Materials - Science topic

Dear all, following is a good free access review. My Regards

You have to see: Materials science and Engineering an Introduction, tenth edition by William D. Callister, Jr.

I think it´s a good book.

The differentiation can be ascertained to fermi level. When we have a pure Semi- conductor at absolute zero from theoretical point of view the fermi level is at the middle in the forbidden energy band gap. On doping if the fermi level shifts towards the valence band it's a p type conductor and if fermi level shifts towards the conduction band it is an n type semiconductor.

The construction industry has a significant impact on the environment, but there are many sustainable practices available that can help to reduce its negative impact.

I believe that by adopting these practices, the industry can become more sustainable and reduce its impact on the environment.

For non-conductive polymer nanocomposites, it is necessary to perform sample preparation before imaging with TEM to prevent charging and improve image quality. One common method is to embed the sample in a conductive resin, such as epoxy or polystyrene, which helps to dissipate the charge and improve the conductivity of the sample. The sample can then be sectioned using a microtome or focused ion beam (FIB) and placed onto a TEM grid for imaging.

If you attempt to image a non-conductive polymer nanocomposite without any sample preparation, it is likely that the images will suffer from charging, poor contrast, and low resolution.

As for where to do sample preparation and TEM imaging with EDX in Tamil Nadu, there may be several options available depending on your location and specific needs. One possibility is to contact local universities or research institutions that have TEM facilities and inquire about sample preparation and imaging services. Another option is to search for private laboratories or companies that offer TEM imaging services. It is recommended to ensure that the facility has experience working with non-conductive polymer samples and can provide high-quality imaging results.

Yes, there are several ASTM standards available for performing mechanical tensile tests on polymer nanocomposites. Some of the commonly used standards are:

The dimensions of the specimen depend on the specific ASTM standard chosen for the test. For example, ASTM D638 specifies the dimensions for Type I, II and III specimens. Similarly, ASTM D3039 and ASTM D882 specify the dimensions for different types of specimens.

Regarding the creation of a dog-bone mold using a 3D printer, there are several online resources available that provide files for 3D printing dog-bone molds. Some popular online resources include Thingiverse, GrabCAD, and MyMiniFactory. However, it is important to ensure that the dimensions of the mold are as per the ASTM standards to obtain accurate results.

But as i know so far chitosan is insoluble in water, for your consideration.

Possible techniques reported are thermal evaporation technique, Pulsed Laser Deposition, physical vapour deposition

suggest to look for a more intelligent supervisor - this is nonsense. For CO2 storage only cheap bulk material make sense.

I am grateful to the participants of this discussion concerning Brugemman’s equation. This encouraged me to prepare the paper V. Mityushev, Effective properties of two-dimensional dispersed composites. Part II. Revision of self-consistent methods, Comput. Math. Appl. 121 (2022) 74-84. The paper concerns the case of real conductivity. The result for the complex constants (permittivity) is submitted for publication.

Carbon fiber is typically used, and carbon UD is used in some major primary structures. The solar drone applied in this paper used carbon fiber and UD together. In addition, certified materials (B-Basis, DB) must be used when using these drones for commercial purposes, such as sales, rather than for experimental purposes.

The following RG links are also very useful:

In my opinion, based on the quality of articles I have accessed in my area, I can say MDPI materials are of good quality.

Also check please the following links: https://www.slideshare.net/SaifulIslam750/milling-size-reduction-and-separation

Prabhu Prakash

Thank you for the useful background. So it wasn't silicon, or silica but rather silicone... A little work on Google and RG will help you. In 2 minutes I have found the general descriptions: https://lifewithoutplastic.com/silicone/

and something on thermal properties (from poorly conductive to conductive). See attached. Fermi estimates can easily be found by Googling the appropriate property (e.g. 'conductivity') followed by the word 'silicone'. Good luck with your research.

Dear Noor Ul Ain thank you for posting this very interesting technical question on RG. Red nanoparticles of pure copper metal (Cu(0)) are highyl sensitive to oxygen and, as already indicated by Yuri Mirgorod, the corresponding copper oxide nanoparticles are thermodynamically more stable. However, I just came across an inmteresting articles in which a chemical reduction protocol using copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate as precursor salt and starch as capping agent is described in detail. This might be the solution of your problem as no inert gas is required in this proces. Please have a look at this paper:

The article can bee freely downloaded as pdf file from the internet (see attachment).

I hope this answers your question. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Dear Pedro Jesús Navarrete Segado, I think there is an important ecxess of NCO initial concentration, try reducing it or increase OH-PEG-OH initial concentration. Also make a re-check of the calculation step. My Regards

Hello Md. Faishal Rahaman ,

I have a RG write-up for the impulse excitation of a piezoelectric shock sensor (PSS), which you may find of interest for your current problem, see, . I just uploaded this Method today, 3/2/2022. I hope this helps.

Regards,

Thomas Cuff

In my opinion you should report R square first, followed by whether your model is a significant predictor of the outcome variable using the results of ANOVA for Regression and then beta values for the predictors and significance of their contribution to the model.

Dear all, I think the easiest way is an underground city. Shullters are built for similar protection purposes. My Regards

Green compacts of any powder compacts have low strength because no bonding is there between particles. The green compacts possess whatever strength is because of compaction force. The compaction force removes the empty spaces and facilitates mechanical interlocking of particles. Only after sintering strength is developed. So, change the design of the die for easy removal of green compacts.

A quick check with pens and papers-

Use Euler's Buckling formula

max load P= EI*(pi)^2/L^2. L is the insertion point (into hole, box, whatever) to holding point (where the pipe is gripped and applied force. E is young's modulus. I is area moment of inertia, I=(pi/64)* (D^4-d^4). D is outer and d is inner dia of tube

This bold portion would work just fine to use the area moment of inertia of a hollow column.

For eccentric loading, use the Secant formula instead

(https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/g8_baZStGvHyY_kjl9HELONHz1gqJddFMcZayzbGxs98fjs8RGCh2SOdBy_3t-736KBrYl3BRgVjUwCGnuauyvL2x7_9N84G8L0imQal66A9UQ4hKcWBlV8o25Z5fBTBABo_HA0AeIPa54ezgH2sCeR2P4U2_G3x-Y2d4w)

But wait! if PVC tube is way too flexible to be considered to be elastomeric rather than linear elastic, there can be error, because Euler's formula was derived for linear elastic deformation of columns.

If standard simulations (Solidworks, Comsol, Ansys) seem too hard for you, go to some user friendly online simulation interfaces like simscale. Just upload 3D image of files in their simulation IDE, give input parameters, and you are done within a few minutes to hours.

Go for it.

Follow

Dear Sir,

Refer these links for more details:

1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811978-5.00007-9

2. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/658160

3. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782423911.1.45

Hope this information is useful

You distinguish a normal classical Hall efect from a Quantum Hall effect.

Normal size devices exhibit the first, contain considerable number of electrons.

The magetic field acting on the current pushes electrons to one side of the device

and is counteracted by the Hall voltage set up from charge accumulation. Proportionality between magnetic field and Hall voltage for steady current.

Quantum devices contain fewer electrons in narrow or small devices (Nanostructures) . The magnetic field provokes the equivalent of Landau levels that contain the states for electrons. These pass at regular intervals as the magnetic field increases. Thus there are regular jumps

in the electron conductance as magnetic induction increases.(In single electron conductance, or normal quantum hall effect

The fractional quantum Hall effect is believed to be the consequence of electron interactions and quasi particle formation. This is an extremly complicated phenomena, and not nearly as well understood as many would have you believe.

Dear Chen,

in the past I worked a lot with amine modified SBR rubber (cheically modified) in a close cooperation with a german tyre maker. Taget was to reduce rolling resistance and wet grip. It worked pretty well. Maybe this concept also works to improve dry grip.

Regards,

Roman

Hi Naveen Kumar

Just came across this question. Slightly unrelated but aligned to re-cycling in the foundry environment.

Please see my paper on recycling waste foundry sand:

The paper also looks at alternative methods of recycling waste foundry sand.

Hope this might be of some use to your overall topic.

Best Regards

Martin

Hi Rajeev,

The purpose of smearing is to ease the complication in integration (technically summation) by broadening the energy levels around the Fermi level by creating a small and fictitious electronic temperature. For metals, at absolute zero, while energy levels below Fermi-level are completely filled, the energy levels above it are completely empty. Hence there is an abrupt change in occupancy at the Fermi level. However, this is not the case in semiconductors and insulators. Therefore broadening for metals is different from that of semiconductors and insulators. In VASP, the tag "ISMEAR" provides options to choose from different available smearing schemes to broadening the energy levels around the Fermi level. If you are trying to calculate elastic constants for metals, I would recommend you to use ISMEAR=1, for semiconductors and insulators use ISMEAR=-5. If you are writing scripts to run calculations for large number of systems, then as suggested in the vasp wiki consider using ISMEAR=0.

I Hope this is useful

Best,

Santosh

The electric filed in the dielectric is E= V/d = 1 V /(10^-7) m = 10^7 V/m

Because you apply the voltage with a metalic electrode on top of the gate the electric field in the dielectric is less than 10^7 V/m with the Schottky barrier

1V- (50 -100 mV) for Al2O3

The valence band ordering for the AlGaN alloys is discussed in

M. Feneberg et.al.

"Anisotropic optical properties of semipolar AlGaN layers grown on m-plane sapphire", May 2015

The properties of AlN are discussed here:

M. Feneberg et.al.

"Anisotropic absorption and emission of bulk ( 1 1 ¯ 00 ) AlN"

Ruediger

Hi dear Santiago.

Real architecture is called architecture in which human thoughts and feelings are taken into account and this architecture creates a perfect fit that pays attention to structure and function at the same time. We know that our relationship with nature promotes health and well-being, and this relationship can also improve physical function. People who live in a building do not just need to work, play, eat or sleep. They want to be inspired and inspired by their surroundings, to feel comfortable and strong in it. They need a space that makes them more comfortable. The solution to architectural sustainability is to work in harmony with nature. That is, one must understand nature, explore it with sensitivity, and at the same time avoid damaging nature's systems. The architect-planner should pay attention to the concept of biophilia, which causes the continuity of performance and health and emotional states of residents and individuals and leads to positive reactions in the environment, and the general process in the architectural predominance to such things as:

1- Making natural and physical frameworks friendlier

2- Optimal organization of energy consumption

3- Ensuring the effective relationship between human progress and optimal management of natural resources in reducing the negative effects of climate change.

Hi Sir, may i know what is m in the relation?

The LAMMPS trajectory does not contain the bond topology information. The psf file should be made on your initial configuration. If you are not using create and delete bond then pre and post equlibrated structure will sure find the correct topology from the psf file.

Only with two extensometers mounted on the test piece (one longitudinal, the other transversal) one can measure the Posson's ratio. Only the people equipped to make true stress / true strain tests can do it (and they are not many). I strongly suggest to use cylindrical test pieces and to repeat the test many times, to have a sensible measurement. remember that all materials are anysotropic and this is valid also for Pisson's ratio.

Dear Pradip Singha , any stiff material consisting of low atomic number elements are suitable.

Examples are PMMA or polycarbonate.

Patient tables for Xray CT are built as sandwich of carbon fibers tissues (plate) -foam-carbon fiber tissue.

For small weight sample a thin carbon fiber plate is sufficient.

You may have seen them already.

In the attached linke there are some picture of such plates:

https://www.phd-24.de/fasern/carbongewebe/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIl4qnm-XX8AIViP93Ch2JuAlREAAYASAAEgLM_fD_BwE

Dear Ahmed Mousa,

Steel fibers are short discontinues strips of specially manufactured steel. Generally, their inclusion in the concrete improves the mechanical properties of concrete significantly. As the most common matrix, which is now mostly use in construction industry is Reinforced Cement Concrete. Main Reinforcement purpose is to resist bending due to applied load.

Ashish

Hello Sultan Mahmud

For this purpose, after simulation, go to the Post-processing template, then

in General result choose '' Optical '' in the first tab and for the second tab choose

'' Calculate Reflectance Transmittance and Absorbance '' then specify Ports and Modes have been used in your simulation and finally click on evaluate.

Done,

Good luck,

Dear Maria Apriliani Gani,

These may be addition of impurities, high temperature and environmental conditions can reduce the formation of carbonates.

Bone mineral is not pure hydroxyapatite. The small, plate-shaped (20–50 nm long, 15 nm wide, and 2–5 nm thick) apatite crystals contain impurities, most notably carbonate in place of the phosphate groups. The concentration of carbonate (4–6%) makes bone mineral similar to a carbonate apatite known as dahllite. Other substitutions are potassium, magnesium, strontium, and sodium in place of the calcium ions, and chloride and fluoride in place of the hydroxyl groups.These impurities can reduce the crystallinity of the apatite , and, in doing so, may alter certain properties such as solubility. The solubility of bone mineral is critical for mineral homeostasis and bone adaptation.

Carbonate substitution in apatite each control the crystal’s perfection and crystallite domain size, affecting material properties, in different environmental conditions. High temperature substitution methods indicating a higher energy barrier for the formation of carbonate.

Ashish

@Sarah in my case it was related to the nature of the coating which was conductive. I can share with you the article we published if needed

Dear,

In mineralogy, only topologically different structures of the same composition are usually considered to be polymorphs. Crystal structures formed of segments that can be stacked with different orientations are called polytypes. There is a symbolism of polytypes, based on the number of repeating segments and symmetry. Other options today do not differ in nomenclature rather (ordering-disordering -OD structures, polytypoids, etc.).

SiC is considered strongly polytypic, where Identical layers are shifted or rotated. Stacking in an identical position is not possible. It is good to draw the structure of one of the SiC polytypes in some program (Vesta, XTALDRAW etc.)

Graphite and diamond are completely different structures with different bonding characteristics. So the transition from graphite to diamond is completely reconstructive. However, graphite itself is polytypic (graphite-2H, -3R and disordered graphite) and probably also polymorphic (chaoite is high-pressure graphite). Diamond is polymorphic (diamond, lonsdaleyite).

I don't know anything about the CL-20 explosive.

May be you can observe this article:

You can also make nanoindentation test. This test is performed to determine hardness of the phases. You can also determine the microstructure with EBDS. But you must prepare your sample very well. Especially polishing must be wonderful.

Ty so much for the detailed information, Misha.

I will try these steps.

Dear Dr. Sajad Sohrabi ,

I appreciate your explanations very much and congratulate you on your nice published paper. In addition to your accurate interpretations, we have provided some additional information in the following paper:

Dear Dr.

Thanks sir.

So, with increasing slightly c/a ratio , is that any correlation mechanism with changing unit cell volume, i.e slightly decrease, increase?

Dear Shalu Pathak,

There are 2 classes of truly physical effects, which are originated from SO interaction:

Dr. Vadym Zayets classifies them according to the following scheme *:

Enhancement of external magnetic field, localized electrons and atomic gas experience this class of effects. In this type, time-reversed symmetry is broken by the external H.

Creation of spin polarization by an electrical current, conduction electrons experience this class of effects, time-reversed symmetry is broken by the electrical current J.

References

Dr. Vadym Zayets, “Spin-Orbit Interaction” – https://staff.aist.go.jp/v.zayets/spin3_32_SpinOrbit.html

up

Dear Dr. Sadikbasha Shaik,

I suggest you to have a look at the following papers:

- Numerical investigation on ballistic resistance of aluminium multi-layered panels impacted by improvised projectiles

Szymczyk, M., Sumelka, W. & Łodygowski, T.

Arch. Appl. Mech., 88, 51–63 (2018)

Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00419-017-1247-8

-Experimental and numerical investigation on the anti-penetration performance of metallic sandwich plates for marine applications

Na Zhao1, Renchuan Ye, Ali Tian, Jie Cui, Peng Ren, Minghui Wang

Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials, Vol. 22 issue: 2, page(s): 494-522 (2019)

Available, as abstract, at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1099636219855335

- Advances in Projectile Penetration Mechanism in Soil Media

Mohd Ahmed, Saeed AlQadhi, Javed Mallick, Mohammed Noor Desmukh and Hoang Thi Hang

Appl. Sci.,10, 6810 (2020)

Available at: https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwio7-7L847uAhUQ2KQKHbNGBikQFjAEegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2076-3417%2F10%2F19%2F6810%2Fpdf&usg=AOvVaw3DalthfqsgMvPADSGFxdlv

-Rigid Projectile Impact on Concrete Target

Wu H., Peng Y., Kong X.

In book: Notes on Projectile Impact Analyses. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3253-1_1 -pp 1-56.

Available, as abstract, at: http://springer.iq-technikum.de/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-3253-1_1

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

You can find out on YouTube

How to apply Langmuir adsorption isotherm. A complete guidance ..

The commercial thinner is the blend of acetone (30 % by volume), ethyl acetate (25 %), butyl acetate(25%) and toluene (20%). The blend is used for thinning the auto stock paste and lequires and varnishes.

For BCC matrix and interstitials mechanical loss spectra can be measured to quantify amount of interstices. More info you can find in the paper:

You need to measure the permittivity and permeability of your material and then calculate n.

We can make materials with different refractive indexes by include to dielectric some metallic particles with different concentrations. It will be similar to metamaterials but on the ground of natural substances

Dear Abhishek Mukherjee,

The optical absorption coefficient can be obtained by using the equation [2] which can be used in a non-conducting dispersive medium. Here w is photon frequency, μo is the permeability of free space, ε1 and ε2 are frequency-dependent real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity from the VASP output of the first-principle calculation.

Refer this article for permeability data

1. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45164

2. D. J. Griffiths . Introduction to Electrodynamics. 4th Edition, Pearson Education (2013).

Ashish

Isam Alkhalifawi I Need to determine the bandgap for photolytic degradation work.

To obtain reliable and valuable answers, you have to specify, what kind of industrial sludge are you talking about. Oil sludge, sludge containing heavy metals, press mud, sugar beet mud, sludge from tannery industries? Some else?

Regards

Vit

Thanks Soumitra Paul sir for your extensive in depth answer. I will surely go through the articles.

Choose polymer based systems as they are more stable than lipid based.

Also note that under the same loading the deformation of material with rectilinear orthotropy differs from the deformation of materials with cylindrical orthotropy.

It is always good to return to the original definition and meaning of the terms.

Entropy is often correlated with the disorder but not always. Entropy is the measure of unknown information. How do we understand this? The trick is to understand what is macrostate and what microstate.

* Macrostate is observable value.

* Microstate usually not.

Unknown are microstates as we can not measure them.

Just an example with a dice, where we can observe microstates. Macrostate is the sum of all values of all thrown dice. The trick is that there are existing many microstates giving one macrostate. Not every macrostate has the same number of microstates.

Macro states with the highest number of associated microstates have logically the highest probability to be observed in the system as far as all microstates have the same probability It leads to the original Boltzmann definition of entropy.

When there are microstates with different probabilities, we just group them together and we get the well-known definition of Boltzmann entropy and similar Shannon entropy

H = - sum(p_i * ln(p_i))

They are the same except for the Boltzmann constant.

Dear Jaydev,

Alloy 6082 is known as a structural alloy. 6082 is in the 6XXX series of aluminium alloy grades and have a higher amount of silicon. Aluminium alloy 6082 is a medium strength alloy with excellent corrosion resistance. It has the highest strength of the 6000 series alloys. In the T6 peak aged temper, alloy 6082 machines well and produces tight coils of swarf when chip breakers are used. Applications 6082 is typically used in highly stressed applications, Trusses, Bridges, Cranes, Transport applications, Ore skips Beer barrels and Milk churns. Alloy 6082 T6 is typically supplied as Plate and Sheet. 6082 has very good weldability and machinability, but strength is lowered in the weld zone. When welded to itself, alloy 4043 wire is recommended. If welding 6082 to 7005, then the wire used should be alloy 5356.Friction stir weld (FSW) of 6082 is quite popular. Maximum 1 % Mn content is there with 6082 with high hardness value 90HB.

Generally, plate is available in heat treated condition T6(T6 - Solution heat treated and artificially aged or peak aged maximum strength but losses in corrosion property compared to over aged condition of aluminum alloy) and T651(further, solution heat treated, stress relieved by stretching then artificially aged to attain corrosion).

M247, known super alloys or high performance alloys consist of many elements in a variety of combinations to achieve a desired result. The alloy MAR-M 247 is a cast polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy developed by Martin Marietta Corporation processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was subjected to symmetrical cyclic loading. This can exist at the high temperature and high cycle fatigue.

Refer this site for M247

1.https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/278653/1-s2.0-S1877705814X00081/1-s2.0-S1877705814008431/main.pdf?

2.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257712806_Solutioning_and_Aging_of_MAR-M247_Nickel-Based_Superalloy(heat treatment information)

Refer this site for 6082.

1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25881803.pdf

file:///C:/Users/3020/Cookies/Desktop/Downloads/Aalco-Metals-Ltd_Aluminium-2. Alloy-6082-T6T651-Plate_148.pdf(strength and property detail can se taken as a reference)

Ashish

Dear Rohit Jha, the essential criterium in selecting the best polymer matrix for board circuits is ' the dimentional stability ' under different stresses, i.e., stresses such thermal, mechanical, and chemical. This criterium is in favor of an unchallenged choice of thermosetting resins. This is in fact the classical approach being followed till nowadays. In addition to that, more recent advances are requiring mainly the flexibility which is lacking in classical thermosets. Nanohybrid composites which fullfill all the classical features of thermosets, they also show other requirements dictated by the newly emerged technological applications. My Regards

Dear Alexander,

Refer this paper for your query.

1. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a566369.pdf

2.

The strain rate sensitivity of the yield stress fell into two behaviors, either a progressive increase in terms of strain rate or an increase with a transition in the intermediate strain rate range. It can relate materials constant idea using model.

Ashish

Please check this link...

The list of additive manufacturing raw materials is immense and including them in keys words didn't make sense. Here are some common plastics in a list to contribute to discussion:

Dear Javeid,

Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces. Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 °C (360 and 370 °F; 450 and 460 K) are the most commonly used. 999 fine silver is 1761 degrees F and with sterling silver, it is 1640 degrees F. With solder, there are multiple flow points available because of the complexity of multi-step soldering.

There are strong research on research on high-temperature Pb-free solder alloys and the research trend for characterization of the interfacial reaction layer. To improve the product reliability of high-temperature Pb-free solder alloys, thorough research is necessary not only to enhance the alloy properties but also to characterize and understand the interfacial reaction occurring during and after the bonding process.

The development of lead-free solder alloys for high-temperature applications is required to meet increasing demands for reliable replacements for lead-containing alloys. The main candidate alloys can be covered for soldering from the Au–Sn, Au–Ge, Zn–Al, Zn–Sn, Bi–Ag and Sn–Sb alloy systems.

When solder is joined to a substrate, an interface intermetallic compound (IMC) is formed by diffusion of the constituent atoms in the solder and substrate. These IMCs grow by solid-liquid phase diffusion and solid-solid phase diffusion. Solid-liquid diffusion occurs by mass transport between the melted solder (liquid) and substrate (solid) during the bonding process, whereas solid-solid diffusion is responsible for IMC growth after the bonding process. IMC growth reportedly has an important effect on the reliability of solder joints.

Vianco defined “ultrahigh-temperature” solder as “solder used in environments having sustained temperatures as high as 300°C and momentary temperature excursions to levels as high as 350°C”. High-temperature solders are generally required to have adequate physical properties, including high ductility and thermal conductivity and low electrical resistance, and to be cheap and eco-friendly. In particular, they must have a higher solidus temperature than the secondary reflow temperature (~250°C) of the intermediate Tmsolder packaging and have a lower liquidus temperature than the glass transition temperature (~400°C) of polymer-based substrate materials.

To improve the product reliability of high-temperature Pb-free solder alloys, thorough research is necessary not only to enhance the alloy properties but also to characterize the interfacial reaction layer formed during and after the bonding process. Accordingly, the contribution of TEM analysis to the development of high-temperature Pb-free solders is expected to become more important, and it will provide insight into interfacial reactions at the solder joint.

1. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1148152

2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0026271412000662

3. https://www.e-sciencecentral.org/articles/SC000011202

4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11665-012-0146-y

5.https://books.google.com.et/books?id=FF2NDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=Literature+on+high+temperature+solders&source=bl&ots=2D_3eH80LX&sig=ACfU3U1k004XSMiT6yc313nKYZkL4D4gzQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwio54THsLLoAhUJ8BoKHaXWBScQ6AEwEXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Literature%20on%20high%20temperature%20solders&f=false

Just go through the references- one is about soldering, one is about characterizations, one is about thermal studies, one is about electronics soldering. Hope it would help you in understanding soldering.

Hope it is helpful for you.

Ashish

The following article is relevant:

This paper presents a novel method of space-based geoengineering which uses the mass of a captured near Earth asteroid to gravitationally anchor a cloud of unprocessed dust in the vicinity of the L1 position to reduce the level of solar insolation at Earth. It has subsequently been shown that a cloud contained within the zero-velocity curve of the largest near Earth asteroid, Ganymed, can lead to an insolation reduction of 6.58% on Earth, which is significantly larger than the 1.7% required to offset a 2 °C increase in mean global temperature. The masses of the next largest near Earth asteroids are found to be too small to achieve the required level of insolation reduction, however, they are significant enough to be used as part of a portfolio of geoengineering schemes.

Cheers

Dear Franklin,

You will get these graphs in many literature. But it is not possible to get these graphs upto 1000 degree celsius for all materials.

Anyway, I think it is better to get these results by your own Experiments because standard data always doesn't match with your working material due to impurities and difference in microstructures.

If anything you want regaring the Experimental details for these I can tell you ( but upto 600 degree Celsius)

Love and Regards

N Das

Dear Researcher,

You can create some computational models in CST and HFSS software for this study from the point of view of dielectric constant in the kHz to MHz frequency range. I will suggest that you study the following articles and their references:

Borehole measurements of conductivity and dielectric constant in the 300 kHz to 25 MHz frequency range R. N. Grubb ; P. L. Orswell ; J. H. Taylor, Radio Science Year: 1976 | Volume: 11, Issue: 4 | Journal Article | Publisher: AGU

Cited by: Papers (2)

One of the suitable methods is to prepare the cross section by chemical etching. In this case you will get smooth surface that you can observe by the electron microscope.

If the etch rate is different across the cross section of the layers it will automatically delineate the layers. Otherwise in order to increase the contrast you can bias it by a DC voltage.

Best wishes

Forget about "best" in terms of both Rwp, GOF, or DW statistics. OK, Rwp is said to be "best" if below 10; GOF - if between 1 and 2. But we need to be careful here: adding additional (or any) parameters to the refinement may easily lead to a drop of Rwp --> false positive result / overparametrization. When I do Rietveld (I use the TOPAS software), then I use as low number of parameters/corrections as possible. My approach is tested via the Reynolds Cup competition and it works well, at least with non-clay minerals. I owe a lot of my knowledge in this field to the Rietveld Mailing List, and David Bish. That said, sample displacement and LP factor are a must, so are other, KNOWN, instrumental or related parameters. Regarding the Crystallite Size and Strain (and also most of the REFINED parameters): the value calculated must be > error. If the value calculated is below the related error, then the particular parameter is out of being physically meaningful to the refinement, and in the next run it must be unmarked.

Indeed, I've seen good (reasonable) models with Rwp >10 and even GOF >2. These are "just numbers", they DO say something, but the graphical representation of the result, and its fit to the original data, are also important.

What helps me is the famous Robert A. Wilson and his "forget about 100%" and "forget about IS".... A thing is SUPPOSED TO BE / SIMILAR TO / LIKE.... (:

Cheers,

Luke Kruszewski

DearAlan,

In the rgeology peak, tan(δ) quantifies the balance between energy loss and storage. In your case, the growth of the overshoot peak is caused by reentanglement of the solution. The inset shows representative transient shear stress data at minimum G. The double peak maxima superpose indicates independent of filler particle size. It also indicates there is a high perturbation rate to the low shear stress of almost 3 Pa and subsequently high damping is seen.

Ashish

Dear Dibyajyoti,

Translation and rotation of a permanent magnet, using a choice of piezoelectric (fiber composite and bulk PZT) and magnetostrictive (amorphous FeSiB ribbon and bulk Terfenol) materials research has been done earlier. Just example is Integrated micro-harvester (coupling devices of two material piezo and megnetostrictive) has been designed.

Piezoelectric materials are not time dependant if “leaks” are neglected, and thus they may prove useful for our purpose. However, in order to produce high voltage, piezoelectrics require high stress over small displacements, provided through contact forces. Magnetostrictive materials can produce high stress to deform the piezoelectric over small deformations. They are compatible with small strain and can be “activated” remotely, via magnetic field interactions. In a variable magnetic field, a magnetostrictive material stretches or shrinks. When coupled to a piezoelectric, this deformation displaces electric charges in the material, thus achieving the electromechanical conversion. The various conversion stages are such as:

Mechanical energy …… to ……. strain in Magnetostrictive materials-

to strain in piezoelectric materials …… to …. Electric energy output of piezoelectric materials.

The coupling of these two materials allows energy conversion from magnetic/mechanic to electricity. The quasi-static motion of a permanent magnet near the magnetostrictive element can produce a relatively high voltage at the output of the piezoelectric element, regardless of the device’s scale. First, we investigate a device where the permanent magnet is translating. Second the permanent magnet rotates above the device, instead of translating. The magnetostrictive material’s properties and shape should not induce any preferential magnetization direction. When a permanent magnet rotates above the device, the easy axis in the metglass also spins. it was deduced that with a quasi-static rotation speed, even less than 1 rpm, it may still obtain the maximum voltage with the device coupled with a high impedance load. Coupling piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials allows exploiting quasi-static phenomena.

Just refer this article.

Hope my interpretation article help you out.

Ashish

Usually, what a customer is willing to pay for an alloy is determined by its properties, not its chemistry. That is, one may assume that customers buy the cheapest alloy that meets their needs. Of course, properties are determined by the specific combination of chemisty, processing, and microstructure. For example, most Al alloys are over 90% Al; and therefore, on a commodity basis they should all cost about the same. However, the processing and heat treatments required to get the properties required for aircraft alloys has a strong influence on their final price. However, let us suppose one only wants to look at the cost of the elemental constituents for some analysis. What level of purity should one use for each element in this calculation? That is, the cost of an element in "pure form" can vary greatly with the degree of purity. An element can be very inexpensive at a commercial purity of 99.8%, but orders of magnitude more expensive at 99.9998%. The 0.2% could be elements that ruin the properties of a high tech alloy, but are perfectly acceptable in a low tech alloy. These requirements will be a significant factor in determining the price of the commodities required to make an alloy.