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Questions related to Ligand
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Hi guys, I'm stuck on my research, can someone help me to explain how to dock the ligand with a cofactor NADPH using autodocktools ?
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Ankit Negi but it is possible if I use autodocktools or it can’t ?
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Is there a way to calculate the docking score of the zinc bound to this amyloid protein https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ze9 without undergoing the docking procedure which is apparently not possible with MOE when the ligand is a single atom? I've heard that MetalDock can dock metal ions but the only thing I'm interested in is calculating the docking score of the zinc
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I don't know which score you want to apply. However, docking scores usually do not take metal binding into account. For the reason, calculation such type of scores if you use is impossible.
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I want to perform synthesis of reported compound can you suggest some techniques to find novel compound with better results
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Haider Mughal I am talking about the Ligand Based drug design perspective which is in medicinal chemistry different from inorganic chemistry
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Hi
Can please tell me, To analyze the results of molecular docking and simulation of molecular dynamics (MD) of enzyme and ligand in Gromacs, what other analyzes can be done on them that can be discussed as a separate issue, except for usual analyzes such as RMSD, RMSF, Radius of Gyration, PCA, Gibbs free energy, GMMPBSA?
Thanks a lot
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Besides standard analyses like RMSD, RMSF, and PCA, other useful analyses for molecular docking and dynamics include decomposing binding free energy, analyzing hydrogen bonds, studying protein motion via PCA, investigating hydrophobic interactions, examining water dynamics, constructing residue interaction networks, identifying allosteric sites, analyzing binding pathways, assessing solvent accessible surface area, and mapping electrostatic potentials. These analyses deepen understanding of molecular interactions and enhance interpretation of simulation results.
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Dear connections I want to perform scaffold hopping of some molecule to get novelty on the reported compound can you suggest me the best software for the same. your support will be appreciated thank you
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Layplan Classic
Scaffmax
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I'm docking an enzyme by using maestro, there is an metal locate at the docking active site, I have already tried a few methods but there are still show the metal is interact with ligands in glide result.
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If your protein is a metalloenzyme with a metal in the active site, it would be expected to interact with a ligand that is a substrate or active-site inhibitor of the enzyme.
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Hello, the image below is my cyclic voltammogram for a redox reaction with a metal and a ligand. Should I change certain parameters from during analysis? Or do you have any recommendations.
Thank you very much.
Sincerely,
Flynne D.
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What is the oxidation state of your metal? Could be the metal is getting poisoned so not all of the bulk material is returning to the original state.
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while trying to generate CGenFF topology for Ligand after extracting from docked file, i got error which i'm showing as a picture. What could be the possible reason and how will i rectify it for smooth running of MD simulation.
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Jobin Thomas this is the pdbqt file of the docked protein-ligand complex.
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When I run autogrid4 it says: autogrid4: ERROR: Unknown receptor type: "Se" -- Add parameters for it to the parameter library first!
How do i handle it? Thanks
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Sorry my silly question, where should I add "atom_par Se 4.21 0.291 14.000 -0.00110 0.0 0.0 0 -1 -1 4 # Non H-bonding"?
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I'm designing a covalent inhibitor on an in silico study. Should I use the "pre-reaction" non-covalent ligand-protein complex or covalently bonded one on the Molecular Dynamic simulation input?
I think it's necessary to know how long the ligand stays in the binding site before the colavent-bond-forming reaction occurs. While it is probably a femtoseconds-process that does not need such nanoseconds stability. So it is more beneficial to do MD on the covalent-bonded complex to evaluate how strong its resident time is (and the inhibitory potential). The TS-DFT calculation suggests that the covalent bond may be reversible. However, I am not sure that MD can represent bond-breaking reactions. I still haven't gotten any concrete data on how several studies did it. Please give me your opinion. Thanks
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Thank you so much! Your answer was very helpful for my research.
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Hi
I am practicing molecular docking using PyRx software. In articles, mostly Gaussian software is used to publish the molecular docking of any compound. Can be publish any molecular docking using PyRx (studying docking) and Discovery studio (studying ligand protein interaction, etc). Infect I am a beginner, and it is difficult to use Gaussian.
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Yeah absolutely! Gaussian is used for optimizations and theoretical chemical reactivity parameters. As per your concern, you can publish an article using Pyrx-based docking with valid explanations.
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I have synthesized various Schiff base ligands, two of them are given here, upon coordination with metal such as Dy (NO3)3.5H20 and CoCl2.6H20, the ligands tend to break, what could be the possible reason and how to avoid the breaking of ligand. The solvent combination used for the reaction is C2H5OH+CH3CN in the presence of Triethylamine. Good suggestions and solution are welcome.
Thank you very much in advance.
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Merve Yıldırım I was unable to solve this problem.
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I want to increase the number of conformations which is by default 10. I want to get 100 conformations of a single ligand. Is it possible using autodock vina or any other software?
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You can set it with the syntax --num_modes 100, but I would recommend you to also increase --exhaustiveness and --energy_range so it would allow generating more diverse binding poses and scores.
Anyway, why would you need that many conformations? As a general practice, people only care about the best-scored pose?
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Hello everyone,
While performing MD simulations of protein - ligand complex, at the adding ions stage I am facing an error :
Fatal error:
Syntax error - File UNK_fix.itp, line 7
Last line read:
'[ atomtypes ] '
Invalid order for directive atomtypes
Well, since I've used Swissparam to write the topology file of the ligand (UNK_fix.gro) which usually uses CHARMM all atom forcefield and the protein topology I've written with the charmm36-2019.ff. Can this be a reason that I'm facing the above error?
I've also referred to other options like #include statements which I suppose are correct and the editing in topology is all done right. For reference:
; Include Position restraint file
#ifdef POSRES
#include "posre.itp"
#endif
; Include ligand topology
#include "UNK_fix.itp"
; Include water topology
#include "./charmm36-mar2019.ff/tip3p.itp"
#ifdef POSRES_WATER
; Position restraint for each water oxygen
[ position_restraints ]
; i funct fcx fcy fcz
1 1 1000 1000 1000
#endif
; Include topology for ions
#include "./charmm36-mar2019.ff/ions.itp"
[ system ]
; Name
Protein in water
[ molecules ]
; Compound #mols
Protein 1
UNK 1
SOL 24553
So, please guide me through any other suggestions which may correct this error.
Thank you in advance!
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Did you find the solution Divya Jhinjharia ?
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I merged heme and a ligand by manually editing gro and top instead of “-merge”, after which MD was performed. This result was unexpected for me because heme is not covalent binding to the protein, and it and the ligand are separated from the protein in less than 10ns of MD, but the ligand can only be injected once, so how do I make sure that the protein and heme are integrated as a whole, and MD of the ligand with the conjugated protein I constructed?
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And we also require the force field for metalloproteins that is compatible with small molecules.
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Dear scientists, I need help with molecular docking with Autodock.
- When I upload the Protein or Ligand structure, the command "swig/python detected a memory leak of type 'BHtree *', no destructor found" appears on the screen (Picture 1).
- Then, I can't Run AutoGrid or AutoDock. When I press the Launch command (with files created), it only results in a window like this and sometimes nothing happens and The error log says "Sorry, I can't find or open Grid Parameter File "C:/Users/..." . I have everything in one folder already so it should find the files (Picture 2).
Can anyone tell me what have I done wrong and how to correct it? I tried a few times and it is still the same.
I look forward to receiving help from you.
Thanks very much.
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The version of Python you are using has a memory leak and is therefore not compatible with the Autodock4.py script. Somehow the version of Python you have consumes all the memory on your machine when you run Autodock4.py, you have to fix that first before trying to continue with Docking.
Are you using Windows? You can try reinstalling python on your machine or if not, you can use WSL and try to run everything from there.
Good luck!
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Hello everyone,
I am working on DNA with two covalently bound modified cholesterol chains. I am unable to make the pdb2gmx file. I have generated the itp and prm file using CGENFF python script. But, I am unable to proceed further as the rtp file for the modified cholesterol and the parameters required are not present. Can anybody tell me the procedure for generating the pdb2gmx file for DNA with the covalently bound ligand.
Thank you in advance
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Hi,
basically you can not use pdb2gmx (only works for Proteins, DNA/RNA and some cofactors). You must 1) generate the modified system manually, or 2) generate two topologies and mannualy join them. When I have to generate such topologies, I use AmberTools to get the system and then convert it to GROMACS using ParMed.
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hello,
can anyone help me with finding the solvent for iron ethoxide except ethanol and for iron isopropoxide except isopropanol.
I will be very thankful.
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To all my folks, Use acetonitrile.
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This is occurring after uploading the pdb file of docked protein ligand complex from auto dock.
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In Discovery Studio, after loading your docked protein-ligand complex, if it says no ligand molecules were found, you can solve this by following these steps:
  1. In the Biovia interface, enable 'View Interactions' panel.
  2. Select your ligand molecule.
  3. Click on 'Define Ligand' in the 'View Interactions' panel.
By doing this, you should be able to view the interactions between your protein and ligand.
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I was looking for an antibody that can block the ligand binding domain of mouse EGFR. Can I use Cetuximab or is it exclusively human-specific?
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Xinyue Chen , whether or not a tumor cell line overexpressing EGFR expresses exactly the wildtype form of the receptor or a mutated or rearranged receptors depends very much on the exact cell line. My experience in transfecting various EGFR mutants taught me that it is far easier to obtain high levels of overexpression for variants deficient in ligand/activation induced receptor degradation.
Given the large difference in the Cetuximab epitope sequence and the corresponding sequence in the murine receptor, I doubt very much that there is sufficient crossreactivity that the reduced affinity could be overcome by increased receptor and/or antibody concentration.
While the attached paper clearly shows that antibody 7A7 does not react with murine EGFR, they used Cetuximab as control in Immuofluorescence and FACS, and show no detectable binding for Cetuximab on the HPV38 cell line, while the positive control antibody AF1280 shows significant overexpression of the murine receptor in this cell line.
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I have been trying to run Autodock Vina for my undergraduate thesis for many months have have been getting the following error. Does anyone have any ideas? I have attached an image but if that cannot be opened here is there error message through Cygwin64:
Reading input...
Parse error on line 1 in file "2jgd_DOCK.pdbqt": Unknown or inappropriate tag
mv: cannot stat 'ligand*.pdbqt': No such file or directory.
Please help!
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The error message "Parse error on line 1 in file '2jgd_DOCK.pdbqt" indicates an unknown or inappropriate tag. Please verify that the '2jgd_DOCK.pdbqt' file is formatted correctly to resolve this issue. You can use a tool like Open Babel to convert your files to the proper format or manually compare the errors in the Autodock Vina documentation.
To resolve the error message "mv: cannot stat 'ligand*.pdbqt': No such file or directory," please confirm that the ligand file ('ligand.pdbqt') is located in the directory where you are executing the command. If the file is in a different directory, move it to the right place or specify the correct path in your command.
Happy Docking!!
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I am running docking by using Autodock 4.2 software. However, I am not able to run autodock at the final stage and this type of command error appears in the terminal,
Unknown ligand atom type "atotypin"; add parameters for it to the parameter library first!
Autodock 4.2 runs without errors for similar ligands but this error is seen with ligands having Br and Cl groups.
I edited the autodock parameters tool, But still I faced current problem
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Sir, I added these parameters, but this line was already there in the dat file, Iam still getting the ERROR " Edit the parameter library file "AD4.1_bound_br.dat",
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I performed virtual screening of some molecules in Auto Dock Vina and GOLD and obtained different results for the best ligand. I'm not sure if I did something wrong, or the docking program is not the most appropriate for my protein and ligands, or the difference is due to the different interaction analysis algorithm.
The protein does not have a co-crystallized ligand, so I did not validate the program by redocking. I'm following the active site predicted by COACH-D. I don't know if this is relevant when comparing results from two different programs.
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How different they are?
If you are focusing on a single ligand, it is not a good approach as you starting point is weak. Just look into the top 10/20 or 50 molecules from each docking program and compare them. How many of them are similar/same?
Just a suggestion, take a similar protein (same size or similar binding site) with known ligand (co-crystal structure) and do the docking exercise with them and see which program gives you better result. This can partially justify your results as well.
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Dear experts,
I am trying to perform a production run of several proteins in a water environment according to several tutorials. After the production, one of the analysis I am interested in is the evaluation of a radial distribution function around each bead of the chain.
I am trying with the module gmx rdf but I am havint some trouble in specifying that the calculation should be done for a specific segment and not the center of mass of the entire chain. Do you have any suggestion?
Thanks in advance.
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1. Create an index file with the specific segment as a separate group. You can use the make_ndx command for this. If you want to create a group for residues 1 to 20:
$echo -e "r 1-20\nq" | gmx make_ndx -f md.gro -o index.ndx
This command will create a new group with residues 1 to 10 and save the index file as index.ndx.
2. Calculate the RDF using the gmx rdf command and specify the new group as one of the groups for which to calculate the RDF:
$echo -e "Group1\nGroup2" | gmx rdf -s md.tpr -f md.xtc -n index.ndx -o rdf.xvg
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I tried to coat a ligand layer on the surface of the TiO2 thin film using an oil bath reflux system at 40 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. Previously, I observed the NH2 peak at 1250 cm-1 in FTIR analysis. Currently, I'm unable to determine the repeatability of past data. I'm using DMF solvent. I also tried different parameters like temperature, time, concentration, and solvent.
Can anyone explain what is happening here? If my TiO2 surface is changed, or are there any mistakes from my side? I would like to get advice from people with similar experiences or related experts.
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Dear Vennela Tirupati The appearance of the NH2 peak suggests that the ligand (NH2-BDC) has indeed interacted with the TiO2 surface. This modification could lead to changes in surface properties, such as wettability, reactivity, or electronic structure.
Use XPS or AFM for characterization, and adjust parameters like temperature, time, and ligand concentration to optimize ligand coverage and surface changes.Higher temperatures can improve ligand adsorption, but excessive heat can potentially lead to ligand desorption.
  • Liu, J., & Wuwei, P. R. (2015). Electronic and Optical Properties of Surface-Anchored Metal-Organic Frameworks (Doctoral dissertation, KIT-Bibliothek).
  • Kim, S., Hidayat, R., Roh, H., Kim, J., Kim, H. L., Khumaini, K., ... & Lee, W. J. (2022). Atomic layer deposition of titanium oxide thin films using a titanium precursor with a linked amido-cyclopentadienyl ligand. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 10(17), 6696-6709.
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Hi everyone, I am using Autodock and I'm fairly new and unskilled in it. I was performing a protein-ligand dock. I prepared the protein and ligand, saved them in pdbqt, prepared the gpf file and set the autogrind.exe and parameter file for running autogrid. But when I click on launch, it doesnt generate the glg and map files.
I'm not sure if this is of context but when I choose my ligand to set map types, it shows me a warning and a python shell errow, both of which I have attached below,
What should I do? Can anyone help me?
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I'm pretty sure the ussue is not with the protein since I've been using this protein for other docking projects too, and didn't face this issue. I was successfully able to generate a glg and a dlg file both. Therefore I think the issue lies in the ligand. But I downloaded the ligand structure directly from pubchem so I hardly think there's any structural there too.
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Dear Researchers kindly suggest a molecular docking online free web server that does not involve protein + ligand but it should be for ligand + receptor. For example: patch dock web server. Thanks in advance
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Waseem Ahmad Ansari I already checked the web tool you have mentioned none of the sites have the facility to dock ligands and receptors (docking of small molecules). Further, I also tried auto dock but no solutions.
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I am doing an M-L complex (metal is Fe and ligand is tetra co-ordinated) optimization using 12 processors and SCF=QC keyword. How many days it will required to complete the calcuations. Its already been 10 days and I am not sure whether the calcultaions is running correctly or not?
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May be more the 12h to 7 days !!!!!
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So if I want to know what the structures are for different regions in the 2D projection plot of PCA analysis, how would I proceed? Any idea?
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Thank you Ayaz Anwar .
and I calculated PCA using GROMACS software and visualized the 2D projection of PC1 and PC2.
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i am trying to grow TTV on 293T, Jurkat, and A549 cell lines for a prolonged period. As the replication mechanism of this virus is not fully understood, I want to check what receptors on these cell lines are facilitating the attachment of the virus.
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thank you so much for your suggestion. i discussed this with my supervisor. do i need anti-TTV antibody that can bind to capsid of TTV ?
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I synthesis new ligand, that ligand react with divalent metals it forms metal complex. l used maestro 9.0 for docking the protein with ligand but the problem was maestro 9.0 (not only that all the docking software) not accepted the coordination bond between the metal and ligand in the .mol or .sdf format.so how to dock metal complex with protein.
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There are some ways to dock with metal ions:
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I have run a MD simulation for a protein-ligand system using AMBER. There are multiple binding poses for the ligand during the simulation. I want to find out some representative binding poses of the ligand. How can I achieve this? I have tried the dbscan clustering by calculating the pair RMSD of every snapshots and I think it is not a good way.
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You can try K-means for your clustering analysis with different K values and use the inflection-point method to identify the most suitable K values.
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If a compound has a lot of oxygen moities in ligand, so the docking score will be increase? If it will increase then what is the reason behind it?
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Thanks a lot professor
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Hello RG Community I hope you're well:).
For the above topic I only need to optimize two-dihedral angles, can I therefore
only select Scan and Opt Torsion tabs and ignore the others i.e. Opt Charge etc.?
(My goal is to simulate a protein-ligand Complex via Gromacs and my ligand exhibited
only two penalized dihedral angles needing optimization before proceeding any further.)
Thanks if you know:) Joel 
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Hello RG Community in the above instance subsequent to the ffTK first tab blanks will be drawn for psf, par etc., accordingly working through all tabs depending will function best:).
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I am running a protein ligand complex simulation using Gromacs 2021 on a Windows Subsystem for Linux. My laptop has Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 GPU. When i run the simulation of Lysozyme tutorial (as given in GROMACS tutorial) for 100ns, the expected finish time is showing approximately 1 week. I looked at the topology file to get an understanding of system size and found that my total system size is approximately 47500 including Solvent, ions, protein and ligand.
1) The "dt" defined in the mdp file is 2 fs and the number of steps (nsteps) is 50000000. I wanted to know if there is a way to speed up the process or is this the natural computation time that RTX 3050 provides? I went through other queries about the same issue and also I have worked with RTX 3080 Ti which completes a 100 ns simulation in approximately 30 - 40 min. So I assume that since 3050 also belongs to a similar class/family as that of 3080 Ti, it should atleast provide a better simulation timing (say 100 ns in 1-2 hours). I might be wrong about the technical aspect of GPU computation. Any help in this matter will be much appreciated.
2) Also, I wanted to know, since I am running these simulation in Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL2), does that affect the computation speed of the GPU when MD Simulations are run using GROMACS?
I would appreciate if someone can help me out in this regard.
Thanks
Satyam
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I am using Amber in WSL with RTX 3050 mobile. I am getting above 50 ns/day speed for MD calculations. Applying a small tweak to the clock speed of the GPU via overclocking has helped me increase the calculation speed up to 56 ns/day.
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I am considering running an MD simulation of a protein with varying ligand concentrations. I think replica exchange molecular dynamics should be able to do that, but I have no idea how that is done.
Is it possible to get a tutorial or possibly other methods for running such a simulation?
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Hello,
If in each of the replicas, you have different particle numbers (# of ligands) and you plan to use that variable as an exchange variable in the replica exchange algorithm, then I think it would not work in the ensemble that usually people use in MD (NPT).
You have to simulate your system in the grand canonical ensemble (uPT) and control the exchange probability of your ligands with the ligand reservoir to keep your chemical potential fixed.
I think this is not so simple and I don't remember a package that simulates such an ensemble in a simple/direct way.
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Dear all,
I performed a simulation of a membrane-transporter and ligand for 50ns.
During the simulation, and as I expected, the ligand comes out of the transporter protein and does not come back. However, after the removal of PBC, the ligand jumps to the other side of the membrane which is not possible at all. With careful visualizing of the system using VMD, I am convinced it is a PBC problem in the mol stage. I put the commands I used for PBC removal and I also attached the movies from the clustering and mol stages.
I would appreciate any help.
gmx trjconv -s step7_production.tpr -n index.ndx -pbc whole -f small.xtc -o whole.xtc
gmx trjconv -s step7_production.tpr -n index.ndx -pbc nojump -f whole.xtc -o nojump.xtc
gmx trjconv -s step7_production.tpr -n index.ndx -pbc cluster -f nojump.xtc -o cluster.xtc
gmx trjconv -s step7_production.tpr -n index.ndx -pbc mol -f cluster.pdb -o mol.pdb -ur compact
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You need to specify -nojump as you convert the trajectory file
e.g.
"Option -pbc sets the type of periodic boundary condition treatment:
...
nojump checks if atoms jump across the box and then puts them back. This has the effect that all molecules will remain whole (provided they were whole in the initial conformation). Note that this ensures a continuous trajectory but molecules may diffuse out of the box. The starting configuration for this procedure is taken from the structure file, if one is supplied, otherwise it is the first frame.
..."
also
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Dear all,
I am currently working on the simulation study of a complex whose ligand cannot be automatically parameterized. I have been using AMBER to do the parameterization, and now I have obtained the .lib for the ligand. I want to load the parameter to the complex to prepare the input file for simulation. After changing the residue and chain name of the ligand in the complex PDB, I did:
tleap -f oldff/leaprc.ff99SB
>source leaprc.gaff
>loadamberparams deoxyFeb.frcmod
>loadoff deo.lib
>complex = loadpdb deoxyCom.pdb
and it added missing heavy atoms that are not included in the parameter lib. (the whole message is as tleap.txt)
how should I deal with the problem and prepare the input file for MD?
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The steps are explained in detail in the Amber Tutorial:
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Hello,
I have recently switched from doing ligand into protein for ITC because my ligand is in DMSO and has low solubility at 10% DMSO; therefore, now I am doing protein into ligand -- the heat transfers are much better and seem to correlate to the protein concentration loaded in the syringe which is good to see.
However, at the end of my titration regardless of the concentration of ligand or protein added there is an increase in heat transfers. I am also seeing this in my protein injections into buffer alone.
Any thoughts on why this might be happening?
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Hi, what is the oligomeric state of your protein? Maybe there is a possibility that you observe some heat of protein association?
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Hi!
Does anyone have ideas to separate Fe(II) complexes from Fe(III) complexes?
Context about the complexes:
1) Coordination of the ligand causes some type of Fe(III) to Fe(II) reduction (Always starting with Fe(III) sources)
2) They are neutral complexes that are coordinated by a macrocycle with three carboxylic acid groups and a fourth group that may or may not be coordinating
3) The only difference between the two complexes is one carboxylic acid is assumed to be uncoordinated in one
4) Most contain at least one CF3 group but the reduction behavior is seen in all of them
5) Less hydrophobic complexes can be separated reverse phase chromatography but the more hydrophobic they get the harder it is to separate
6) Complexes don't seem very stable on silica or alumina oxide gels
Edit to add that the Fe(II) complex is air-stable and I'm actually trying to isolate pure Fe(III)
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Raphael T Ryan Recrystallization or chromatography will help. Can everything be oxidized and synthesized into one complex?
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Hello,
I am having an ITC issue because I cant increase my ligand concentration due to solubility issues.
I know there is past literature on reverse titrations being acceptable. I am more asking about what concentrations I should try for the reverse titration.
I have used fluorescence polarization as a competition based assay showing a Ki of around 10μM for the ligand titrated into protein. Can this help me in determining concentration of protein/ligand for a reverse titration?
I have tried titrating ligand into protein at the maximal concentration of ligand and there is a slight but significant heat change; therfore, Nanoanalyze has suggested I increase ligand concentration -- that is why I amm trying to do a reverse titration now. Thanks for your help.
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I forgot to say that when the stoichiometry is 1:n (a protein with n ligand binding sites), for a direct titration the concentrations should be:
[syringe] = 10 x n x [cell]
and for a reverse titration:
[syringe] = 10/n x [cell]
In other words, you must consider the concentration of binding sites, instead of the concentration of protein.
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i am doing oniom calculation QM/MM for CYP450 and a drug as ligand. here i put my input file and the log file. i have been building this system for 3 weeks. this time i can't find out where the error is. i still think it is the problem in my mm parameters. also, the former error is bond and angle are not defined (in my ligand and the heme molecule). so i deleted all the connections of them and this error was solved. is this operation okay?
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You need to pay close attention to blank lines in your input files. There are too many blank lines after the connectivity section - there should be just one. You also need a blank line at the end of the file. Have a look here to find information on how to compose a Gaussian input file: https://gaussian.com/input/
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Hello, the image below is my cyclic voltammogram for a redox reaction with a metal and a ligand. Can you help me explain why I see two reductions and two oxidation cycles, respectively? What can it imply?
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Based on the cyclic voltammogram you shared, the observation of two reduction and two oxidation peaks suggests that there are likely two different redox processes occurring for the metal-ligand system under study. Some possibilities include:
  1. Step-wise reduction/oxidation - The metal ion center undergoes reduction by accepting electrons step-wise at two different potentials, showing two cathodic peaks. Correspondingly, there are two oxidation states generated that can each get oxidized back at separate anodic peaks.
  2. Different coordination environments - If the ligand can bind the metal center in multiple modes (e.g. uni- vs bidentate), each metal-ligand coordination geometry may exhibit its own reduction and oxidation characteristics leading to two sets of peaks.
  3. Dinuclear/polymeric structure - If the metal centers and ligands are assembling into dinuclear or oligonuclear complex structures, each metal site within that assembly may display quasi-reversible reduction and oxidation responses.
To distinguish these and obtain more definitive structural information, you could systematically alter experimental parameters like metal ion concentration, ligand ratio, pH levels, scan rates etc. and monitor the voltammetric response. Complementary structural characterization techniques (NMR, ESI-MS) would also help elucidate the origin of the dual redox behavior you observe.
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Recently I've done the synthesis of a water-soluble ruthenium complex with 1H-imidazole. I could separate the desired complex from other complexes formed during the synthesis by chromatography(silica gel), but I haven't been successful in the separation of the complex and the 1H-imidazole ligand. I already tried chromatography and washing with some organic solvents (the problem is that all that imidazole is soluble my complex is soluble as well). Does someone have any suggestions for this problem?
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Separating a ruthenium complex from its ligand, especially when they have similar solubilities, can be challenging. Here are a few strategies you can try:
Column Chromatography Optimization:
Experiment with different column chromatography conditions, such as changing the stationary phase, using a different elution solvent system, or adjusting the polarity of the solvent.
Solvent Gradient Elution:Employ a gradient elution strategy during column chromatography. This involves starting with a more polar solvent and gradually increasing the polarity, which may help in better separating the ruthenium complex from the 1H-imidazole.
Reversed-Phase Chromatography:Consider using reversed-phase chromatography, especially if your complex is hydrophilic. This technique can exploit differences in hydrophobicity for separation.Size-Exclusion Chromatography:
Size-exclusion chromatography separates molecules based on size. If your ruthenium complex and 1H-imidazole have significant differences in size, this method might be effective.
Recrystallization:Attempt recrystallization using a suitable solvent system. Sometimes, complexes can be encouraged to crystallize separately from their ligands.Selective Precipitation:
Investigate the possibility of selective precipitation by adding a non-solvent or changing the solvent conditions to encourage the separation of the ruthenium complex from 1H-imidazole.
Extraction:Explore liquid-liquid extraction using an immiscible solvent that selectively extracts one component. This method might require optimization of conditions.
pH Adjustment:Evaluate the impact of pH on the solubility of the complex and the ligand. Adjusting the pH may alter the solubility of one of the components, aiding in separation.
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I am currently working to dock a ligand at a receptor and working on autodock 1.5.6 and the map files are not being generated , as the autogrid run is unsuccessful, I have previously done this but this time I am unable troubleshoot as to why .gpf file is not being able to generate or being able to be read by autodock?
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hello Yashee Gupta ,
grid> output> save gpf.
this save file in file format so autogrid can not browse that file.
for get gpf file go on that file > right click> properties> add .gpf extension on their name so that file will be convert in to .gpf file.
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I have run a docking of Actinonin on 2OS3 and got an optimized coordinates for the grid box to result in rmsd less than 2. However, when I tried to visualized it using Biovia discovery studio, the ligand (Actinonin) doesn't appear. I have docked it several times, but still can't show the ligand in Biovia.
oyea, when I checked it by using chimeraX, the ligand can appear in the complex with the protein. but still, in the Biovia discovery studio resulted nothing.
Any suggestion, please!
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Thanks, Ramakrishnan
The complex-ligand looks perfectly in ChimeraX, but not in Biovia DS.
I save the complex file in pdb format and open it Biovia DS.
I have tried to click Ctrl+H, but there is no option to select Hetatm. and in the left corner, "Define Ligand: is undefined" .
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While performing STD screening I noticed that I have signals in my difference spectras, that are constant accross all samples, also if there is no ligand and only protein.
The protein was purified via size exclusion and is in deuterated PBS.
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Are the signals from the protein itself or from something else?
The subtraction doesn't always remove the protein signals completely, and in that case you can use one of the pulse sequences that uses a spin lock to destroy the protein signals. On Bruker systems these are the std pulse sequences ending in .3
If the signals are from something else, you could try to run a cpmg experiment or similar to see what they might be.
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I am currently looking for any tools to analyze the probable docking sites intead of going for blind docking. Is there any bio-informatics tools or webserver that can help me further analyze the pockets present in my protein of interest and export the co-ordinates.
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Here are some popular tools you can consider:
  1. CASTp (Computed Atlas of Surface Topography of proteins):Website: http://sts.bioe.uic.edu/castp/ CASTp is a web server that calculates and analyzes pockets on the protein surface. It provides information about the volume, area, and coordinates of the pockets.
  2. SiteMap:Website: https://www.schrodinger.com/sitemap SiteMap is a part of the Schrödinger Suite and is widely used for predicting binding sites on proteins. It analyzes the electrostatic and hydrophobic properties of the protein surface.
  3. PocketPicker:Website: https://www.pkoukos.gr/?page_id=15 PocketPicker is a standalone software for identifying ligand-binding sites on protein surfaces. It employs a geometric algorithm to identify potential binding pockets.
  4. DoGSiteScorer:Website: https://dogsite.zbh.uni-hamburg.de/ DoGSiteScorer predicts ligand-binding sites based on conservation, geometry, and hydrophobicity. It provides a score for each predicted site.
  5. Fpocket:Website: http://fpocket.sourceforge.net/ Fpocket is an open-source tool that identifies and characterizes binding pockets in proteins. It uses Voronoi tessellation and alpha spheres for pocket detection.
  6. MetaPocket:Website: http://projects.biotec.tu-dresden.de/metapocket/ MetaPocket is a meta server that combines the prediction results from multiple pocket prediction methods to improve accuracy.
It is important to carefully analyze the results from these tools and consider using multiple tools to cross-validate the predicted binding sites.
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I am working on nanobody based purification system and in order to reuse it, I have to separate the nanobody from its ligand.
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Engelbert Buxbaum thank you for your reply. I have a problem with this method as my NB is immobolized on a solid support by His tag-Ni2+ intereaction. When I apply a low pH buffer, it also breaks the immobilization bond.
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Hello,
I am doing ITC and getting repeatable curves that look very promising. After reading some articles, it seems the biggest challenge to avoid is buffer mismatch. Is there a way to rule out that my curve is indeed ligand to macromolecule binding rather than buffer mismatch (i.e. shape/values of curve, shape/values of trace, thermodynamic values)?
I am very careful when preparing my samples but because my ligand is a small molecule I can't dialyze. I am pretty certain my buffers are well matched but I just want to be certain.
Any help would be appreciated.
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Buffer mismatch results in large, similar heat effects, but not in thermogram profiles similar this one you are showing.
Although buffer mismatch should be avoided, there are ways to handle it and reduce its deleterious effect on data fitting. Unless the mismatch is too large, usually good estimates of the interaction parameters can be obtained.
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Hello,
I am using Autodock4 and AGFR to perform in silico docking experiments with a small molecule, triptolide, and a human protein, XPB (ERCC3). I am running on windows 11. I only experience this issue when performing docking with flexible residues.
I prepared the ligand file using the Autodock Tools interface. The prepared ligand file is below:
REMARK 2 active torsions:
REMARK status: ('A' for Active; 'I' for Inactive)
REMARK 1 A between atoms: C_4 and C_2
REMARK 2 A between atoms: O_23 and C_17
ROOT
ATOM 1 C UNL d 1 29.320 -35.802 -65.656 0.00 0.00 0.010 C
ATOM 2 C UNL d 1 30.655 -36.509 -65.505 0.00 0.00 0.020 C
ATOM 3 C UNL d 1 31.481 -36.415 -66.786 0.00 0.00 0.010 C
ENDROOT
BRANCH 2 4
ATOM 4 C UNL d 1 31.414 -35.962 -64.276 0.00 0.00 0.129 A
ATOM 5 C UNL d 1 32.206 -34.626 -64.232 0.00 0.00 0.186 C
ATOM 6 C UNL d 1 33.144 -34.610 -63.021 0.00 0.00 0.156 A
ATOM 7 O UNL d 1 33.172 -33.137 -63.096 0.00 0.00 -0.359 OA
ATOM 8 C UNL d 1 34.431 -33.885 -63.005 0.00 0.00 0.157 A
ATOM 9 C UNL d 1 32.606 -35.189 -61.637 0.00 0.00 0.138 A
ATOM 10 C UNL d 1 35.436 -34.297 -61.794 0.00 0.00 0.043 C
ATOM 11 C UNL d 1 34.996 -35.365 -60.947 0.00 0.00 0.030 C
ATOM 12 C UNL d 1 33.528 -35.393 -60.451 0.00 0.00 0.009 C
ATOM 13 C UNL d 1 36.026 -35.404 -59.931 0.00 0.00 -0.019 C
ATOM 14 C UNL d 1 33.535 -33.891 -60.010 0.00 0.00 0.015 C
ATOM 15 C UNL d 1 33.129 -35.753 -59.204 0.00 0.00 0.015 C
ATOM 16 C UNL d 1 34.291 -35.969 -58.106 0.00 0.00 0.043 C
ATOM 17 C UNL d 1 35.635 -35.641 -58.522 0.00 0.00 0.039 C
ATOM 18 C UNL d 1 36.885 -35.753 -57.845 0.00 0.00 0.336 C
ATOM 19 O UNL d 1 37.997 -35.493 -58.737 0.00 0.00 -0.457 OA
ATOM 20 O UNL d 1 37.016 -36.031 -56.771 0.00 0.00 -0.245 OA
ATOM 21 C UNL d 1 37.485 -35.611 -60.106 0.00 0.00 0.264 C
ATOM 22 C UNL d 1 31.529 -36.108 -61.742 0.00 0.00 0.186 A
ATOM 23 O UNL d 1 31.351 -34.850 -61.074 0.00 0.00 -0.358 OA
ATOM 24 C UNL d 1 31.536 -36.827 -63.142 0.00 0.00 0.185 A
ATOM 25 O UNL d 1 32.525 -36.859 -64.163 0.00 0.00 -0.359 OA
BRANCH 5 26
ATOM 26 O UNL d 1 31.029 -33.875 -64.291 0.00 0.00 -0.386 OA
ATOM 27 H UNL d 1 31.242 -32.949 -64.278 0.00 0.00 0.210 HD
ENDBRANCH 5 26
ENDBRANCH 2 4
TORSDOF 2
I entered the following command into the command line:
C:\Users\gorri\OneDrive\Desktop\Fan Lab\Docking\Autodock4\HsXPB\HsXPB_7NVVSite2FlexReceptors&EnlargeGridtoBoxFlexResidues>autodock4 -p dockywocky.dpf -l results.dlg
Then I get the following error message:
autodock4: FATAL ERROR: autodock4: ERROR: All ATOM and HETATM records must be given before any nested BRANCHes; see line 39 in PDBQT file "TLI_model.pdbqt".
So, then I changed the ligand file to the following to force it to work:
ATOM 1 C UNL d 1 29.320 -35.802 -65.656 0.00 0.00 0.010 C
ATOM 2 C UNL d 1 30.655 -36.509 -65.505 0.00 0.00 0.020 C
ATOM 3 C UNL d 1 31.481 -36.415 -66.786 0.00 0.00 0.010 C
ATOM 4 C UNL d 1 31.414 -35.962 -64.276 0.00 0.00 0.129 A
ATOM 5 C UNL d 1 32.206 -34.626 -64.232 0.00 0.00 0.186 C
ATOM 6 C UNL d 1 33.144 -34.610 -63.021 0.00 0.00 0.156 A
ATOM 7 O UNL d 1 33.172 -33.137 -63.096 0.00 0.00 -0.359 OA
ATOM 8 C UNL d 1 34.431 -33.885 -63.005 0.00 0.00 0.157 A
ATOM 9 C UNL d 1 32.606 -35.189 -61.637 0.00 0.00 0.138 A
ATOM 10 C UNL d 1 35.436 -34.297 -61.794 0.00 0.00 0.043 C
ATOM 11 C UNL d 1 34.996 -35.365 -60.947 0.00 0.00 0.030 C
ATOM 12 C UNL d 1 33.528 -35.393 -60.451 0.00 0.00 0.009 C
ATOM 13 C UNL d 1 36.026 -35.404 -59.931 0.00 0.00 -0.019 C
ATOM 14 C UNL d 1 33.535 -33.891 -60.010 0.00 0.00 0.015 C
ATOM 15 C UNL d 1 33.129 -35.753 -59.204 0.00 0.00 0.015 C
ATOM 16 C UNL d 1 34.291 -35.969 -58.106 0.00 0.00 0.043 C
ATOM 17 C UNL d 1 35.635 -35.641 -58.522 0.00 0.00 0.039 C
ATOM 18 C UNL d 1 36.885 -35.753 -57.845 0.00 0.00 0.336 C
ATOM 19 O UNL d 1 37.997 -35.493 -58.737 0.00 0.00 -0.457 OA
ATOM 20 O UNL d 1 37.016 -36.031 -56.771 0.00 0.00 -0.245 OA
ATOM 21 C UNL d 1 37.485 -35.611 -60.106 0.00 0.00 0.264 C
ATOM 22 C UNL d 1 31.529 -36.108 -61.742 0.00 0.00 0.186 A
ATOM 23 O UNL d 1 31.351 -34.850 -61.074 0.00 0.00 -0.358 OA
ATOM 24 C UNL d 1 31.536 -36.827 -63.142 0.00 0.00 0.185 A
ATOM 25 O UNL d 1 32.525 -36.859 -64.163 0.00 0.00 -0.359 OA
ATOM 26 O UNL d 1 31.029 -33.875 -64.291 0.00 0.00 -0.386 OA
ATOM 27 H UNL d 1 31.242 -32.949 -64.278 0.00 0.00 0.210 HD
TORSDOF 2
I then get the following error message:
autodock4: FATAL ERROR: autodock4: ERROR: All ATOM and HETATM records must be given before any nested BRANCHes; see line 1 in PDBQT file "TLI_model.pdbqt".
Any help is greatly appreciated. Thank you.
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You repeat protein preparation again. Some missing during preparation
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ERROR 1 [file topol.top, line 55398]:
atom O5 (Res HIS-1) has mass 0 (state A) / 0 (state B)
ERROR 2 [file topol.top, line 55398]:
atom O6 (Res HIS-1) has mass 0 (state A) / 0 (state B)
ERROR 3 [file topol.top, line 55398]:
atom H31 (Res HIS-1) has mass 0 (state A) / 0 (state B)
ERROR 4 [file topol.top, line 55398]:
atom H32 (Res HIS-1) has mass 0 (state A) / 0 (state B)
ERROR 5 [file topol.top, line 55398]:
atom H33 (Res HIS-1) has mass 0 (state A) / 0 (state B)
ERROR 6 [file topol.top, line 55398]:
atom H34 (Res HIS-1) has mass 0 (state A) / 0 (state B)
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1. Clean your pdb using charmm-gui (remove extra chains and water molecules)
2. Then try to run apo (protein only) simulation using gromacs
(Choose charmm27 ff)
if it goes well then try with ligand (generate topology for ligands from ligpargen or swiss param).
for easy execution
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I'm following a protocol to bind fluorescent ligand to receptors expressed on cells in a microplate. The protocol includes fixing cells with 4% PFA for 20 mins. This prevents cell loss during washing. But this ligand will only bind if the receptors are coupled to intracellular G proteins. Does fixing the cells kill these intracellular proteins?
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Dear Willian K. Lim,
Malcolm Nobre's suggestion should solve your problem.
Phil
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Good day,
I created a grid using the Autodock tools and then using those coordinates and size I created a configuration file for Vina. But in the results, the location of the ligand do not match the specified coordinates and size. I used the PyMol for visualization, but the ligand is not placed within the previously selected coordinates.
Thank you for help.
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Thank you very much for your reply.
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Hello,
I want to perform 100ns GROMACS simulation using CHARM27 force field on a protein-ligand complex where my protein is CYP51 (PDB ID: 5V5Z) which contains a heme group covalantly bonded to the ligand.
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All the files are placed in a specific folder in C drive. (it includes the protein and ligand pdbqt files, autodock4.exe, autogrid.exe and dat files from mgl tools 1.5.7). After repeatedly running from several times till date, I am forced to seek help to further carry out my studies. Please help in any way possible. Thank you.
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Did you check the settings/preference in Autodock? You may change the default folder there. Best of luck.
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Hello RG Community:), I have a ligand exhibiting penalties between 10-50 within a .str file generated via a CGenFF, the generated .prm file does not exactly match the ligand atoms nor the closest ! analogous parameter. Example of one of the first penalty from this .str File:
BONDS CG2O2  CG2R51  336.87     1.4215 ! 14C+H , from CG2O5 CG2R51, penalty= 10
the closest atoms from the single .prm file are:
CG2O2  CG2R61  254.00     1.4800 ! ZOIC, benzoic acid, MBOA, methylbenzoate, jal
CG2O5  CG2R61  254.00     1.4600 ! 3ACP, 3-acetylpyridine; BF6 BF7 C36 C37; PHMK, phenyl methyl ketone, mcs
since these atoms do not match, my understanding is that the analogy is not strong, accordingly suggestions for validation of this spring constant and equilibrium length? Thanks if you have any suggestions:), Joel 🚀
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Hello RG Community subsequent to inquiries I will recommend to myself and other to complete all Tabs of ffTK and or ffParam and or use experimental evidence.
Joel 🚀
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I selected Md_0_10.gro file and then md_0_10.xtc file then I got something weird like this in the video in vmd, can someone pls suggest what's wrong in this step?
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In the terminal, enter the production outputs directory and type:
vmd file.gro file.xtc
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Is it mandatory that the grid box has to be localized specifically at the same exact site where the reported inhibitor binds to the receptor? Is there any relevance for carrying out blind docking for a new drug (ligand) against a protein when already the site of inhibitor and protein binding is known from experimental XRD structure.
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Well, my astute researcher friend Geetmani Singh Nongthombam, let me break it down for you Geetmani Singh Nongthombam. In the realm of ligand docking, the accuracy of binding at a specific protein site is crucial. While it's not mandatory for the grid box to be localized precisely where the reported inhibitor binds, it certainly helps enhance the reliability of predictions.
Now, about blind docking versus knowing the binding site from XRD structures, it's a bit like navigating uncharted waters versus having a detailed map. Blind docking explores the entire protein surface for potential binding sites, which can be a shot in the dark but might unveil hidden gems. On the other hand, if you Geetmani Singh Nongthombam already know the binding site from experimental XRD data, you're like a captain steering straight for the treasure. It's more targeted but doesn't account for potential surprises elsewhere.
In the world of molecular interactions, as in life, sometimes it's about calculated risks and exploration. What approach you Geetmani Singh Nongthombam choose depends on your appetite for adventure and the specific goals of your research voyage. Smooth sailing!
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While trying to import Autodock session (AutoDockTools 1.5.7) I am receiving an error (attached below). All files work during simulations, yet it is impossible to open saved session file.
mol.2 file (attached below) does not seem to be corrupted (since it works while starting the simulation from the very beginning)
Part of the error message:
The file ligand_optimized doesn't contain any mol2 records
The file ligand_optimized doesn't have Atomrecords, molecules can't be built
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I checked your mol2 file and it seems to be all right: the atom types, the connectivity, and the data distribution through the file. I also uploaded it on AutoDock Tools and PyMOL, and I didn't find any problem.
As I saw on PyMOL and considering I am not wrong, I assume that your molecule is neutral. You could check the mol2 charges, because maybe the total charge of the molecule is not as accurate as it should. Personally, I'm not sure if this could lead into the problem you are facing, but I think it is really important to have this point completely fixed before perform any subsequent job.
Hope this is helpful,
Bests!
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Hi, I ran COFACTOR and COACH servers many times for my enzymes to predict their ligand receptors and function prediction, and the website answered would send the result to my email, but I didn't receive any result for more than one week I don't know where is the problem I checked my email its work and receive other emails. Can anyone suggest what to do, the server assumed to send the result via email after 10 hours but no answer till now. Thanks
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A few steps to take:
1. Check your spam or junk folder
2. Contact the server administrators
3. Provide relevant information: When contacting the server administrators, make sure to include relevant details such as the submission date, your email address, and any unique identifiers or confirmation numbers related to your submissions. This information will help them locate your specific submission and address the issue more efficiently.
4. Be patient and consider re-submitting
Good luck
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Dear RG Community,
I am validating my docking protocol by re-docking the co-crystalized ligand into a defined pocket.
After docking, I am getting a pose which is flipped around its axis in 180 degree than that of the co-crystalized one.
Surprisingly, RMSD was also very less (below 1.2 Angstrom) between docked and the co-crystalized poses.
Could you please suggest possible reasons and the solution on it.
Thank you.
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Dear Vishal Zambre,
Make sure about your PDB and ligand preparation before Docking. Issues in ligand preparation, such as incorrect atom typing, atom order, or charges can lead to flipped poses. Also check symmetry and chirality, because in some cases, docking algorithms may produce inverted chiral centers. Ensure correct stereochemistry in both co-crystallized and docked poses.
Adjust flexibility, scoring, and search parameters for accurate poses and also avoid over-optimization to prevent false positives. If the binding pocket undergoes substantial conformational changes upon ligand binding, prefer flexible docking or induced fit docking approaches.
You can verify input coordinates and formats for both co-crystallized and docked structures. Additionally, try alternative docking software to assess if the issue persists, as different algorithms may yield varied results.
Conduct post-docking minimization or molecular dynamics simulation to refine docked poses and address inaccuracies introduced in the docking process.
Carefully examine these aspects to identify the cause of flipped poses and implement necessary corrective measures.
Thank You
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Hello, I've recently started exploring molecular docking applications, and I'm still in the early stages. I'd like to ask Can I choose a ligand by giving the amino acid sequence and then do docking? Which applications would you suggest?
Thank you
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Hello. In order to dock a protein whose 3D structure is not available on the uniprot site, you must model its 3D structure, for this there are many servers such as Itasser, Quark, and Robetta, and after evaluating and measuring your 3D structure, you can do the docking by Servers like Cluspro, Zdock or Hdock
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I am calculating the oniom energy for a complex, receptor only and ligand only to calculate the free binding energy of the ligand of interest. I've seen different papers that do get similar kcal/mol calculations to their respective docking experiments but wanted an opinion on if it truly makes sense to do so. Both methods are taking in completely different things when forming their calculations. I figured each would only be able to be compared relative to each other? Example. Ligands can only be compared to each other via docking alone and ligands used in oniom can only be compared to each other through oniom.
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Some factors to consider when comparing results from different methods:
1. Methodological differences: Docking and free energy calculations using ONIOM are based on different underlying principles and assumptions. Docking typically predicts the binding pose and affinity of a ligand to a receptor based on scoring functions and geometric complementarity. ONIOM calculations, on the other hand, use a combination of quantum mechanical (QM) and molecular mechanics (MM) methods to describe the electronic structure and energetics of a system. These differences in approach can lead to variations in the absolute values obtained.
2. Relative comparisons: As you correctly mentioned, the primary utility of comparing results from different methods lies in their relative comparisons. The goal is to assess the relative binding affinities or trends between different ligands or receptor-ligand complexes within the same method. For example, if docking experiments consistently rank a set of ligands in a certain order of affinity, and the ONIOM calculations show a similar trend, it provides confidence in the relative comparison between ligands using both methods.
3. Calibration and validation: To establish a meaningful correlation between different methods, it is often necessary to calibrate and validate the results against experimental data or reference datasets. This can involve benchmarking a set of compounds with known binding affinities and comparing the relative rankings obtained from different methods. Calibration can help adjust the scaling factors or parameters to improve the agreement between methods and experimental results.
4. Limitations and assumptions: It's important to consider the limitations and assumptions of each method. Docking, for instance, may not fully capture the precise energetics of the binding process, while ONIOM calculations may have limitations in terms of the chosen level of theory, basis set, or representation of the system. Understanding these limitations can guide the interpretation and comparison of results.
Hope it helps:credit AI
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There is a large protein that I would dock a file containing 3 different ligands with to see if distinct binding sites are filled or not. Is any software to do so?
they are seemingly limited to one ligand docking
Thank you in advance
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Here are a few popular docking tools that allow for multiple-ligand docking:
  1. Autodock Vina:Autodock Vina is an extension of the Autodock software and allows for the docking of multiple ligands. You can provide a file containing all ligands, and Vina will attempt to dock each ligand independently.
  2. PyRx (Python Prescription):PyRx is a user-friendly interface for Autodock, and it supports multiple ligand docking. It simplifies the process of preparing and running docking experiments.
  3. Schrodinger Suite (Glide):Schrodinger's Glide software is widely used for molecular docking. It has the capability to dock multiple ligands to a protein simultaneously.
  4. DOCK:DOCK is a molecular docking software that can handle multiple ligands. It is particularly useful for virtual screening of compound libraries against a target protein.
  5. RosettaLigand:RosettaLigand, part of the Rosetta suite, supports the docking of multiple ligands. It uses a flexible docking protocol.
  6. MOE (Molecular Operating Environment):MOE provides tools for protein-ligand docking, and it supports the docking of multiple ligands to a protein.
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And I was using imidacloprid for molecular docking. When setting the ligand, the charge of imidacloprid was always calculated to be 0, and the docking reality was wrong.
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When this type of error occurs to me, I prepare the ligand file again using the openbabel software, without making any modifications... just rewriting it.
example:
obabel -ipdbqt lig.pdbqt -opdbqt -Olig.pdbqt
Typically, such a solution works.
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I was performing free energy calculation using g_mmpbsa tools. From the summary data i got the value of binding energy, but when i check the output file, it shows only data energy for the complex. Meanwhile we need to calculate the energy component of protein, ligand, and protein-ligand complex to get the binding free energy. so is that means that we have to perform the calculation for protein, ligand, and complex separately?
Thank you
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Citra Hasanah Please, send us a message here (https://groups.google.com/g/gmx_mmpbsa) with the error information and we'll help you through the installation process
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I'm working with a protein that does not have a co-crystallized ligand. How to analyze the best docking pose and validate the docking procedure?
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To analyze and validate docking procedure for a protein with no co-crystallized ligand, you need to find the key residue in the active site or binding site of the protein. After choosing the best pose based on docking score and interactions with key residue, you can perform molecular dynamics to validate the docking procedure.
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Dear Researchers and Scientists, I would like to know the molecular mechanism behind Cancer-Cell-Specific Nuclear-Targeted Drug Delivery.?
Please suggest any appropriate ligand except hormones
Is it possible to target cell nuclei with amphiphilic lipids or catatonic lipids? If “yes,” please brief the molecular mechanism.?
Some research articles read and found it could be possible by Vitamins-A but no clear evidence about molecular mechanism.
I am looking for a binding ligand that will easily bind with a nucleus receptor-like Type I Nuclear Receptors or Type II Nuclear Receptors.
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May be by using radiation that is chemotherapeutic targeted drug delivery whete the nucleus of cancer cell is degenerated by loosing its ability to proliferate.
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I am studying protein-protein interactions and from MST, I observed the binding during binding check but I cannot get a full saturation anywhere with binding affinity tests. I tried changing the ligand concentrations but did not make any difference. Can someone explain to me the possible reasons for this type of behavior or what I can do to improve that? I have attached the picture as well to have an idea.
Thanks
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I am also having same issues as you. Trying several concentrations of both protein-protein and protein-ligand but cannot get that full saturation.
What is the ideal concentration that may give this saturation?
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Greetings everyone,
I am trying to dock a planar ligand with a receptor molecule using Autodock tool. I want to freeze the torsions of the ligand. So, I changed the number of active torsions to 0. Also, in the .dpf file I set 'torsdof' to 0. However, I'm encountering issues with this approach.
I would greatly appreciate any insights or suggestions regarding this matter.
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Thank you Waseem Ahmad Ansari and Soykan Agar for your answers. But I could not solve the problem. Can you kindly suggest how to choose the ligand as a static molecule?
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Hi,
We have to perform MD simulations on a limited number of protein:ligand complexes.
Since we aren't MD specialists we are trying to use charmm-gui.org to make the work easier.
The input pdb file contains protein + ligand coordinates. We have produced a .mol2 file using https://www.cheminfo.org/Chemistry/Cheminformatics/FormatConverter/index.html
We also saw that sometimes there are problems with .mol2 files and there is a script that may solve these problems (sort_mol2_bonds.pl).
When running charmm-gui , Solution Builder, then the program fails every time at the stage of generate.pdb with this error message (whichever of the two .mol2 files is used, either coming out of OpenBabel or after running the sort_mol2_bonds.pl) : "skipped empty mol2 file".
The mol2 files we are using are not empty.
Hence the questions are: is charmm-gui broken somehow? Or is there a solution to this problem allowing us to perform MD simulations on these protein:ligand complexes?
Thanks in advance.
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"skipped empty mol2 file" typically indicates that the program encountered an issue with the input files during the generation of the PDB file in CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. Reasons and troubleshooting steps to try:
1. Check the input files: Ensure that the input files (.mol2 files) are not empty and contain valid molecular structure information. You can open the .mol2 files with a text editor to verify their contents.
2. Verify the file formats: Confirm that the .mol2 files are in the correct format and adhere to the specifications required by CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. The files should include the necessary sections such as "@<TRIPOS>MOLECULE" and "@<TRIPOS>ATOM" with appropriate molecular and atom information.
3. Validate the input files: If you suspect any issues with the .mol2 files, you can try validating them using external tools or online validators. There are various online resources available that can check the integrity and correctness of the .mol2 file format.
4. Regenerate the .mol2 files: If the input .mol2 files are generated using external tools like OpenBabel or sort_mol2_bonds.pl, try regenerating them using different settings or approaches. It's possible that the previous generation process introduced some errors or inconsistencies in the files.
5. Check for any special characters or file encoding issues: Ensure that there are no special characters or unexpected file encoding issues present in the .mol2 files. Special characters or incompatible encodings can cause parsing errors during the PDB generation process.
6. Contact CHARMM-GUI support: If the issue persists despite trying the above steps, it may be helpful to reach out to the support team of CHARMM-GUI. They can provide specific guidance or troubleshoot any potential bugs or technical issues related to the Solution Builder module.
Hope it helps
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Hello,
I am doing a titration of ligand into protein and am getting good heat releases compared to my ligand into buffer.
I am getting more heat release in later injections. Could cooperativity explain this because I have used varying concentrations of protein and ligand and get the same curve.
Thank you.
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What if your protein has two binding sites (non-identical)? If so, you do not see the full saturation yet. That would explain the result. Then, you should continue the titration to the higher ratio values.
Regards
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So I am currently titrating a ligand (A, 12 µM) which is a dimer (in syringe) to a monomeric protein in cell (B, 61 µM). The experimental conditions are 20 mM Sodium Phosphate, 100 mM NaCl, and 2 mM TCEP at 20 C. I observe reasonable heat change after titration but the stoichiometry is consistently lower than 1. Though on the literature, I have observed a N~1 for the same binding proteins (though the titrations are done in reverse orientation).
I believe it is due to the low C value that I am not observing a sigmoidal binding curve. Unfortunately, I am limited by protein and can not further increase the concentration without precipitation of my protein. the
Would a low N value mean only a fraction of my protein in the cell are binding competent/active? If so is there any way to diagnose using any other method and correct it? Below are the attached thermograms and binding isotherm for more clarity.
Thank you.
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The numbers for the concentrations in your text do not agree with those observed in the figure.
Since the ligand is a dimer, would the dimer bind one single molecule of the other protein, or two?
When dealing with dimeric proteins, I always recommend, if possible, to perform the assay with the dimeric protein in the cell, to avoid additional problems.
If you have information about that interaction in a certain experimental scheme, I would recommend following the same experimental scheme. After you reproduce the known behavior, then you can explore other possibilities.
Regarding the c-value: c-value is not a goal in itself. Forget about pursuing a high enough c-value guaranteeing a sigmoidal isotherm. Very often it is not achievable (low affinity), and very often it is not necessary for an experiment to be considered good (there are many other features people pay little attention that are even more important than the c-value).
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I want to perform a protein-ligand MD simulation using Amber. I have generated ligand frcmod, lib, rst7, and prmtop files. Then, I loaded my complex file, which contained the ligand and protein in water (generated using Packmol-memgen). However, when I tried to save the rst7 and prmtop files for the complex, I encountered this error: 'FATAL: Atom .R<***> does not have a type.' I've attempted to resolve this issue multiple times, but it keeps happening. I followed the tutorial exactly as outlined on the AmberMD website ('Simulating a pharmaceutical compound using Antechamber and the Generalized Amber Force Field'). Surprisingly, the problem persists. even though I tried to use the same molecule, protein, and files provided on the website to check out if there were any problem with my own files and again i ended up with same problem. Can anyone help me figure this out?"
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This error typically occurs when the atom names provided in the pdb file that you are using to generate the topology do not match the (unique) atom names contained in the off file. As a consequence, tleap is not able to assign to the atoms in the pdb the correct atom type, connectivity, and partial charges. To solve the problem, just rename the pdb atoms according to the naming that appears in the "unit.atoms table" section of the off file. The same error may arise also if there is a mismatch between the three-letter residue name between pdb and off file. The solution in that case is to change the pdb residue name to the one that appears in the "index array str" section of the off file.
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I'm using Autodock 4.2 for docking. I've had a prompt to add parameter files to my ligand which is a silver atom (Ag0).
How do I get these parameter files?
And how do I add these parameter files?
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The molecular docking was performed by redocking the co-crystallized ligand and validating the protocol by finding the RMSD of the docked ligand by superimposing it on co-crystalized ligand. Afterwards the docking was performed on new set of ligand library. But can we justify the results of docking without doing md simulations? If yes, then please provide a reference from article.
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Yes, it is possible to present docking results without additional support from the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, increasingly, reviewers of manuscripts under consideration for publication in journals are requesting MD simulations to help bolster conclusions derived from docking results. It is, of course, also helpful (and often necessary) to have experimental results pertaining to the binding of ligands to macromolecular targets and to use docking and/or MD simulations to provide explanations for the observed experimental results.
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When ligands are dissolved in a copper (II) solution with a ratio of 2:1 (ligands: ions), how can one identify the oxidation state of the complex? Also, if NaOH is used as a pH controller, what will be the interaction between the OH- and the complex that was just formed? Will the OH- itself become a ligand (create a new complex) and in this case can the whole complex be later reduced using a reductant? It can be seen that most research conducted at the moment used a pH control threshold above 11 before reducing the copper. Why does it need to be above 11? What is the mechanism behind raising the pH to 11?
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Dear Vinh,
some more information:
1. The colour of Cu(II) complexes in solution is ranging from green to blue. Cu(I) complexes are usually colourless (simple to see).
2. The Cu(II) +e- = Cu(I) redox potential is sensitive on the ligands that coordinate to Cu(II) or Cu(I).
3. OH- is a ligand in aqueous solution! OH- is probably not a strong ligand, but it can change the charge of the dissolved Cu(II) complex-species from [Cu(H2O)6]2+ in acidic to neutral to [Cu(OH)(H2O)5]+ in slightly basic and to [Cu(OH)3(H2O)6]- in strongly basic solution (see also next point). This change of charge WILL change the redox potential.
4. When adding OH- to a Cu(II) solution, you should observe the precipitation of Cu(OH)2 (lightblue). This means that the complex [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] is poorly (or not) soluble. On excess OH- the solid Cu(OH)2 re-dissolves forming the soluble complex [Cu(OH)3(H2O)3]- (as Kyle pointed out).
Unfortunately, you did not tell us about the other ligands. So, my answer is very general. Next, please provide all necessary information.
Best,
AXEL
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I was trying redock a ligand to a protein, which was already present in the PDB crystal structure. I extracted the ligand and tried to dock it again using Autodock vina in that same site specified by a grid box centered on the original position of the ligand and of size 30x30x30. The original docking mode in the crystal structure had 4 H-bonds, but the vina docking result has only one, and that too in a different position, about 10 A from the original position. I am trying it with different gridbox dimensions, with different exhaustiveness values (8, 32), but every time it is getting docked at that wrong position. It should also be noted that the docking results themselves are very consistent among themselves. (Refer to the attached image. Blue: Original position with 4 H bonds, Pink: Vina docked position with only 1 H bond)
Why is this happening? How do I get the correct docked structure? Is this a problem with vina itself, that it is not being able to find the correct docked position? If so, then is there any better tool for docking?
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My version of YASARA (YASARA-Structure) requires a paid license. However, the price is very reasonable compared to other comparable software such as Schrodinger or CCG MOE. In addition, the licensing policies are extremely liberal. For example, I can run as many simultaneous instances as I wish, on the same computer and/or on multiple computers with the same or different operating systems (it runs on Linux, Mac, Windows, and Android).
There is also a free "viewer" version of YASARA. I have not tried the free version, and I do not know its capabiliites, but I suspect that it would not include docking.
I am glad to know that you got good results with classical AutoDock 4. Sometimes, it works out that AutoDock 4 gives better results than Vina. It depends in part on the particular receptor-ligand system. Standard AutoDock 4 is slower than Vina, although now there is an accelerated version, AutoDock-GPU, than runs on OpenCL or CUDA to achieve very fast speeds.
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Hydrogens are being added to a receptor protein in order to fix it structure, but is it necessary to do the same to a ligand molecule?
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Here are some considerations:
Docking Software: Different molecular docking software packages handle hydrogen atoms differently. Some software, like AutoDock, do not require users to add hydrogen atoms to the ligand, as they can predict hydrogen positions during the docking process. Others, like AutoDock Vina, rely on hydrogen atoms being present in the ligand.
Ligand Preparation: If your ligand structure lacks hydrogen atoms, some docking programs may not be able to accurately predict interactions involving hydrogen bonds. In such cases, you may need to add hydrogen atoms to the ligand using molecular editing software.
Research Goals: The decision to add hydrogen atoms to the ligand may also depend on your research goals. If you want to study hydrogen bonding interactions between the ligand and the receptor, it's essential to have accurate hydrogen positions.
Ligand Flexibility: If your ligand is flexible and can form hydrogen bonds with the receptor, accurate hydrogen positions become more critical. In rigid ligand docking, where ligands are considered to be unchanging, this may be less of a concern.
Hydrogen Bonding: Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in molecular recognition. Accurate modeling of hydrogen bonds can significantly impact the quality of your docking results.
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Hello fellow researchers,
I made a docking from one of the articles. This work was done as a practice and to ensure the correct process of doing the work. When the docking was done and I checked the result of my docking with the same article, my results were different from that article in some ways, although I must say that I had to change the settings in several steps and optimize the ligand. My question is, is the difference (although close) of the results normal and not a problem? Thanks.
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Here are some factors that can contribute to differences in docking results:
Software and Versions: Different docking software packages may use distinct algorithms and scoring functions. Even updates to the same software can lead to differences in results.
Scoring Functions: The scoring functions used to evaluate the binding affinity of ligands to the protein can vary between software and versions. Different scoring functions may prioritize different types of interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions) or use different energy terms.
Ligand and Protein Preparation: The way ligands and proteins are prepared for docking, including the addition of hydrogen atoms, assignment of charges, and optimization of structures, can affect the results.
Grid Settings: The definition of the docking grid or search space can have an impact. Slight variations in grid dimensions and placement can yield different results.
Conformational Flexibility: The treatment of ligand and protein flexibility can also influence results. Some docking programs allow flexible ligands or proteins, while others keep them rigid.
Optimization: As you mentioned, optimization of ligands can significantly affect results. Different optimization methods and parameters can lead to variations.
Parameter Settings: Docking programs have numerous parameters and settings that can be adjusted. Small changes in these parameters can lead to differences in results.
Initial Position: The initial position of the ligand within the binding site can also influence the outcome. Docking software often performs multiple runs with different initial positions.
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I have a question with the results that you obtain in RMSD calculation. The Y-axis values are between 30-50 (Amstrong?) and I had read that a good RMSD value is between 1-2,5 amstrong. But when I visualise in VMD my molecular dynamics, the ligand remains bound to the protein at all times. So my question is: Is a high RMSD related to the fact that my ligand is far away from the protein? Is my ligand far away from the active site but it is bound to another part of the protein? Or do I have to change the simulation parameters because the simulation is not well done?
Thanks in advance
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Hi, did you remove the PBC and align the structure to that of reference? What group did you select while creating RMSD? ca, backbone etc.
If in VMD, you structure seems intact, right? then there might be significant difference between your simulation and reference structure.
You can create RMSD between first structure in trajectory with the rest of the frames in simulation to see what is going on in your simulation.
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We have used CaFE Software to predict the binding free energy of our protein-ligand complexes from our molecular dynamics simulations.
Fortunately the Software has run successfully however don’t know the exact meaning of the physical thermodynamic parameters calculated: a) Complex total (kcal/mol), b) Receptor (kcal/mol), c) Ligand (kcal/mol) and d) Delta (kcal/mol).
We understand that the first value “Complex” can be interpreted as the binding free of the protein-ligand complex , However, we are bit confused about the last two terms “Ligand” (c) and Delta (d) what would be the difference between them? or which is the most important parameter to determine the binding free energy of the ligand to the receptor, is that (c) or (d) parameter?
Thanks in advance and best regards,
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Dear Edward Francisco Méndez Otálvaro , thanks a lot for your kind response. I think it does make sense in that way,
Best wishes
Marlet
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I am trying to dock a ligand on PyMol using the DockingPie plugin. When I import the ligand as a pdbqt file on pymol, DockingPie gives me the option to import that ligand for docking later on. However, when I select "set ligand" in the DockingPie plugin, I receive an error stating "FileNotFoundError: [WinError 2] The system cannot find the file specified: '01_tclcactvs000ksOway_ADFR.pdbqt' -> '01_01-tclcactvs000ksOway-ADFR_ADFR.pdbqt'"
How do I go about this? Thank you!
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Hello Smruti,
I had the same problem and I solved it by updating the "Configuration" TAB
After I did that, it seems all the plugins need it for each docking method uploaded into "DockingPie".
Please try that
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I have a question: Does the sensorgram of the negative response look like the attached figure? I use a CM5 chip immobilised with His to capture my protein and then use other proteins as my ligand. The assay is to calculate EC50 and relative potency. My ligands are heat-treated. I would to check if it is normal to not see the capture curve on the sensorgram of treated samples. I have used a control (non-treated samples) and the curves look pretty (positive RU). My samples are at nanomolar concentration (serial dilution) and I use HBS-EP+ buffer.
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Please can you talk us through one of the sensorgrams (e.g. Cy 25). What were the injected solutions from left to right.
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This message is pooping up despite i am having the grid gpf file in the same folder where i am doing the docking and i have followed all the steps correctly from protein(BSA) preparation to ligand preparation(Ketoprofen). Still I am not able to run the autogrid command. While the same thing i have done for another set of protein and ligand and it worked.
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I noticed that you named your folder "Project Docking" which contained a space between the word.
Therefore, rom your screenshot, it stated that it can't find or open Grid Parameter File "C:/Project" means it reads your folder as Project instead of Project Docking.
My suggestion is to remove the space in your folder name (ProjectDocking). restart ADT, and make sure to set your folder as the startup directory (this is essential whenever using AutoDock or AutoDockTool in Windows).
Hope this help. All the best.
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Suppose I have done docking of BSA with Ketoprofen and I have got some poses. I have selected the best suitable pose of the ligand and then I saved that complex of BSA with Ketoprofen. Now what i want to do is that I want to dock the whole complex with another ligand, i.e. now my complex is the new receptor. So if anyone knows how to do it plz tell me
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Thank u. I will try doing this
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I cannot fully understand the plot attached.Why did I get the negative response value?Does it mean that the ligand is unstable and degradting from the chip surface?
Besides,what does the binding stability plot mean? Should I get a increasing scattering plot as the concentration increases?
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Please start a new topic and do not ask a new question in an existing topic.
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Hi,
I would like to explain a candidate ligand (e.g, small molecule) binding to a targeted protein. As there is no comparison with other ligands, how can we explain that?
Do they have a standard cut-off for free energy binding? Or can we show H-bond interaction from the best pose of ligand and a targeted protein?
Could anyone shed some light, please?
All the best,
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Amanpreet Kaur Thank you for your information. Could you provide a reference for free-binding protein (-8 kcal/mol), please? I will drive into it.
All the best,
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Hi
I am trying to perform MLSD to understand the docking interaction of 2 ligands with a receptor at a same time.
Successfully completed the docking in both the method but the result I obtained contains only one ligand.
Kindly help me to rectify this issues
Thanks in advance
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Ramkumar Katturajan Hicham Mechqoq sir will you please tell me how to do merging of files
With individual dock parameter files of the inhibitor molecules, substrate’s dpf was merged into one single file to run MLSD simulation??
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I am trying to perform simulation of my protein-ligand complex system following Gromacs Protein-Ligand complex tutorial , so during the NVT equilibration using the command
" gmx grompp -f nvt.mdp -c em.gro -r em.gro -p topol.top -n index.ndx -o nvt.tpr"
iI encountered an error
"Assertion failed:
Condition: ip.constr.dA > 0
We should only have positive constraint lengths here"
i am using gmx version 2022
enclosing nvt.mdp input file
how to solve this error ?
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I am studying a protein and ligand interaction using autodock4.2, I have a large dataset where I need to study around 15–20 ligands with my protein of interest I have generated 50 different conformations for each ligand using autodock 4.2. Using discover studio I have generated 2D plots, having a huge data set and low time I want to perform statistic to understand the probability of highest interacting residues.
I have attached a plot as an example, can anyone help me out, how to generate such statistics
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Sethupathi Raj S Did you get any procedures?
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I am having trouble with my autodock4 after creating modified docking parameter files, when i run; autodock4 -p ligand_HYDRO_protein.dpf -l ligand_HYDRO_protein.dlg
i get this errer;
autodock4: I'm sorry; I can't find or open "protein.F.map"
autodock4: FATAL ERROR: autodock4: I'm sorry; I can't find or open "protein.F.map"
What am i missing?
Thank you!
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Thank Ayaz Anwar & Pawan Kumar for your inputs
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Dear all,
I have been trying to create a complex for MD simulation in gromacs of Calcium sensing receptor venus fly trap domain with tryptophan in the binding site as it is part of the crystal structure. However, there is an OXT terminal oxygen which CHARMM 36 does not read and a nitrogen atom N that OPLS-AA gives an error for.
I am stumped. I tried using the CHARMM-GUI to create the ligand files for gromacs but it also has an OXT oxygen atom. I used the bound ligand as well as a fresh ligand from pubchem, the problem remains that it is not recognised by Charmm ff.
Please let me know how to prepare my complex?
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Ayesha Fatima, Can you share the structure files so that I can try them on my end?
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My desired ligand only has 2d structure there is no 3d structure. So whenever I tried to get 2d interaction ligand is not a single fragment occur after docking. So I converted my 2 d structure to 3d by avogadro and then docked but it keeps on appearing. Can anyone plz help me with this how to solve it
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Hello, i am facing a similar issue. Please let me know if you were able to solve your trouble? It would help me out too. Thanks!
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Hi researchers,
I have downloaded 20,000 compounds from databases in .sdf format in a single file (size: 108 GB).
Could someone guide me on splitting the enormous single ligand file into separate files? In the past, I've used open babel to convert the file from .sdf into .pdb. But, I wish to split this vast database ligand file into separate ligand files for molecular docking. Can I use the Open babel, command prompt for this work? Kindly do give suggestions on this issue.
thanks in advance
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You can use this split_SDF.py python package to spilt your SDF files into smaller chunks
How to use:
  1. Click the link to access the code.
  2. Download it as a ZIP file.
  3. Ensure Python is installed.
  4. Open "split_SDF.py" in a text editor.
  5. Configure input as specified.
  6. Run the script with python split_SDF.py in Terminal or Shell
  7. Interpret the results and troubleshoot if needed
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Schrödinger is one of the most prominent software for molecular docking. Is MOE also reliable for ligand docking.
regards,
Pratik
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MOE is also a very reliable software for protein-ligand docking, I've used it several times and I use Schrodinger too. So u can use it if you need an alternative to Schrodinger
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Hello everyone
I am facing a issue with complex visualisation in ligplot and pymol..
When I tried to open the docked PL complex in the aforementioned tools only ligands are visible and no interaction are visible...While quite satisfaction y interaction are observed when I assessed same PL file in Discovery studio . Please help me to overcome this problem
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there was probably an error in defining the protein and ligand molecules. You can try to check the structure manually on Notepad for errors
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I have docked several ligand and protein and few of them have an unfavorable bump interaction. When we dock protein and ligand in Autodock-vina, they give us several output like out_ligand_1, out_ligand_2, out_ligand_3, etc.
In my case, for the same ligand but different pose (different output 'out_ligand_x'), one of them has unfavorable bump interaction, and the others don't. But i chose output ligand based on the lowest binding affinity, and that one is the one that has unfavorable bump interaction. My actual question is, is it still valid if I continue the simulation despite of the unfavorable bump situation?
I wish anyone can give me an understanding explanation. Thank you in advance!
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You're welcome Citra Hasanah. You should be careful when choosing a docking solution pose, and try to stay away from poses that exhibit clashes. Nevertheless, depending on the case you might be force to choose a pose that has clashes.
The answer to the second question is exactly what you assumed. As the ligand's atoms are having clashes with the protein's atoms, the ligand undergoes orientation changes to try to reach one that is favorable (i.e., does not have clashes and establishes favorable interactions with the protein). Moreover, this would result in a ligand RMSd graph with high values. Concerning the backbone RMSd, this means that the clashes probably do not involve backbone atoms. Thus, the protein's backbone is stable (i.e., does not deviate significantly from the starting structure).
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I know that if the affinity is too low, assays such as ELISA would not be appropriate, because the off rate of the ligand would be so fast that it would not hold on for the 2-3 hours that it takes to run the ELISA. Does anyone know at what Kd ELISA stops being an appropriate assay?
I have been running ELISAs to determine Kd for an interaction. For some interactions, the Kd, as calculated from the curve by Graphpad Prism, is 300 nM. Is that Kd so high that an ELISA theoretically should not work?
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I agree with Hüseyin Besir that ELISA is not an appropriate method for measuring the Kd (equilibrium dissociation constant) of an interaction because it is not an equilibrium method. That is because of the washing steps required to remove unbound components.