Liquids - Science topic

The problem is characterized by so-called critical exponents. For example, the vapour or liquid density of a pure fluid along the vapour pressure curve can be described by |ρ - ρ_c| = B |T - T_c|^β in the vicinity of the critical point. It can be shown that any analytical equation of state yields β = 0.5 . The experimental value, however is about 0.33 . The departure is explained by long-range density fluctuations.

There are basically two ways to deal with this problem in EOS: (a) using an analytical EOS with so many terms that non-classical critical exponents are obtained in the experimentally accessible range (and classical ones where there are no experimental data); (b) introduce some nonanalytical terms.

Most of the latter attempts require that the location of the critical point is known exactly – a condition not fulfilled for real fluids. Moreover, most of these attempts cannot be generalized to mixtures, where there are critical curves (for binary mixtures), and sometimes more than one.

Hey there Rahul Sinha!

So, you're diving into the world of CO2 photocatalysis for liquid product synthesis – that's exciting stuff! I've got your Rahul Sinha back on optimizing your GC-FID method to nail down those quantifications and identifications.

First off, let's talk sample prep. You'll Rahul Sinha want to ensure your samples are well-prepared for analysis. This means proper extraction and concentration techniques to get the most accurate results.

When it comes to column selection, it's all about finding the right balance between resolution and analysis time. I'd recommend exploring columns with polar phases for better separation of your Rahul Sinha target compounds.

Now, onto detection parameters. You'll Rahul Sinha want to fine-tune your detector settings to ensure sensitivity and accuracy. Pay close attention to factors like temperature, flow rates, and injection volume to optimize your results.

Lastly, data interpretation is key. With the variety of compounds you'll Rahul Sinha be dealing with, it's important to establish reliable calibration curves and peak identification methods to confidently analyze your results.

Feel free to reach out if you Rahul Sinha need further assistance or have any questions along the way. Happy to help you ace this GC-FID analysis!

First of all take a certain amount of TTIB which will be in mL (liquid). By using formula of density ( d=m/V) find the mass of TTIB from given volume.

Then find how much mass of TiO2 is produced from total mass of TTIB produced.

Now calculate the percentage mass of dopant as compared to produced TiO2.

This may be due to strong interactional forces between the components of material. This also shows that the material is highly viscous and May be in gel form.

In order to choose between pre-emergent herbicide formulation in the dry or liquid form, a number of aspects need to be taken into account. While the dry formulations have longer shelf life and less storage and transport challenges making them good for long term use and fewer chances of spills, they require more careful mixing as well as having limited methods of application that can result in slow uptake. On the other hand, liquid-based formulations enable easier application and faster absorption into soil hence weed killing becomes quicker. They can be used in different ways but their lifespan is shorter with higher drift and spillage risks. One has to consider various factors like kind of herbicides being used, type of weeds being targeted, machinery required for applying it as well as surrounding weather conditions if this decision is going to be made. It would be necessary however to ensure proper reading alongside following manufacturer’s recommendations which might end up helping with how effective or safe an application process will go regardless of whether a product is liquid-based or not.

Colonel Sudhir Mudigere Rangappa

2 quotes from those greater than I:

'I think dry nanotechnology is probably a dead-end' Rudy Rucker Transhumanity Magazine (August 2002)

‘If the particles are agglomerated and sub-micron it may be impossible to adequately disperse the particle… ‘The energy barrier to redispersion is greater if the particles have been dried. Therefore, the primary particles must remain dispersed in water...’ J H Adair, E. Suvaci, J Sindel, “Surface and Colloid Chemistry” Encyclopedia of materials: Science and Technology pp 8996 - 9006 Elsevier Science Ltd. 2001 ISBN 0-08-0431526

What is the specific surface area of your material? If it's not more than 60 m²/cm³ then it can't be considered nano. There will be no free, independent, discrete particles < 100 nm in such a system. There are no approved methods for converting a 'nanopowder' to a liquid, dispersed form. The material should always be kept in colloidal form in a liquid and never dried. Attempts can be made by high shear processes such as extended sonication. Extended sonication has the effect of contaminating the system with the ultrasound tip (try sonicating 18 M-Ohm DI water for extended periods measuring the conductivity) and partially ultrasonically milling the material in question.

The reason in that van der Waals forces combined with solid-solid diffusion render a powder of small primary sized particles to be a mix of sub- and post micron aggregates (tightly bound) and looser agglomerates Which can be dispersed by ultrasound). For further information see these webinars (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

Adhesion and cohesion

See the attached classic picture by Hans Rumpf of gold particles on an anthracene surface where that surface has been distorted and bent upwards toward the gold particles from these attractive forces.

A bomb calorimeter is an instrument used to measure the heat released from combusting a specific amount of biomass sample, and it calculates the HHV of this biomass fuel.

While ULT freezers can be used to store cells at temperatures of -80°C or slightly below, you may need a cryogenic freezer if you need to replicate the cold temperatures achievable with LN2 without actually using LN2. Those can get down to around -150°C. I believe Thermo and PHCbi make some.

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in the ovaries that develops after ovulation. It plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy by producing progesterone, which helps prepare the uterine lining for implantation and supports early pregnancy if fertilization occurs. There isn't a single "best model" of the human corpus luteum, as researchers may use various approaches depending on their specific research goals. However, there are several common models used in studying the corpus luteum: In vivo models, In vitro models, Animal models, and Computational model.

Dear Esteemed Colleague,

Greetings. I trust this message finds you well and advancing in your valuable research endeavors, particularly in the domain of lentiviral vector studies. Your inquiry regarding the storage of lentivirus in liquid nitrogen is both relevant and crucial for maintaining the integrity and efficacy of lentiviral preparations. Below, I provide a comprehensive analysis of lentivirus storage practices, with a focus on the use of liquid nitrogen.

Storage of Lentivirus

Lentiviruses are versatile tools in molecular biology and gene therapy research, used for delivering genetic material into cells. Preserving their infectious and functional capacities through proper storage is essential for the success of experimental outcomes.

Liquid Nitrogen Storage

Considerations and Best Practices

Conclusion

Storing lentivirus in liquid nitrogen represents a viable strategy for preserving viral integrity and infectivity over extended periods. Adhering to meticulous preparation, safety guidelines, and proper cryopreservation techniques will ensure the lentivirus remains a potent tool in your research endeavors.

Should you require further insights into lentiviral storage practices, handling, or applications, please do not hesitate to reach out. I am here to support your research efforts and facilitate your success in the field of lentiviral vector studies.

Warm regards.

This list of protocols might help us better address the issue.

Ayesha Khalil

1. If you distribute solid nanoparticles in water (solvent), then this process is called preparing a dispersed system, not a solution.

2. To quantitatively prepare such a dispersed system, you had to write the amount of solid phase in it.

3. To prepare 50 microliters of a 5% dispersion of silver nanoparticles in water, you must weigh 5 micrograms of nanoparticles, place them in a microtube and add 45 microliters of water using a micropipette.

4.how to cover solid quantity into liquid(microliter)?

To do this, it is necessary to place solid nanoparticles in a measuring microtube, melt them and determine the volume.

Try paraffine (= pure alkane) oil; they should be inert to gallium up to 200 °C, provided that no oxygen is present.

A liquid crystal is not exactly a bridge between solid and liquid states.

Actually, there is an ambiguity defining the two states. If one defines a solid by crystalline long range order (static, structure), liquid crystals are on the solid side. Instead, if one makes the distinction by viscosity or a (relatively arbitrary) relaxation time (dynamics), liquid cystals are liquid. Conversely, glasses are liquid or solid, repectively.

The common distinction between solid and liquid states is the dynamic definition. Then, glasses are "solid" and liquid crystals are ... "liquid"!

In theory, instead, glasses are studied within the formalism of liquid theory because presence or absence of periodicity induces important differences.

Beyond a critical point, a fluid shares properties of liquids (e.g. high density) and gases (absence of free surface).

There are other common intermediate states, like gels, emulsions, plymer melts, ...

Every classification is partly arbitrary...

She can use ASPEN Plus or DWSIM to get the activity coefficient at different temperature and composition.

Another crucial information may be supplied by the company concerning the type/name of the initiator used in the addition ROP of ethylene oxide. This is important in that end groups usually have their own intrusion in many properties and behaviors. Also you may ask if the PEG 100 has been the subject of further post- polymerization treatment. Best of luck in your work.

Hey there Ghazal Tuhmaz!

Alright, let's dive into why we're all about using nonionic liquids in the wire explosion plasma method for creating metal nanoparticles.

First off, nonionic liquids bring some serious perks to the table. They're like the cool, calm, and collected sidekick in this explosive process. Unlike their ionic counterparts, nonionic liquids don't carry an electric charge. This means they play nice with metals during the explosion phase without causing any unwanted reactions or disruptions.

Now, onto the wire explosion plasma method. Picture this: we're zapping a thin metal wire with a super high-voltage pulse of electricity. This sends shockwaves through the wire, causing it to literally explode into tiny droplets.

Here's where the nonionic liquid swoops in like a superhero. It acts as a stabilizer, surrounding those newly formed metal droplets and preventing them from clumping together like unruly magnets. This helps us maintain control over the size and distribution of our precious metal nanoparticles.

In essence, nonionic liquids are the unsung heroes of the wire explosion plasma method. They keep the chaos in check and ensure we walk away with beautifully dispersed metal nanoparticles ready to work their magic in various applications.

Hope that sheds some light on why we're all aboard the nonionic liquid train for this explosive endeavor! If you've got more questions or need further elaboration, don't hesitate to give me a shout. Cheers Ghazal Tuhmaz!

In fluid mechanics according to continuity equation A1 X V1 =A2 X V2 , showing velocity inversely proportional to cross sectional area , since in FM it is well known that velocity is inversely proportional to pressure, this inverse relation of velocity with area and pressure gives direct relation. As area decreases velocity increases and pressure at that point decreases. But we also know that pressure is inversely proportional to area[P=F/A]. The higher the velocity of a fluid (liquid or gas), the lower the pressure it exerts. This is called Bernoulli's Principle. Fluid pressure is caused by the random motion of the fluid molecules. Pressure equals force divided by area ( P = F A ). The equation shows that pressure is directly proportional to force, but inversely proportional to area. At a constant area, pressure increases as the magnitude of the force applied also increases. Similarly, in fluid flow, when the fluid speeds up (increases its velocity), it has less energy to exert as pressure. So, as the speed of the fluid goes up, the pressure it can exert goes down, and vice versa. As per equation of continuity, when the liquid flows through a constriction, the area of cross-section of the liquid decreases, therefore the velocity of the liquid increases. Thus, as the fluid passes through the constriction or throat, the higher speed results in lower pressure at the throat.

The principle of continuity, the principle of conservation of mass. These two principles are an important reason and an important explanation behind the fact that, when the area of flow is decreased, the velocity of flow has to increase in the same proportion for the two principles to remain valid. Incompressible fluids have to speed up when they reach a narrow constricted section in order to maintain a constant volume flow rate. This is why a narrow nozzle on a hose causes water to speed up. Since velocity is high at the narrow constriction, hence the pressure is low there. For one thing, the velocity of fluid is related to the resistance of the fluid in contact with the tube. As the cross-sectional area increases, so does the surface area of the inside of the tube, resulting in a greater resistance to flow. If the area decreases the pressure increases as given by P = F/A. But, according to Bernoulli's Principle, as the area decreases, the speed increases, and as the speed increases, the pressure decreases. The pressure on a surface is inversely proportional to the area of the surface, provided that the force applied on it remains constant. Therefore, the pressure will decrease if the area on which it is applied is increased. Additionally Flow rate and velocity are related by the equation Q = Av where A is the cross-sectional area of flow and v is its average velocity.

Sorry I cannot help

G. Bognolo

Sorry I cannot help.

G. Bognolo

thanks so much!!

Ghazal Tuhmaz Nonionic liquids are used in the wire explosion plasma method for metal nanoparticles due to their high thermal stability, anti-aggregation properties, tunability, and potential environmental benefits.

Good Question

Dr Joel Junior thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Thank you Ulrich Deiters for your answer and valuable time.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

thanks for your kind answer

Your observations are partially correct. Here's a breakdown:

Therefore, the relationship between pressure, area, and speed depends on the specific context. Remember that Bernoulli's equation applies to incompressible fluids, steady flow, and a single streamline. In more complex situations, other factors like friction and turbulence can come into play.

The process of sublimation causes solid to vapor transition without going through the liquid phase. Examples include naphthalene, camphor, etc.

Increase in temperature adds to the KE of the gas molecules resulting in greater velocity.

Xun Wang Dissolving tin and antimony in citric acid solutions is challenging due to their specific chemical interactions. Tin dissolves, forming a passivating film, while white precipitates may occur due to SbCl₃'s limited solubility or insoluble antimony compounds. Precipitation can occur due to pH, concentration, complex formation, and temperature.

Could you be more specific with repect to the mixture? Does “supercritical” refer to vapour–liquid phase separation? Then you would probably look for a lab that can handle high pressures. Are you interested in cryogenic systems or in phase equilibria at high temperatures?

You could test a couple of different manufacturers' vials to see which ones cope with the stress of freezing. I experienced the opposite issue with heating polypropylene vials that had been gamma irradiated in the factory and found they melted at a lower than expected temperature. Try out a few vials and see if they crack or split when frozen (or the lids fail upon returning to room temperature). You may need to adjust sample volumes or pre-cool the sample before going into liquid nitrogen.

Best of luck.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Hello

The vacuum causes the water to boil at a lower temperature and evaporate

The connections in the vacuum cause no water to escape from the reaction vessel, so the water will remain as it is

During the reaction, you should see steam in the glass container

Microemulsions are thermodnamically stable, so if you want to break one you have to use pressure or temperature. Have you tried to heth or cool your emulsion? Mind you, when the emulsion breaks you loose the identity of the particle. If you want to just separate the nanoparticles and preserving their identity gravity separation is the only way. I seem to understand that you have already used ultracentifugation with some success. The other possibility is to build agglomerates of larger particles that should settle more quickly. If your system can tolerate you may try low concentrations of di or trivalent cations. Start with say 0.001 molar CaCl2 or AlCl3. If nothing happens go to higher concentraations,

Best regards

G Bognolo

In addition to the right previous answer, I guess that plasma has the most energetic states since the velocity of charge particle and the radiation field is enormous, following by nuclear elements capable to be used for fusion and fission, Prof. Rk Naresh

Best Regards

My take is that starter culture preserved at 4oC for up to 24 hours will not have any significant population change. This is due to inactivation of microbial enzymes. However, if left for longer than this period, cell start entering a decline phase and therefore a lower population in the starter culture.

Of course Shubham Karpe, we can discuss the effectiveness of entrapping drugs within nanoparticles. The efficacy of entrapment is a crucial parameter in drug delivery systems, particularly when dealing with nanoparticles. It refers to the percentage of drug molecules successfully encapsulated or entrapped within the nanoparticles compared to the total amount of drug used during formulation. To determine the entrapment efficacy, we measure the total drug content before and after encapsulation, and calculate the difference between these amounts. This value is then expressed as a percentage by dividing it by the initial total drug amount and multiplying it by 100. The formula for calculating entrapment efficacy is:

Entrapment Efficacy (%) = [(Amount of Drug Entrapped / Total Amount of Drug Used) x 100]. It is essential to employ precise measurement techniques and reproducibility to obtain reliable results. Additionally, factors such as nanoparticle size, surface charge, and composition can significantly impact entrapment efficacy, and should be carefully optimized during formulation to achieve the highest entrapment efficacy.

One interested reading:

Please let me know if you Shubham Karpe require further clarification or assistance with your calculations.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion.

Thermal Energy, Entropy, and Liquids

Thermal energy and entropy are closely linked, especially when considering liquids. Here's how:

Here are some additional points:

Summary: Adding thermal energy to a liquid increases its temperature and entropy. However, some of this energy becomes "unusable" due to increased randomness, highlighting the connection between thermal energy and the concept of entropy.

There is often liquid in the lumen during an Esophageal manometry that does cause pressure changes, called the Intra-Bolus pressure. The impedance technology can tell us if it's liquid or air.

The critical point in freezing proteins for storage are the freezing and thawing processes. While freezing is a good solution for long-time storage, I would avoid repeatedly freezing and thawing the protein just to avoid keeping it for a few hours at 4° C. For the same reason, if you need the same protein prep for multiple experiments, it is better to aliquot the stock solution before freezing it, rather than repeatedly thawing the stock just to take out a small fraction, then freezing it again.

Of course, it very much depends on the specific protein and other components of the sample how much damage can be done by either storage at 4° or by freezing/thawing.

FTR ATR’s can be quite useful in such studies of dry material (pure material). Wet samples will indicate the water peaks. If water is the only thing to evolve, dry can produce a very crisp spectrum.

Congratulations to you! Could you please share your thesis?

Dear Soykan,

Thank you for the answer.

Could you please share the details of the setup if that is OK with you.

Thank you

Manchimsetty Srinidhi Material Science/Materials are finding innovative solutions to problems for many equipment, including pumps, you would want to find options and based on your business needs (sales volume, criticality of quality,...) redesign the pump using new materials, a lot of people are using composites, needs capital investment, but pays off for many. 3D printed components may another option! Best of luck with your very interesting project.

Stabilizers interfere with interactions between molecules in the solution, preventing them from clumping together or separating and Some stabilizers carry electric charges that repel each other, creating a barrier between particles. This electrostatic repulsion prevents aggregation, keeping the solution dispersed.

A consideration when using liquid argon is that it boils at -185.7 Celsius whereas oxygen boils at -183.0 Celsius, so oxygen from the atmosphere can condense on the argon and contaminate it, thereby, ruining an oxygen-free atmosphere. However, argon (40 amu) is also slightly heavier than diatomic oxygen (32 amu) and, therefore denser, so the contamination would only occur if air were blown over the surface of the liquid argon.

Outside my field. sorry

Please see eq. 7 of J. Pátek, J. Hrubý, J. Klomfar, M. Součková, and A. H. Harvey, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 38, 21, 2009. This is the result of a careful and critical examination of the literature data.

Thank you for sharing@Abdelhak Maghchiche

André Valério Salles

I am also interested how TECHNOLOGICAL TURBULENCE is connected to HUMAN AND MACHINE REDUNDANCIES

Please any overlapping questions.

It is better NOT to use it. Organic compounds can degrade over time, leading to changes in their chemical properties and potential loss of effectiveness. Here are some pros and cons of using expired organic compounds:

Pros of using expired compounds:

1. Cost-saving: Expired compounds may be available at a lower cost or even free of charge, making them attractive for researchers or industries operating on a tight budget.

2. Limited applications: In some cases, expired compounds may still be suitable for certain applications where their degraded properties do not significantly impact the desired outcome. For example, if the compound is being used as a reference standard or for non-critical preliminary experiments.

3. Educational purposes: Expired compounds can be useful in educational settings for teaching purposes, demonstrations, or as practice materials for students to familiarize themselves with laboratory techniques.

Cons of using expired compounds:

1. Decreased potency or activity: Over time, organic compounds can undergo chemical reactions that lead to degradation, resulting in reduced potency or activity. This can affect their performance in experiments or applications, making them less reliable or ineffective.

2. Inaccurate or inconsistent results: Using expired compounds can introduce variability and uncertainty in experimental results. This can be problematic, especially in research or industrial settings where accuracy and reproducibility are crucial.

3. Safety concerns: Expired organic compounds may pose safety risks. Their degradation products or impurities could be toxic, unstable, or reactive, potentially leading to hazardous situations during handling or when used in reactions or processes.

4. Unreliable data: When using expired compounds in research or industrial processes, the obtained data may not be reliable or representative of the compound's true behavior. This can hinder scientific progress, lead to erroneous conclusions, or impact product quality in industrial applications.

5. Regulatory compliance: In regulated industries, the use of expired compounds may not comply with quality control standards or regulatory requirements. Using expired compounds could result in non-compliance, potentially leading to legal or regulatory consequences.

Hope it helps:credit AI

Obtaining SEM images from liquid samples, especially those containing nanoparticles, can be challenging. Traditional SEM requires a vacuum environment, which is not compatible with liquid samples as they would evaporate or be damaged.However, there are specialized techniques like environmental SEM (ESEM) or cryo-SEM that can be employed for imaging hydrated or frozen samples. These methods allow for imaging in the presence of water or other liquids. Consider consulting with microscopy experts or utilizing facilities equipped with such instruments for your specific sample requirements.

Thank you for your reply.

The key parameters that can influence the size, shape, and properties of the nanoparticles produced are: Laser Parameters, Wavelength, Pulse Duration, Pulse Energy, Target Material, Type of Material, Liquid Environment, Type of Liquid and Experimental Setup and so on…

G.Dharmamoorthy First of all, I really appreciate your help. About changing buffer. I already balance the column with sumo cleavage buffer before adding the sumo protease. Unfortunately is still not working.

Luigi Candido , Hi luigi. Any update on your findings?

Thank you for your answer, I ended up using pepsin as a protein marker which is stable in acidic pH.

If this helps anyone, here was the solution we came up with.

We ordered the following parts from a liquid nitrogen supply vendor:

Once the 20 L container is out of LN2, we vent it, take off the siphon head, insert a transfer hose from a large LN2 container, and fill our 20 L container nearly to the top. We let the metal at the opening warm a bit and then attach the siphon head. We move it into our TEM lab so that it can build up pressure overnight. Then, we simply insert the transfer hose on our container into the dewar on the microscope, and the pressure pushes it up the hose. We only have to do this refilling process about once a week.

Here is a video showing the overall procedure: https://youtu.be/zrCT433gaK0?si=0jMnaafOOavsEepc

High temperatures, especially around 110°C, can affect the color of dyes. The extent of the effect depends on the specific dye's type and chemical properties.

Dear Arthur,

A color change is possible. In your case, you use oleic acid to carry out an esterification therefore your product may have a totally different physico-chemical behavior explaining a reduction in oleic acid and therefore in your initial coloring of your reaction medium.

Do you use pure products and not a heterogeneous mixture like an oil (oilive oil for example)? But even in the case of an vegetable oil, you will see different behavior during the reaction.

best regards

Benoît

Lyophilization of the silver doped quantum dots can be performed. First you need to freeze them using liquid nitrogen and further lyophilize it for atleast 24 hours.

Definitely, not using a diluent to preserve sperm morphology and functionality will affect its conservation possibilities. In this sense, a number of cryoprotective media and cryopreservation methods have been developed, that have given different results in the preservation of sperm from various species. The variety is such, and the sperm behavior of each species is so different, that it is impossible to design a combination cryoprotectant diluent - cryopreservation process unique for all species. Therefore, first of all, to help you, we must know what species you are referring to, and accordingly send you to the appropriate bibliography for the case, which, in general, is extensive for slaughter animals.

Hope it helps.

Please Ref:

Study on molasses concentration ....... N. idris....2018

While stirring the waste material containing Hydroiodic acid , adds large amounts of an ice water solution ( 1:10) of base in such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide for neutralizing concentrated acid . Dispose of solution down the drain followed by 20 parts water to the neutralized solution.

I'm afraid professor Grace has since then passed and the above link no longer works. I would also like to access his paper from 1976, does anyone have the paper/know of a way to gain access to a copy? Kind regards

Peter A. M. Steeneken It is a good point to clarify what kind of ppm is desired. In my "bubble" ppm means, when nothing else is specified, ppm with respect to amount of substance, weight and volume would be specified by ppmw or ppmv.

Therefore, Rehana Zia, check first which ppm you need and follow my Link or Dr. Steeneken's instructions, accordingly.

Dr Bryan Booth thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The shape of the water surface that will give the highest rate of evaporation is a convex surface. This is because the depth of the water is lower at the edges of the surface, which allows more water molecules to escape into the air. Water evaporates faster if the temperature is higher, the air is dry, and if there's wind. The same is true outside in the natural environment. Evaporation rates are generally higher in hot, dry and windy climates. For convex water surface depth of water will be minimum, thus higher evaporation. The distilled water is evaporating the slowest, then salt water and fresh water the quickest. Evaporation increases with the increase in surface area. It is because, the larger the surface area that is exposed to air, the more molecules will escape into the air. The shape of the container, specifically the opening part where the liquid is exposed, plays a role in the rate of evaporation. If the surface area of the container is increased, a larger amount of the liquid is exposed to the air. Increase the surface area by placing the water in a shallow tray. Blow (preferably warm) air over it by creating a cross-draught or using a fan. (Warmer air holds more moisture.) Place the water in a metal container with a good thermal contact with its surroundings, so that it does not cool down as it evaporates. A large number of water vapours already present in vacant spaces of air particles restricts the entry of more water vapours. In other words, an increase in humidity decreases the rate of evaporation. Hence, evaporation will be faster in a region far away from the sea, with low humidity. Steam takes up a lot more space (it has a greater volume) than liquid water because water molecules in steam are more widely dispersed. There is a lot of empty space between the water molecules in steam and the molecules contain more energy and move more rapidly than do the molecules in liquid water. In a gas, the molecules are hardly attracted to each other at all. That's why the molecules of a gas are so far apart compared to the molecules of a liquid or a solid. In fact, water as a gas (water vapor) takes up over I, 000 times more space than the same number of water molecules as a liquid. Whereas evaporation is the transformation of liquid water to gaseous water vapor, condensation is the opposite: it is the transformation of vapor back into liquid water. When water evaporates, it expands 1600 times larger in volume to become steam. When you heat up water, the water molecules start moving around faster and faster. They bounce off each other and move farther apart. Because there's more space between the molecules, a volume of hot water has fewer molecules in it and weighs a little bit less than the same volume of cold water. Water evaporates at room temperature because the molecules at the top of the liquid have less intermolecular attraction than those within the bulk.

I agree with Murtadha Shukur, that the partial pressure of a volatile liquid in a sealed container does not change when the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation. This is because the partial pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases. Dynamic equilibrium is important because it helps us understand how chemical reactions work. For example, when water evaporates from a glass, it eventually reaches dynamic equilibrium where the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation. This keeps the amount of water in the air constant. It reaches a stage where the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation. This phase is called the stage of equilibrium. As represented by the manometer, at this point the pressure exerted by the molecules is called the vapour pressure of the liquid. When the evaporation rate and condensation rate are equal, a state of saturation or equilibrium exists. If the air parcel is heated, the evaporation rate increases because the more energetic molecules can evaporate more easily. When the rate of condensation of the gas becomes equal to the rate of evaporation of the liquid or solid, the amount of gas, liquid and/or solid no longer changes. The gas in the container is in equilibrium with the liquid or solid. Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water; it's the opposite of evaporation. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation of clouds. At any temperature, evaporation and condensation are actually occurring at the same time. Faster molecules from the liquid evaporate while slower molecules from the gas condense. Depending on the conditions, one process will happen at a faster rate than the other resulting in net evaporation or net condensation.

The more-polar molecules will stick together more and will probably evaporate more slowly than less polar molecules. Less-polar molecules should evaporate faster because they are not as attracted to each other. London dispersion forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force. Liquids with fewer polar bonds are more likely to be nonpolar. Nonpolar liquids have weaker intermolecular forces than polar liquids, so they evaporate faster. For example, acetone is a nonpolar liquid that evaporates very quickly. A liquid's vapor pressure is directly related to the intermolecular forces present between its molecules. The stronger these forces, the lower the rate of evaporation and the lower the vapor pressure. Liquids with weak intermolecular attractive forces have low heats of vaporization and are volatile they evaporate easily. Liquids with strong intermolecular attractive forces evaporate more slowly, because a greater amount of energy is needed to overcome the attractive forces between molecules. Intermolecular forces, as noted earlier, are attractive in nature. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will evaporate quickly because it takes less kinetic energy for a molecule at the surface of the liquid to break away from the other molecules in the liquid. Evaporation occurs when energy (heat) forces the bonds that hold water molecules together to break. When you're boiling water on the stove, you're adding heat to liquid water. This added heat breaks the bonds, causing the water to shift from its liquid state to its gaseous state (water vapor), which we know as steam. The larger the intermolecular forces in a compound, the slower its evaporation rate. They all depend on the fact that some parts of polar molecules have positive charges and other parts have negative charges. The positively charged parts on one molecule align with the negative parts of other molecules. Instead, the intermolecular forces of attraction between the liquid molecules are broken or disrupted, causing the transformation into gas. These intermolecular forces of attraction are electrostatic attractions between molecules and are not inherent bonds of the molecules. When temperature increases, the heat increases resulting in higher kinetic energy of the molecules. It means that the molecules from the surface will get more energy to break the shackles of intermolecular forces and become vapour. This is the most important among the factors affecting evaporation.

Hi, did u resolve this issue?

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Solubility increases with temperature for most solids dissolved in liquid water. This is because higher temperatures increase the vibration or kinetic energy of the solute molecules. Solute molecules are held together by intermolecular attractions. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. There are two direct factors that affect solubility: temperature and pressure. The solubility of a given solute to dissolve in a specific solvent depends on the temperature. With an increase in temperature solubility of liquids and solids increases. In the same way solubility of gases decreases with an increase in temperature. As temperature increases, the solubility of a solid or liquid can fluctuate depending on whether the dissolution reaction is exothermic or endothermic. In endothermic dissolution reactions, the net energy from breaking and forming bonds results in heat energy being absorbed into the system as the solute dissolves. For many solids dissolved in liquid water, the solubility increases with temperature. The increase in kinetic energy that comes with higher temperatures allows the solvent molecules to more effectively break apart the solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular attractions. The solute's solubility falls because the kinetic energy of the gaseous solute increases as the temperature rises. As a result, its molecules are more likely to escape the solvent molecule's attraction and return to the gas phase. At higher temperatures, gas molecules have higher kinetic energy and can escape solution phase more easily. Therefore, solubility decreases. An increase in pressure and an increase in temperature in this reaction results in greater solubility. An increase in pressure results in more gas particles entering the liquid in order to decrease the partial pressure. Therefore, the solubility would increase.When a solid is added to a liquid, it interacts with liquid molecules and dissolves in it accordingly. This process is known as dissolution and solid is said to be soluble in a liquid solvent. Complete answer: The term solubility can be defined as a physical property of a substance to dissolve in another substance.Rises in temperature improve the solubility of solids in water, but reduce the solubility of gases in water because temperature increases produce an increase in the number of stimulated atoms or molecules of gases. Changes in pressure have essentially no effect on the solubility of solids and liquids. The change in pressure has no effect on the solubility of a solid in a liquid solution. This is because solids are incompressible and liquids are negligibly compressible. Thus there is a no effect of pressure on their solution. Melting is a physical process that causes a matter's phase change from solid to liquid. When the internal energy of solid increases, usually due to the application of heat or pressure, the temperature of the matter rises to the melting point. Melting is the transformation of a solid into a liquid.Temperature has a direct effect on whether a substance exists as a solid, liquid or gas. Generally, increasing the temperature turns solids into liquids and liquids into gases; reducing it turns gases into liquids and liquids into solids. The kinetic energy of matter particles increases as temperature rises, and they begin to vibrate at a higher frequency. As a result, the interparticle force of attraction between particles decreases, and particles become unattached from their positions and free to travel.

Dear Yongqi Pan please do recommend my answer if helpful.

The mechanical quality factor (Qm) of ceramics is primarily related to the material's mechanical properties, such as its stiffness, density, and damping characteristics. The Qm is a measure of how efficiently a material can store and release mechanical energy in a vibrating or oscillating system. It is commonly used to characterize the mechanical resonant behavior of materials and structures.

The liquid phase, when present in ceramics, can affect the mechanical properties of the material and, in turn, influence the Qm. Here's how the liquid phase can impact Qm:

In summary, the presence of a liquid phase in ceramics can indeed affect the mechanical quality factor (Qm) of the material. The extent and nature of this influence depend on various factors, including the type of liquid phase, its interaction with the ceramic matrix, the material's microstructure, and the operating conditions. Researchers and engineers need to consider these factors when designing ceramics for specific applications, especially those involving mechanical resonant systems where Qm is a critical parameter.

Dr Vivek Patel thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Temperature affects the solubility of both solids and gases, but pressure only affects the solubility of gases. Surface area does not affect how much of a solute will be dissolved, but it is a factor in how quickly or slowly the substance will dissolve. Apart from the nature of solute and solvent, temperature also affects solid solubility considerably. If the dissolution process is endothermic then the solubility should increase with an increase in temperature. Solubility is affected by 4 factors – temperature, pressure, polarity, and molecular size. Solubility increases with temperature for most solids dissolved in liquid water. This is because higher temperatures increase the vibration or kinetic energy of the solute molecules. The stirring allows fresh solvent molecules to continually be in contact with the solute. If it is not stirred, then the water right at the surface of the solute becomes saturated with dissolved sugar molecules, meaning that it is more difficult for additional solute to dissolve. The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature change. For most of the solids, solubility in water increases with rising temperature. As the temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the solute molecules in the solution also increases. When it comes to solid solutes, increasing the temperature will increase the rate of dissolving. As heat is added, the solute particles move around more, getting closer to the solvent molecules. This makes helps the solid dissolve faster in a liquid. The addition of more heat facilitates the dissolving reaction by providing energy to break bonds in the solid. This is the most common situation where an increase in temperature produces an increase in solubility for solids.