removal of heavy metal ions from water due to their chelating properties. A Schiff base is a compound formed by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a primary amine. Schiff bases have functional groups that can bind with metal ions, forming stable complexes. This ability to form complexes makes Schiff bases suitable for various applications, including heavy metal ion removal.

Here's a general approach on how Schiff bases can be used for heavy metal ion removal from water:

It's important to note that while Schiff bases can be effective in heavy metal ion removal, the practical application can depend on factors such as the type of metal ions present, the specific ligand used, pH conditions, and the concentration of metal ions in the water. Additionally, the stability and reusability of the Schiff base complexes, as well as any potential environmental impact of the removal process, need to be considered.

Research in this area is ongoing, and scientists are continually exploring and optimizing the use of Schiff bases and other chelating agents for heavy metal ion removal from water to address environmental pollution and water quality issues.

I doubt the Mg2+ in the active site is relevant here. Do you have any chelators or metal ions in the sample before it goes onto the column? When you say the protein does not bind, do you really mean it doesn’t bind or are you saying you didn’t manage to elute anything? I think it’s important to know whether you have a binding or elution issue. Either way you’ll end up with no protein. Do you have confirmation of successful expression on SDS gels?

Hello Grace - The usual approach is to choose the CE that gives the highest abundance for maximum sensitivity. With Analyst you can either do this manually by doing a ramp of the CE on the MRM transition or you can use the Compound Optimization app to do this automatically. Don't forget that the CE is only 1 parameter that needs to be optimised. For best sensitivity and repeatability you need to optimise everything including the source parameters.

@yuri_morgorod

Thank you professor

Graphene oxide (GO ) is a promising hydrophilic nanoparticle that has been successfully investigated in membranes to improve polymers' mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, some of the identified limitations of GO in membrane applications include:

1. Challenges of attaining their cost-efficient and scalable manufacturing process: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.029

2. High water solubility hence prone to solubility (leaching): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.029 and https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP02303K

3. Highly susceptible to agglomeration within polymer: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102747