Microorganisms - Science topic

Microorganisms play crucial roles in environmental sustainability by contributing to nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and waste decomposition. They break down organic matter, releasing nutrients that support plant growth and soil health. Additionally, microbes are essential in bioremediation, the process of using living organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants in soil, water, and air. Certain bacteria, fungi, and algae can metabolize harmful substances like oil spills or industrial chemicals, mitigating environmental damage. Moreover, microbes are involved in nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, and maintaining ecosystem balance. Harnessing their abilities through biotechnological applications can lead to innovative solutions for environmental challenges, promoting a healthier and more sustainable planet.

e.g.: Bacteria in the genus Rhizobium form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, facilitating nitrogen fixation and enhancing soil fertility. Methanotrophic bacteria consume methane, a potent greenhouse gas, mitigating its impact on climate change. In bioremediation, species like Pseudomonas and Bacillus break down pollutants such as hydrocarbons in contaminated soil and water, aiding in environmental cleanup efforts. Additionally, certain fungi, like mycorrhizae, form mutualistic associations with plant roots, improving nutrient uptake and promoting plant growth in degraded ecosystems

Nharmadhaa Manickam 1) The problem is that there are many microorganisms inside the plants too. Only plants grown in vitro from meristema can be accepted as free from such microbes. 2) Any antiseptic will affect plant tissues mush more than microbes. 3) Microbiota characterisation before PGPR application is the possible way of working with non-sterile plants.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Soil microbes can break down plant organic matter to carbon dioxide or convert it to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds. This leads either to long-term carbon storage, because DOC can bind to soil particles, or to the release of carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose. dead matter, they also respire. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Soil organisms, including micro-organisms, use soil organic matter as food. As they break down the organic matter, any excess nutrients (N, P and S) are released into the soil in forms that plants can use. This release process is mineralization.

Dr Abdelhak Maghchiche thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Soil compositions can influence climate, as sandy regions of the planet often have low microbial counts and produce less vegetation. This results in high temperatures due to increased solar absorption. In contrast, areas with high microbial counts typically boast a dense vegetation canopy, which reduces temperatures by minimizing solar absorption. These imbalances in temperature components contribute to changes in climate.

Improper maintenance of microbial counts, often caused by farming practices, can lead to infertile soil, resulting in dry dust bowls. Therefore, soil conservation is a significant responsibility for humans to uphold a balanced environment capable of supporting life.

Fungi and bacteria break down organic matter in dead plants and animals, converting it to simple soluble minerals, water, and gases. Later these are then released into the soil, water bodies, and air.Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Microorganisms recycle nutrients by decomposing the organic waste materials present in the dead and decaying materials of animals and plants, and also degrade the organic pollutants present in the industrial as well as municipal wastes. Without microbes, the earth would be filled with corpses. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers. Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals.

Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your community, the economy, and the environment. Products should only be recycled if they cannot be reduced or reused. Recycling is the process of collection and conversion of waste into useful and new products. Recycling is done to minimize the pollution and the waste generated. It helps in the converse the environment. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Micrororganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. Bacteria play a central role: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. Bacteria of decay, which convert decaying nitrogen waste to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates/nitrites. Microorganisms play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.

Dr Ania Isandra thank you for your contribution to the discussion

I'm not sure this would really be viewed as unethical, but I would consider it a inappropriate were I to receive such a communication.

However it would be fine if you sent the references and just said you were sending because you thought these publications might be of interest to them. They can then choose whether or not to cite them.

Microorganisms play both the role in the carbon cycle, contributing to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) through decay and decomposition, and the reduction of carbon buildup through processes such as carbon sequestration. Through decomposition, microorganisms break down organic matter, releasing carbon stored within it back into the atmosphere as CO2. On the other hand, certain microbes facilitate carbon sequestration by forming symbiotic relationships with plants, fixing atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules through photosynthesis, and stabilizing carbon in soil organic matter or biochar. Additionally, engineered microbes are being explored for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, offering potential solutions to mitigate climate change by capturing CO2 from the atmosphere or industrial emissions and converting it into stable forms for long-term storage. Harnessing the capabilities of these diverse microorganisms presents promising avenues for addressing carbon emissions and reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.

decomposition? No

Dr Nicky Hetherington thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Victor Manuel Moya Iglesias thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Although horizontal gene transfer is well known in microorganism, however it has been observed in plants but less common compared to microorganisms. It can occur between different plant species or even between plants and microorganisms. For example, there is evidence of genes related to nitrogen fixation being transferred between plants and bacteria.

Prescribing different costly ophthalmic antibiotics for conjunctivitis instead of a povidone iodine preparation depends on various factors, including the nature of the infection, patient factors, and healthcare provider preferences. Here are some potential advantages of using ophthalmic antibiotics over povidone iodine for treating .conjunctivitis,Targeted Antibiotic Therapy,Rapid Symptom Relief, Prevention of Complications, Reduced Risk of Allergic Reactions, Preservation of Normal Flora, Convenience and Ease of Use, Guidelines and Clinical Practice, While ophthalmic antibiotics may be more costly than povidone iodine preparations, their targeted antimicrobial activity, rapid symptom relief, and potential to prevent complications justify their use in certain cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.

You also can get proteins that can sequester the antibiotics.

Yes, we can see microorganisms in the intestine using techniques such as microscopy and staining methods, but these are typically used in research settings rather than for routine monitoring of intestinal flora in individuals.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are increasingly being used to analyze microbiome data, which includes the diverse community of microorganisms living in our intestines. Researchers are developing AI algorithms to help identify and classify the different types of microorganisms present in the gut, including beneficial and harmful species. This can provide valuable insights into how the microbiome affects human health and may lead to personalized interventions to improve gut health. However, the technology is still evolving, and more research is needed to fully understand and utilize AI in this context.

you can use cutadapt or prinseqlite in bash terminal, these are having quality trimming options.

Hello, the microbial biodiversity in soil depends from geographical regions can variate more than 3000 type strains of microorganisms (what about non cultiveble forms?). The count of microorganisms highly variate from how deepest you can take the soil sample. The amount of microorgaanisms even with estimatin you can not calculate. Even if you try to calculate that the value that you receive will be far from reality. It will be samething lake X -+ 3000000%.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Rk Naresh

1) Selecting a hypervariable region is crucial in quantifying bacterial community from 16S rRNA gene copy abundance. No single region can accurately quantify all bacterial phyla present in an environmental sample. The choice of region (e.g., V3 or V9) depends on the specific bacterial phyla being targeted.

For example, if you are interested in quantifying the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in a soil sample using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, you may choose the V4 hypervariable region. However, if your focus shifts to Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, the V1-V2 region might be more suitable. The choice of hypervariable region depends on the bacterial phyla you want to target for accurate quantification in your environmental sample.

2) Why select a specific region from the 16S rRNA gene? Many sequencing platforms, such as Illumina, lack the capability to sequence the entire length of the 16S rRNA gene (~1500 bp). However, PacBio currently shows promise in overcoming this limitation.

3) Different bacterial species have varying numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies per genome. This can lead to discrepancies in quantification when using 16S rRNA sequencing as a measure of microbial abundance.

For example; There is a variable 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Escherichia coli typically has about 7 copies of the 16S rRNA gene per genome, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis has only one copy. If both species are present in a microbial community and are quantified solely based on 16S rRNA sequencing, the higher copy number in E. coli might lead to an overestimation of its abundance compared to M. tuberculosis, even if their actual abundance in the sample is similar.

4) Identifying a single perfect conserved region in the 16S rRNA gene that would enable PCR primer design to capture the entire bacterial diversity is not feasible. The process of PCR amplification (nature of PCR primer), which is commonly used in 16S rRNA sequencing, can introduce biases. Certain bacterial taxa may be preferentially amplified over others, leading to inaccurate quantification.

For example; the 16S rRNA primer set, 515F/806R primer pair, was designed to amplify a broad range of bacterial taxa. However, it has been shown to have biases towards Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, while underrepresenting others like Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia.

5) It is difficult to establish universal standards for calibrating 16S rRNA sequencing data to absolute microbial abundance due to the complexities of microbial communities and variations in DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing protocols.

For example, one laboratory might employ a method that efficiently lyses certain bacterial cell types, resulting in higher DNA yield, while another laboratory might use a different method that is less effective for lysing those same cells (especially when working with marine sediments). Consequently, variations in DNA extraction efficiency can lead to differences in the amount of DNA extracted from microbial samples, affecting the accuracy and reproducibility of microbial abundance estimates obtained through 16S rRNA sequencing.

Hope this helps.

Soil microbial metabolism boosts plant nutrition by converting recalcitrant forms of N, P, and S to forms that are more bioavailable for plant uptake. Beneficial microorganisms have been shown to play a role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation, organic wastes and residues decomposition, detoxification of pesticides, suppression of plant diseases and soil-borne pathogens, enhancement of nutrient cycling, and production of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, hormones. As microorganisms help break down organic matter, they release essential nutrients and carbon dioxide into the soil, fix nitrogen and help transform nutrients into mineral forms that plants can use through a process of mineralization. The beneficial interactions of these microbes with the plants include the nutrients supply to crops, plant growth stimulation, producing phytohormones, biocontrol of phytopathogens, improving soil structure, bioaccumulation of inorganic compounds, and bioremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Minerals provide energy and nutrients to support microbial growth and functions. Microbes affect dissolution, transformation and formation of minerals through metabolic activities. These interactions between minerals and microbes substantially determine the habitability of the Earth. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. Soil microbes play an essential role in the environment by contributing to the release of key nutrients from primary minerals that are required not only for their own nutrition but also for that of plants. Microorganisms increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, or they can supply it directly to the plant, as they have the ability to take and set nitrogen from the atmosphere. Thanks to microorganisms, there is an increase in the bioavailability of phosphorus in the soil. The soil microbial population releases exoenzymes (1), which depolymerize the dead organic matter (2). The microbial decomposers assimilate the monomers (3) and either mineralize these into inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide or ammonium (4) or use the monomers for their biosynthetic needs. The conversion of the organic form of nitrogen into inorganic form by heterotrophic soil microorganisms are termed as nitrogen mineralization. In contrast, the transformation of readily available inorganic form into bound organic form is immobilization. Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover.

Soil microorganisms can be grouped into bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and nematodes. Apart from the dead plant or animal residues in soils, SOM is composed of a significant content of living microorganisms and their dead fractions. Soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, perform vital ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, and form symbiotic relationships with plants. N-deposition can alter soil microbial community structure and function in multiple ways. Microorganisms help to generate oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as fix atmospheric nitrogen into useable forms for multiple organisms. They also help animals ingest food by being part of the gut microbiome. Some species of microbe are symbiotic in nature. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Bacteria increase soil fertility through nutrient recycling such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Bacteria also help in the decomposition of dead organic matter and then give out simple compounds in the soil, which can be used up by plants. Soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, perform vital ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, and form symbiotic relationships with plants. N-deposition can alter soil microbial community structure and function in multiple ways.

Dr Harsh Sable thank you for your contribution to the discussion

That sounds like an exciting field! Here are some steps you can take to find a postdoctoral position in microscopy and physics of microorganisms:

By following these steps and leveraging your expertise in microscopy and physics, you can increase your chances of securing a rewarding postdoctoral position in this exciting field of research.

l Perhaps this protocol list can give us more information to help solve the problem.

Dr Asif Raheem thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Witold Stachowiak thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Rhizosphere microorganisms, teeming around plant roots, are unseen allies in both agriculture

and environmental health. Let's delve into their importance:

Agriculture Benefits:

● Nutrient Powerhouse: These microbes act as decomposers, breaking down organic matter

in the soil and releasing essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that

plants readily absorb, promoting healthy growth [1].

● Plant Protectors: Some rhizosphere bacteria are warriors against pathogens! They can

suppress the growth of harmful soilborne fungi and bacteria, safeguarding plants from

disease [2].

● Growth Promoters: Certain microbes produce growth hormones that directly stimulate plant

growth and root development [2].

● Stress Resilience: Plants under stress from drought or salinity can benefit from interactions

with rhizosphere microbes that help them tolerate these harsh conditions [3].

Environmental Champions:

● Nutrient Cycling: Rhizosphere microorganisms play a pivotal role in cycling nutrients within

the ecosystem. By decomposing organic matter, they return nutrients back to the soil, making

them available for plants and maintaining soil fertility [1].

● Soil Health Guardians: A healthy rhizosphere microbiome contributes to good soil structure,

improves water infiltration, and enhances soil aggregation, all crucial for preventing erosion

and maintaining a healthy environment [3].

Microbial Communities and Soil Health:

The diversity and abundance of microbial communities in the soil are key indicators of soil

health. A rich and balanced microbial community translates to a more fertile and productive soil.

These microbes perform numerous vital functions:

● Decomposition: As mentioned earlier, they break down organic matter, releasing nutrients

for plants and contributing to the soil's carbon cycle [1].

● Nutrient Transformation: They convert nutrients from unavailable forms to plant-usable

ones, optimizing nutrient use efficiency in the ecosystem [2].

● Soil Structure: Microbial activity helps create a crumbly soil structure, promoting aeration,

drainage, and water infiltration [3]

Dr Asif Khan thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Thank you for your question.

It is because, these living beings are omnipresent in various ecosystems. Thanks to their biological activity, they contribute to several dimensions.

They maintain biodiversity by their very existence, they are useful for obtaining organic matter, fixing nitrogen and enabling the process of respiration and plant nutrition (photosynthesis).

They are also the guarantors of the health of various living organisms, regulating the intestinal flora of animals including humans, boosting digestion and immunity, and helping to produce enzymes and useful vitamins.

And let's not forget that microorganisms are also responsible for restoring the ecological balance by biodegrading or decomposing waste, fixing atmospheric nitrogen and depolluting soils - in short, they ensure air, water and soil quality. In other words, they contribute to food security throughout the planet.

Microorganisms are the tiny powerhouses of the soil world, playing a vital role in keeping it healthy and fertile. Here's how they contribute:

Microbiological activities significantly impact soil structure:

In essence, a healthy and diverse community of microorganisms is essential for maintaining a healthy soil structure, which directly translates to healthy plant growth and a thriving ecosystem.

Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic bacteria, including spirochetes and Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci and rods. Many microorganisms affect anaerobic digestion, including acetic acid-forming bacteria and methane-forming archaea. These organisms promote a number of chemical processes in converting the biomass to biogas. Gaseous oxygen is excluded from the reactions by physical containment.Anaerobic bacteria include diverse species that can grow at environmental extremes of temperature, pH, salinity, substrate toxicity, or available free energy. The first evolved archaebacterial and eubacterial species appear to have been anaerobes adapted to high temperatures. Methanogens are an important group of microorganisms for several reasons, the most important being their ability to process organic matter to methane. Methanogenic bacteria are used in anaerobic decomposition of wastewater, as a part of the wastes treatment system. To ensure proper maintenance, alkalinity can be added at the beginning of the digestion batch. Alkaline additives include sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia.

Dr Prem Baboo thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Arne Andersen thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Soil bacteria form micro aggregates in the soil by binding soil particles together with their secretions. These micro aggregates are like the building blocks for improving soil structure. Improved soil structure increases water infiltration and increases water holding capacity of the soil. Microorganisms increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, or they can supply it directly to the plant, as they have the ability to take and set nitrogen from the atmosphere. Beneficial soil microbes perform fundamental functions such as nutrient cycling, breaking down crop residues, and stimulating plant growth. While the role of microbes to maintain soil health and contribute to crop performance is clear, the soil biological component is extremely difficult to observe and manage. Soil microbial communities extend various ecosystem services, and they are capable of improving soil fertility, increase plant tolerance toward biotic and abiotic stresses, increase crop productivity, and take part in nutrient cycling.

Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Microorganisms regulate soil properties and fertility through different pathways: (1) microbes can activate soil nutrients and promote their availability; (2) nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve soil fertility by transforming the nitrogen elements; (3) the extracellular secretions of microbes. Plant microbiomes are agriculturally important bioresources for agriculture as beneficial microbes may enhance plant growth and improve plant nutrition uptake through solubilization of P, K, and Zn, nitrogen fixation, and other mechanisms including siderophore production. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Free-living microbes including filamentous fungi of the genus Trichoderma and a variety of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are able to suppress soil-borne plant pathogens and to stimulate plant growth by different direct or indirect mechanisms, such as production of phytohormones, and mycoparasitism. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. These microbes may reside in rhizosphere and promote plant growth. Soil microorganism also contributes to a wide range of application in sustainability of all ecosystems. These microbes reg- ulate nutrient cycling, regulation of dynamic of soil organic matter, and enhance efficiency of nutrient acquisition.

Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Micro organisms play a significant role in biodegradation of organic material in waste recycling. Microbial action on dead organic matter releases nutrients in the soil thus raising the fertility status of the soil. Diazotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria like Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Nostoc, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, etc. Decomposers (fungi, bacteria, invertebrates such as worms and insects) have the ability to break down dead organisms into smaller particles and create new compounds. We use decomposers to restore the natural nutrient cycle through controlled composting. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Bacteria increase soil fertility through nutrient recycling such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Bacteria also help in the decomposition of dead organic matter and then give out simple compounds in the soil, which can be used up by plants. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Process of recycling of nutrients by chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria: These bacteria make a great contribution to the recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur. For obtaining energy they oxidize inorganic materials. Microorganisms abound in the soil and are critical to decomposing organic residues and recycling soil nutrients. Bacteria are the smallest and most hardy microbe in the soil and can survive under harsh conditions like tillage. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots.

Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Bioremediation can be carried out using bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. Microbes possess the ability to degrade a large group of pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, etc. This bacterium uses the free oxygen within the water to degrade the pollutants in the wastewater and then converts it into energy that it can use to grow and reproduce. For this type of bacteria to be used correctly, it must have oxygen added mechanically. In these processes, bacteria, fungi, molds, protozoa, actinomycetes, and other saprophytic organisms feed upon decaying organic materials initially, while in the later stages of decomposition mites, millipedes, centipedes, springtails, beetles and earthworms further breakdown and enrich the composting materials. Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants to break down, change, remove, immobilize, or detoxify various physical and chemical pollutants in the environment. Microorganisms are used to break down organic waste. These micro-organisms use the wastes as a source of food and energy to develop and reproduce. You got it, bacteria are the heart of the process and finally, a wastewater treatment plant represents a small farm where micro-organisms are cultivated on a large scale. Microbial decomposition of natural waste also renders organic compounds and minerals bioavailable for growing crops effectively aiding in crop production. Fungi and bacteria eliminate pathogens and effectively accelerate the degradation process. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter.

Dr Lucy George thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Urol Nomozov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Urol Nomozov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Senthilmurgan Palanisamy thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Oleg Novikov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Mohammadjavad Vahidi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms with complex nutritional requirements are often referred to as fastidious microorganisms. These organisms have specific and intricate nutritional needs, requiring precise conditions for growth. Examples include certain bacteria and fungi.

Microbial communities play a crucial role in soil health and agriculture. Beneficial microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and disease suppression. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nutrient uptake, while nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants. Maintaining a diverse and balanced microbial community in soil is essential for sustainable agriculture and crop productivity.

bacterial growth depends on bacterial species as mesophiles or thermophiles so as provision of nutrients requisite towards genes inherent in microbes

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Abdulridha Taha Sarhan thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microrganismos, como leveduras e algas, podem produzir biocombustíveis, como etanol e biodiesel, como alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis. Célula de dessalinização microbiana s. A Célula de Dessalinização Microbiana é moderna e inovadora e tem muito potencial, a tecnologia é capaz de produzir água potável sustentável utilizando a energia obtida no metabolismo de bactérias eletroativas quando a matéria orgânica é degradada. A investigação em genómica microbiana e em biotecnologia microbiana é fundamental para avanços na segurança alimentar, segurança alimentar, biotecnologia, produtos de valor acrescentado, nutrição humana e alimentos funcionais, protecção de plantas e animais, e para o aprofundamento da investigação fundamental nas ciências agrícolas. o uso de bactérias para produzir antibióticos e outros produtos farmacêuticos, o uso de leveduras para produzir alimentos e bebidas e o uso de fungos para decompor matéria orgânica em aterros sanitários. Na agricultura, a intervenção microbiana tem sido útil para alcançar maior produtividade com sustentabilidade na agricultura através do aumento da fertilidade do solo por diferentes mecanismos, como fixação de nitrogênio, disponibilidade de nutrientes essenciais para as plantas (P, K), decomposição e reciclagem de resíduos (industriais, A participação de microrganismos na geração de produtos ou serviços médicos envolve quatro aspectos distintos: 1. Biocontrole de doenças, 2. produção de vacinas, 3. produção de antibióticos, e 4. produção de bioterápicos (hormônios, biomateriais e outros).

Traditional methods for quantification of microorganisms rely on counting serially diluted plates assays (bacteria), direct counting by optical microscopy chambers (bacteria and protozoa), transmission electron microscopy (viruses), plaque assays (viruses and bacteria), endpoint dilution and hem agglutination assays. viable, plate count method and spectrophotometric (turbid metric) analysis. The number of visible colonies (CFU) present on an agar plate can be multiplied by the dilution factor to provide the CFU/ml value. Methods for counting the bacteria, measuring wet or dry mass, and measuring turbidity. equipment and supplies to conduct at least one of these experiments

1. Observing bacteria directly

2. Measuring wet OR dry mass

3. Measuring Turbidity

Foolowing link is usefull for quantifying bacteria

Dear Dr. Robert Adolf Brinzer,

Thanks for your answer. For me, there is no problem with contamination of the solution. I just wanted to have an idea about the structure because I was very curious about why this mushroom-like structure could form in nickel solution and whether this structure could be used for any material field. I think a fatty component was accidentally mixed into the nickel solution, which is why the structure was formed.

You could try direct microscopic count using Petroff-Hausser counting chamber slide. Viable count can be done.

do you wish to obtain/separate the entire mycelial mass?

Dr Roschel Sumalinog thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Most packaged beverages are pasteurized before sealing in their containers. This means contaminating microorganisms usually are introduced after product manufacture through damage to the packaging.

@ RK, humus is nothing but dark organic materials present in soil after the decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms. Microorganisms has a great role in waste disposal and composting. Generally, they decompose organic waste materials including organic pollutants . They are also very active in compost pit and responsible for organic matter breakdown as chemical decomposers as they use chemicals in their bodies to breakdown organic matter.

Some suggestions for you:

Particle Definitions- Verify accurate definitions for all particles in terms of sizes, charges, masses, and other properties.

Physics Settings- Confirm inclusion of relevant physics interfaces (Fluid Flow, Electric Fields, Particle Tracing) with proper configuration for particle sizes.

Force Calculation- Check expressions for drag force, electric force, etc., ensuring correct definitions of variables and parameters.

Solver Settings- Adjust solver settings, focusing on the time-stepping method, time step size, and tolerance values. Smaller time steps may enhance accuracy.

Initial Conditions- Provide precise initial conditions for particles, including positions and velocities.

Meshing- Ensure a well-defined mesh with appropriate settings and resolution to capture particle behavior.

Check for Errors- Review solver logs and error messages for insights into convergence issues.

Documentation and Tutorials- Refer to COMSOL documentation and tutorials, specifically for Particle Tracing in Fluid Flow.

Contact COMSOL Support- If issues persist, reach out to COMSOL support for personalized assistance.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms play a vital role in the cycling of nutrients within marine ecosystems [3]. Their functions include decomposing organic matter, nitrogen fixation, carbon conversion, and nutrient recycling, all contributing to the overall vitality and productivity of the ecosystem. Because of their capacity for rapid growth, marine microorganisms are a major component of global nutrient cycles. Understanding what controls their distributions and their diverse suite of nutrient transformations is a major challenge facing contemporary biological oceanographers. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots. The microbial remineralization of labile carbon to its inorganic form is globally important because it diverts carbon from the biological carbon pump, reducing net community production and influencing air–sea CO2 fluxes. During the decomposition process, microorganisms convert the carbon structures of fresh residues into transformed carbon products in the soil. There are many different types of organic molecules in soil. Some are simple molecules that have been synthesized directly from plants or other living organisms. The most significant effect of the microbes on earth is their ability to recycle the primary elements that make up all living systems, especially carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (N). Primary production involves photosynthetic organisms which take up CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to organic material. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers.

Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, perform vital ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, and form symbiotic relationships with plants. Soil microbes can break down plant organic matter to carbon dioxide or convert it to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds. This leads either to long-term carbon storage, because DOC can bind to soil particles, or to the release of carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The soil fertility improving functions of soil microorganisms include release of plant nutrients such as P,K and Zn from insoluble inorganic forms, decomposition of organic residues and release of nutrients, formation of beneficial soil humus by decomposing organic residues and through synthesis of new compounds. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. Decomposition is a process that releases nutrient materials in the structure of plant and animal tissues to the soil solution where the nutrients are once again potentially available to plants. The nutrient cycle is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment. This occurs as animals and plants consume nutrients found in the soil, and these nutrients are then released back into the environment via death and decomposition.

Microbes in aquatic and terrestrial environments produce and consume the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O. Soil and aquatic microbes produce these gases when decomposing organic matter to provide nutrients for plants and marine life, respectively. While some microbes are beneficial to curbing climate change serving as major drivers of elemental cycles or consuming greenhouse gases, like methane and carbon dioxide others may contribute to rises in methane, carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide in the environment. Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that grow by producing methane gas. These microbes and their exotic metabolism have inspired decades of microbial physiology research that continues to push the boundary of what we know about how microbes conserve energy to grow. Warming and physical changes to soil can affect nutrient availability and cycling by microbes, which will have unknown cascading effects on the environment (Andrade-Linares et al. 2021). Microorganisms consume and produce the key greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O, which contribute to global warming. Oxyfera can survive in methane-rich areas that are inhospitable to many other bacteria. It does this with the help of an enzyme, perhaps a nitric oxide dismutase that combines two molecules of nitric oxide to form nitrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is then used to metabolize methane to produce water and carbon dioxide. It is responsible for more than 25 per cent of the global warming we are experiencing today. Due to its structure, methane traps more heat in the atmosphere per molecule than carbon dioxide (CO2), making it 80 times more harmful than CO2 for 20 years after it is released. Methane is responsible for around 30% of the rise in global temperatures since the industrial revolution, and rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions are key to limit near-term warming and improve air quality.

Are there any updates on the book chapter?. We have not received any update for the abstract that we have sent

Microorganisms in soil, such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, play crucial roles in soil agriculture. They contribute to soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and plant health. Here are some key ways in which soil microorganisms benefit producers like plants:

1. **Nutrient Cycling:** Microorganisms break down organic matter into simpler forms through processes like decomposition. This releases essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which plants can then absorb for growth and development.

2. **Nitrogen Fixation:** Certain bacteria, like rhizobia, have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form (ammonia or nitrates) that plants can utilize. This process is known as nitrogen fixation and is essential for plant nutrition.

3. **Disease Suppression:** Some soil microorganisms can suppress plant pathogens. For example, certain fungi can form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, offering protection against harmful pathogens and enhancing the plant's disease resistance.

4. **Decomposition:** Microorganisms break down dead plant material and organic residues into humus. This not only enriches the soil but also improves its structure, water retention, and aeration.

5. **Mycorrhizal Associations:** Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots. They extend the plant's root system, increasing its ability to absorb water and nutrients, especially phosphorus. In return, the plant provides the fungus with sugars.

6. **Soil Structure:** Microorganisms produce substances that help bind soil particles together, contributing to soil structure. Improved soil structure enhances water infiltration, root penetration, and overall plant growth.

In essence, the diverse community of microorganisms in soil forms a complex ecosystem that directly and indirectly supports plant growth, nutrient availability, and overall soil health in agricultural systems. Sustainable agricultural practices often focus on fostering a healthy soil microbiome to optimize crop production.

When microorganisms decompose in the soil, they produce a variety of beneficial products that contribute to soil fertility:

By producing these beneficial products and performing crucial roles in biogeochemical cycles, soil microbes significantly enhance soil fertility:

Maintaining a healthy and diverse microbial community in the soil is crucial for sustainable agriculture and healthy ecosystems. This can be achieved through practices like using compost, minimizing soil disturbance, and avoiding excessive pesticide and fertilizer use.

Immobilization in soil fertility refers to the temporary sequestration of essential nutrients, like nitrogen, by microorganisms for their own growth and metabolic processes, making these nutrients temporarily unavailable for plant uptake. This process can impact crop productivity. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the cycling of carbon in the soil by decomposing organic matter and releasing carbon dioxide through respiration. Simultaneously, they contribute to carbon sequestration by converting organic carbon into more stable forms, such as humus. This intricate dance between immobilization and microbial activity in carbon cycling influences soil fertility, plant nutrition, and overall ecosystem health.

Hey there Rk Naresh! 👋 So, have you Rk Naresh ever stopped to think about the tiny organisms that play a BIG role in waste recycling? 🤔 Yeah, I thought so! 😊 Microorganisms, like bacteria and fungi, are the real MVPs (Most Valuable Microbes) when it comes to breaking down organic waste and turning it into valuable nutrients for the environment. 🌿💚 They're like nature's own recycling program! 🌟 During the decomposition process, these tiny powerhouses secrete enzymes that break down complex molecules in organic waste into simpler compounds. 🧬🔪 This helps in the recycling of nutrients like carbon and nitrogen, which are essential for plant growth. 🌱🌿 Without these microbes, we'd be drowning in heaps of undecomposed waste! 🚽😷 But that's not all! 🤔 In waste utilization, certain microbes are employed in processes like composting and wastewater treatment. 🌱🚮 In composting, microbes break down organic waste into nutrient-rich compost for soil improvement. 🌾🌼 In wastewater treatment, microbes digest pollutants, purifying the water. 💦🚀 So, there you Rk Naresh have it! 🤝 Microorganisms are the unsung heroes of waste management, turning trash into treasure for the environment. 💚🌎 Cheers to the microbial workforce! 🥳🎉 Now, go ahead and give these tiny powerhouses a virtual high-five! 👋😃

Rk Naresh This may be help you Sir

Microorganisms play a crucial role in plant nutrition and soil health. They are involved in various processes that benefit plant growth and soil fertility. Here are the key aspects:

For microorganisms of industrial importance, their nutritional requirements vary widely depending on the species and the industrial application. Generally, these microorganisms need:

In industrial contexts, the cultivation of these microorganisms is carefully controlled to maximize their production of desired products, such as antibiotics, enzymes, or biofuels.

Keeping the soil covered with mulch, straw or leaf litter is the first step in promoting soil biota. A living ground cover of plants is even better. Plants devote considerable energy to encouraging soil organisms by secreting sugars, vitamins and other organic compounds into the soil. Chemical pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and fertilizers can devastate entire populations of micro-organisms in our soil. Choose organic fertilizers instead such as compost and manure which release nutrients into the soil over time and don't leave long term residues like many chemical fertilizers. Diverse soil foods from compost, manure and different plant root sugars feed different, healthier populations of microorganisms. High numbers of all the different types of microbes increase nutrient cycling, increasing aggregate growth, humus/ SOM production and carbon sequestration. Bacteria help fix the atmospheric nitrogen with the help of nitrogenase enzyme and increase the nitrogen content in the soil. It is referred to as Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria. As Nostoc, Anabaena, Azotobacter, etc. Beneficial microorganisms include those that create symbiotic associations with plant roots (rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi, actinomycetes, diazotrophic bacteria), promote nutrient mineralization and availability, produce plant growth hormones, and are antagonists of plant pests, parasites or diseases (biocontrol agents). In their natural environment, plants are part of a rich ecosystem including numerous and diverse microorganisms in the soil. It has been long recognized that some of these microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria, play important roles in plant performance by improving mineral nutrition. Beneficial bacteria in agricultural soil not only reduce the risk of diseases that can be spread through the soil, but they also hasten the decomposition of organic matter, which makes more of the mineral nutrients and other vital organic compounds available to plants.

The carbon cycle plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's temperature by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. CO2 acts like a blanket, trapping heat from the sun and warming the planet. The carbon cycle is a complex process that moves carbon through the atmosphere, land, oceans, and living organisms.

Here's how it works:

The balance between these processes determines the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. If more CO2 is released than is stored, the atmosphere warms up. If more CO2 is stored than is released, the atmosphere cools down.

Microbes are essential players in the carbon cycle. They are involved in all stages of the cycle, from photosynthesis to decomposition. In fact, microbes are responsible for decomposing about 90% of all organic matter on Earth!

Here are some specific ways microbes are involved in carbon cycling:

By understanding the role of microbes in the carbon cycle, we can develop strategies to mitigate climate change. For example, we can encourage practices that promote soil health and microbial activity, such as composting and adding biochar to soil. These practices can help to store more carbon in the soil and reduce the amount of CO2 that is released into the atmosphere.

The Mighty Microbes: Recycling Champions in Every Ecosystem

Microorganisms, those unseen workhorses of the natural world, play a crucial role in cycling materials through every ecosystem on Earth. They act as tiny decomposers, transformers, and recyclers, ensuring a constant flow of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus between living organisms and the environment. Here's how they achieve this magic:

Decomposition: By breaking down dead organisms and organic matter, microbes transform complex molecules into simpler forms like nutrients and minerals. These become readily available for plants and other organisms to absorb and utilize. Without this "microbial cleanup crew," dead matter would simply pile up, disrupting the cycle of resources.

Nutrient cycling: Different groups of microbes specialize in handling specific elements. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, for example, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants. Others are champions of the carbon cycle, breaking down organic matter and releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, while some even fix carbon directly from the air. This continuous cycling ensures a steady supply of these vital elements for all living things.

Detoxification: Microbes aren't just recyclers; they're also nature's sanitation squad. They degrade pollutants and toxic compounds, rendering them harmless and sometimes even converting them into usable resources. This vital service helps maintain the health and stability of ecosystems.

When it comes to global carbon cycling, marine microbes play a starring role. These tiny giants of the sea are responsible for:

In conclusion, microorganisms are the unseen heroes of material cycling, both in individual ecosystems and on a global scale. They silently but efficiently decompose, transform, and recycle essential elements, ensuring the smooth functioning of the biosphere. Their crucial role in the carbon cycle, particularly in the vast oceans, highlights their importance in maintaining our planet's delicate climate balance. So, the next time you think about an ecosystem, remember the invisible orchestra of microbes beneath your feet or in the depths of the oceans, tirelessly conducting the essential symphony of life and recycling.

The main effects of the presence of microorganisms in the soil are: Improved plant nutrition. Microorganisms increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, or they can supply it directly to the plant, as they have the ability to take and set nitrogen from the atmosphere. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Both plants and microorganisms obtain their nutrients from soil and change soil properties by organic litter deposition and metabolic activities, respectively. Microorganisms have a range of direct effects on plants through, e.g., manipulation of hormone signaling and protection against pathogens. Plants benefit both directly and indirectly through the associated microorganisms. Plants provide shelter to the microbes as endophyte or symbiosis process in their apoplastic space, intercellular space, cell cortex, plant surface, and rhizosphere zone. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Beneficial bacteria in agricultural soil not only reduce the risk of diseases that can be spread through the soil, but they also hasten the decomposition of organic matter, which makes more of the mineral nutrients and other vital organic compounds available to plants.

Microorganisms have the potential to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions by promoting the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes, such as glycinebetaine, proline, and other amino acids, mineral phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, organic acids, and producing key enzymes. This means that nitrogen fixing and nutrient mineralization processes carried out by soil microbes are crucial for plant nutrition in natural ecosystems, because these reactions metabolize recalcitrant forms of N, P, and S to liberate these elements for plant nutrition. Soil pH, total phosphorus, climate and distance are the major factors influencing microbial activity at a regional spatial scale. PGPMs, including plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and rhizobia, increase the production of biomass in plants through synthesizing hormones, fixing nitrogen, and solubilizing phosphate and potassium. Soil microorganisms encompass archaea, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. They are responsible for the majority of enzymatic processes in soil and store energy and nutrients in their biomass. Mineral weathering by bacteria: ecology, actors and mechanisms. Soil microbes play an essential role in the environment by contributing to the release of key nutrients from primary minerals that are required not only for their own nutrition but also for that of plants. Soils develop because of the weathering of materials on Earth's surface, including the mechanical breakup of rocks, and the chemical weathering of minerals. The downward percolation of water facilitates soil development. Beneficial microorganisms have been shown to play a role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation, organic wastes and residues decomposition, detoxification of pesticides, suppression of plant diseases and soil-borne pathogens, enhancement of nutrient cycling, and production of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, hormones. Soil microbes play an essential role in the environment by contributing to the release of key nutrients from primary minerals that are required not only for their own nutrition but also for that of plants.

Microorganisms have several vital roles in ecosystems: decomposition, oxygen production, evolution, and symbiotic relationships. Decomposition is where dead animal or plant matter is broken down into more basic molecules. This process only happens because of the microorganisms that find their way into the dead matter. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. Microorganisms are found everywhere in the environment and play a leading role in countless natural processes. Among other things, they operate the basic drug cycles that are necessary for the plants' supply of nutrients via the reaction of organic matter in soil. These organisms fix atmospheric nitrogen and supply it to plants. Biological fertilizers obtained from microorganisms are very good for improving soil quality and fertility. They are also environmentally friendly and do not cause any toxic or dangerous effects.Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose dead matter, they also respire. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. The cycling of materials is important in an ecosystem because it helps sustain biotic life and conditions on Earth, by enabling oxygen, carbon, etc., to circulate. Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers. Microorganism decompose the lead leaves from the old tress. They break up the leaves and release the nutrient and carbon into the environment. the new leaves photosynthesis and use the Carbon that was broken down in respiration to make glucose which is used to make new cells. Microbes drive the global biogeochemical cycles and play a crucial role in the ecosystems. The microorganisms in the environment play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements, food webs, and the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.

Natural processes, such as photosynthesis by plants, absorption by the oceans, and geological processes, naturally remove CO2. Artificial techniques include carbon capture and storage (CCS), afforestation and reforestation, direct air capture (DAC), ocean fertilization, and soil carbon sequestration. Photosynthesis and primary production take CO2 (and hence carbon) out of the atmosphere, while respiration releases it back into the air. NPP provides a measure of the rate at which carbon is extracted from the atmosphere in excess of plant respiration. The process which is used to remove Carbon dioxide from the air is photosynthesis and process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis & diffusion from the atmosphere to the oceans remove carbon from the atmosphere. Photosynthesis by algae (phytoplankton) is faster. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Other organisms also release carbon dioxide as they live and die. Microbial mineralization of soil organic matter plays an important role in cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Microbial mineralization is influenced by factors such as soil temperature, soil structure, and character of soil microorganisms. Microorganisms play an important role in the acquisition and transfer of nutrients in soil. In particular, microorganisms can solubilise and mineralize P from inorganic and organic pools of total soil P. Decomposition of organic matter by the decomposers in the soil produces a dark, nutrient-rich substance called humus. The humus is further degraded by microorganisms releasing inorganic nutrients into the soil. Carbon mineralization is the process by which carbon dioxide becomes a solid mineral, such as a carbonate. It is a chemical reaction that happens when certain rocks are exposed to carbon dioxide. The biggest advantage of carbon mineralization is that the carbon cannot escape back to the atmosphere.

Microorganisms help break down organic matter, they release essential nutrients and carbon dioxide into the soil, fix nitrogen and help transform nutrients into mineral forms that plants can use through a process called mineralization and nitrogen fixing bacteria improve soil fertility.Microorganisms regulate soil properties and fertility through different pathways: (1) microbes can activate soil nutrients and promote their availability; (2) nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve soil fertility by transforming the nitrogen elements; (3) the extracellular secretions of microbes can enhance the stability of ecosystems. Beneficial soil microbes perform fundamental functions such as nutrient cycling, breaking down crop residues, and stimulating plant growth. While the role of microbes to maintain soil health and contribute to crop performance is clear, the soil biological component is extremely difficult to observe and manage. Microorganisms increase the production of humus, which leads to an increase in soil health. Soil structure and soil texture are essentially the same property of soil. Soil microorganisms alter the waste constituents through organic matter decomposition, inorganic transformations, and nutrient assimilation. These processes are largely restricted to the upper meter of soil. The ability of soil microorganisms to decompose organic matter is a function of their population complexity. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Moreover, microorganisms have the ability to degrade and detoxify harmful organic as well as inorganic compounds that accumulate in the soil as contaminating substances, which are the result of many activities, including agriculture practices. They exert the bioremediation action benefiting soil and plant health. Microscopic creatures including bacteria, fungi and viruses can make you ill. But what you may not realize is that trillions of microbes are living in and on your body right now. Most don't harm you at all. In fact, they help you digest food, protect against infection and even maintain your reproductive health. Microorganisms play essential roles in biogeochemical processes, and the disturbance of these microbial systems on a global scale may result in dramatic ecological issues, such as disruptions of food webs due to nutrient cycling changes, and increased greenhouse gas production due to alterations of the carbon cycle. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants.

The Vital Link: Carbon Cycling in Ecosystems

Carbon cycling is the continuous journey of carbon atoms through the atmosphere, land, ocean, and living organisms. In ecosystems, it plays a crucial role in:

Microbial Masterminds: Maintaining Earth's Temperature

Microbes, the unseen heroes of the natural world, play a key role in maintaining Earth's temperature through their influence on carbon cycling:

Recycling Champions: Microbes and CO2 & CH4

Microbes are nature's recycling champions, playing a vital role in the breakdown and reuse of greenhouse gases:

By understanding the intricate interplay between carbon cycling, microbes, and temperature regulation, we can gain valuable insights into maintaining a healthy planet. Protecting and fostering diverse microbial communities in ecosystems is crucial for ensuring the continued balance of our Earth's life-supporting systems.

Hey there Rk Naresh! Let me tell you Rk Naresh something cool – microorganisms are total rockstars when it comes to breaking down plastic waste! 🤯 Ideonella sakaiensis is one of the main players, munching on PET plastics like it's their favorite snack. They produce enzymes that break it down into smaller, more manageable pieces. 🧬 But that's not all – these tiny creatures also play a major role in geology! 🌎 Fungi, bacteria, and algae work together in something called bioweathering, which helps break down minerals in rocks over time. It's like they're nature's cleanup crew! 💪 So, what else are you Rk Naresh curious about? 🤔