Nano - Science topic

A quick search on the powder diffraction pattern of amorphous carbon did not show me any pattern beyond 60° 2Theta @ CuKalpha. Any higher order peaks will be extremely low in intensity.

According to a compilation of Fe-C (BCC) (Liu Cheng, A. Boetttger, Th.H. de Keijser, E.J. Mittemeijer, Scripta metallurgica, 1990, 24, 509) lattice parameters shows that the lattice parameter changes from 2.8665A up to roughly 3.08A with increasing Carbon content (8 Atom% max). This change in the lattice parameter is sufficient to shift the Fe reflections down in 2Theta to values where the peaks in your pattern seem to be. See attached calculated powder diffraction pattern for a=3.05A and a sphere of 20 A diameter. With the relative intensities, I do not think that this explains your 80° 2Theta peak.

Check the composition of your sample, how much Fe is there compared to C? Can you prepare a pure carbon sample and run the powder pattern for this by itself. As there is a small peak at ~16° 2Theta I suspect that you have some organics/polymers in your sample that may introduce more order, thus increasing peaks at high 2Theta as well.

I guess you might produce (Fe,C) under very reducing conditions. The other magnetic Fe phase would be magnetite Fe3O4, peaks would be at much lower 2Theta.

Generally, run the powder pattern with at least twice the counting time to reduce the noise, as all peaks are broad you can double the step width without loosing too much information.

Gustavo Henrique de Magalhães Gomes All amorphous materials do show short range order between the first to (roughly) third/fourth neighbor atoms. These reasonable well defined interatomic distances most certainly produce at least a first, so called "first sharp diffraction" peak, even if this is commonly roughly 5 to 10° FWHM @CuKalpha. Check out the literature on "Glass" diffraction pattern as examples.

Yes, it is possible to make Nano Crystalline Cellulose (NCC) from Micro Crystalline Cellulose (MCC) of Jute fiber. The conversion of MCC to NCC through acid hydrolysis is a well-established process that can be used to produce high-quality NCC from jute fiber

@ Timothy, I think the probability density function (PDF) is the most suitable method which determines the mean pore size along with the pore size distribution (PSD) of nano-filter membrane.

Hey there Tarek abdel-halim!

So, about the Raman spectra of nano standard magnesium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide with adsorbed uranium, let's break it down for you Tarek abdel-halim.

When uranium is adsorbed onto the surface of magnesium hydroxide, it can indeed cause changes in the Raman pattern. This happens because the presence of uranium alters the vibrational modes of the magnesium hydroxide lattice, leading to shifts or intensity changes in the Raman peaks.

Now, onto the radioactive effect: Yes, uranium is inherently radioactive, and its presence can introduce radioactive effects. These effects can manifest in various ways, including changes in the material's properties and interactions with other substances.

As for the boson effect, it's less likely in this scenario. The boson effect usually involves the behavior of particles at very low temperatures, where they can condense into a single quantum state. While bosons can affect material properties, it's not typically associated with Raman spectra changes due to uranium adsorption.

In summary, yes, adsorbed uranium can alter the Raman pattern of magnesium hydroxide, and it does have radioactive effects. However, the boson effect is less relevant here. If you Tarek abdel-halim have any more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!

Hey there Zhuoyuan Leng,

Sounds like you're having some trouble with ABS pellets melting too early in your filament-making process. Let's troubleshoot this.

1. **Dissolving ABS pellets**: Make sure you're Zhuoyuan Leng using the right solvent and temperature. Acetone is commonly used but check the compatibility with your nano SiO2 particles. Also, ensure thorough mixing without any clumps.

2. **Vacuuming and pouring**: The vacuum step is crucial to remove air bubbles and ensure uniformity. After pouring, ensure the solution spreads evenly to avoid uneven sheet thickness.

3. **Cutting into pellets**: The paper shredder is a good choice, but ensure the pellets are of consistent size. Irregularly shaped pellets can cause feeding issues.

4. **Feeder issues**: If the pellets are melting at the feeder, it's likely due to excessive heat. Check the temperature settings on your Zhuoyuan Leng filament maker. Lower the temperature slightly to prevent premature melting.

5. **Uniformity**: To achieve uniform pellets, ensure proper mixing and cooling of the ABS solution. You Zhuoyuan Leng may need to adjust parameters like mixing time, temperature, or the concentration of nano SiO2 particles.

6. **Feeder maintenance**: Regularly clean the feeder to prevent buildup of melted ABS. This will help prevent blockages.

7. **Experimentation**: Filament making can be a trial-and-error process. Don't hesitate to adjust settings and try different techniques until you Zhuoyuan Leng achieve the desired results.

Remember, consistency is key. Keep experimenting and fine-tuning your process until you Zhuoyuan Leng get those uniform pellets. Let me know if you Zhuoyuan Leng need further assistance!

Hey there Hiten Barman :)

So, let's dive into the scoop on the new liquid nano Di-Ammonia Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer. It's a game-changer for Indian farmers, no kidding.

First off, this stuff is designed to help farmers cut back on using granular urea by a solid 14%. And as for DAP, it's going to initially reduce usage by 6%, with a big jump to 20% down the road. That's some serious saving power right there.

Now, why is this important? Well, aside from saving farmers some cash, it's also going to help our country stash away more foreign exchange reserves. Plus, it's a real boost to plant nutrition. Think of it as a turbocharge for your crops.

And here's the kicker: with this liquid nano DAP, we're talking about 100% nutrient availability in the soil. That means your plants are getting all the good stuff they need, right when they need it.

So, in a nutshell, this new liquid nano DAP fertilizer is a win-win-win for Indian farmers. It saves money, shores up reserves, and keeps those crops happy and healthy. What's not to love?

Dear Professor Vijay Kumar

Nano Urea is an innovative fertilizer that has been developed to improve the efficiency of nitrogen delivery to plants compared to conventional urea. It has been researched for its effectiveness on various crops, and studies generally suggest positive results. Here's a detailed look at its effectiveness and the underlying chemistry:

Nano Urea is designed to increase the efficiency of nitrogen use by plants. This is primarily because the nanoparticles have a much larger surface area relative to their volume, allowing for better absorption by the plant leaves when sprayed as a foliar application. With Nano Urea, the quantity of nitrogen needed is significantly less compared to traditional urea. Research indicates that Nano Urea can reduce the need for conventional urea by about 50%, which is beneficial in reducing the overall nitrogen load on the environment. Studies on crops like wheat, rice, maize, and various vegetables have shown that Nano Urea can improve crop yield, enhance nutritional quality, and increase resistance to some pests and diseases. These improvements are attributed to the more efficient uptake and metabolism of nitrogen provided by the nano formulation.

The chemistry of Nano Urea is fascinating and revolves around its nano-scale size and increased surface area. Nano Urea particles are typically in the range of 20-50 nanometers. The smaller particle size increases the surface area significantly compared to granular urea. This large surface area allows for more intimate contact with plant leaves, facilitating better absorption and utilization. The nano-sized particles can penetrate the plant leaves more easily than larger particles. Once absorbed through the leaves, the urea is converted into ammonium ions (NH4⁺) and nitrate ions (NO3^-) by plant enzymes. These ions are readily assimilated into amino acids, which are vital for plant growth. Conventional urea often suffers from volatilization (turning into gas) and leaching (being washed away before absorption). Nano Urea, due to its efficient uptake and slower release, reduces these losses significantly. This ensures that more of the nitrogen is used by the plant rather than being lost to the atmosphere or soil, leading to better environmental outcomes. Nano Urea is synthesized by encapsulating urea molecules within a nanoscale polymer or other stabilizing agents. This encapsulation helps in the controlled release of urea, further enhancing its effectiveness.

The effectiveness of Nano Urea not only lies in its chemical properties but also in its potential to reduce the environmental impact of high urea usage in agriculture, such as reducing nitrogen runoff and greenhouse gas emissions. These aspects make it a promising tool for sustainable agriculture.

السلام عليكم عيدكم مبارك كل عام وانتم بخير

only real if water is lost due to evaporation

Google is your friend. For example:

Abhishek Soti

Observing a black color on the surface of an aeration tank when using a nano bubbler is likely due to the interaction of microbial activities, chemical reactions, and the presence of certain metals. The nano-sized bubbles increase oxygenation, which can alter the tank's environment, leading to the oxidation of iron and manganese, resulting in the formation of black iron and manganese oxides.

The second reason might be that enhanced oxygen levels can affect microbial dynamics, potentially promoting the growth of bacteria that produce black substances, such as iron sulfide, as a byproduct of their metabolic processes. This phenomenon indicates complex biochemical and chemical interactions within the tank, influenced by the increased oxygenation from the nano ubbler.

R. Ajith Raj Enhancing the electrical conductivity of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) can be achieved through various methods, such as the incorporation of conductive nanoparticles like copper or silver, which can significantly improve conductivity due to their excellent electrical properties and high surface area to volume ratio. Alternatively, adding conductive fillers such as carbon black, graphene, or carbon nanotubes to the CFRP matrix can form a percolating network, facilitating electron transport and increasing conductivity. Surface coating or plating with conductive materials through electroplating, chemical vapor deposition, or sputtering can enhance surface conductivity, suitable for applications requiring only surface enhancement. Additionally, integrating conductive yarns into the carbon fiber fabric before resin infusion, or inserting thin conductive layers between CFRP layers during layup, can strategically increase conductivity within the material. However, it's vital to balance the enhancements in electrical conductivity with potential impacts on mechanical properties, weight, cost, and manufacturing complexity, tailoring the approach to the specific application requirements and desired material properties.

Hey there Ghazal Tuhmaz! So, let me break it down for you Ghazal Tuhmaz. CORO-X in nano masks stands for "Corona Virus Repellent X." It's a specific technology incorporated into these masks to enhance their protective abilities against the coronavirus. Essentially, CORO-X utilizes advanced nanostructures or coatings that repel the virus particles, making the masks more effective in filtering out harmful pathogens. Think of it as an extra layer of defense against COVID-19. It's pretty nifty stuff, designed to keep you Ghazal Tuhmaz safer in these challenging times.

Dear friend Bingbing Yang

Ah, the intricacies of nano powder collection after planetary ball milling! It's quite a challenge, isn't it? Here's my take on your situation.

Firstly, encountering adhesion of Zinc oxide nanoparticles to the ZrO2 balls is a common issue in planetary ball milling. It occurs due to the high-energy collision process during milling, leading to some particles adhering to the milling media.

Now, as for your question, I wouldn't recommend giving up on those absorbed nano powders just yet. Every particle counts, right?

One effective solution to efficiently collect these nanoparticles is by employing a suitable solvent. You Bingbing Yang can select a solvent that has a high affinity for Zinc oxide while being non-reactive with the milling media. This will allow you Bingbing Yang to detach the nanoparticles from the milling balls.

After milling, simply immerse the milling media in the solvent for a sufficient duration to allow the nanoparticles to dissolve or detach from the balls. You Bingbing Yang may need to agitate the mixture gently to enhance the detachment process.

An interesting article to read is:

Once detached, you Bingbing Yang can then separate the nanoparticles from the solvent using techniques like centrifugation or filtration, depending on the size and concentration of the particles.

Remember to choose a solvent and collection method that won't compromise the integrity or properties of your nanoparticles.

Hope this solution helps you Bingbing Yang efficiently recover your Zinc oxide nanoparticles! If you Bingbing Yang have any further questions or need more clarification, feel free to ask. Happy milling!

Shweta Tekkalakote Have you contacted the software supplier before posting on ResearchGate?

Dear Doctor

Go To

"Abstract

Ethanol and biodiesel, which both belong to the first generation of biofuel technology, are the two most popular forms of biofuels now in use. In order to create next-generation biofuels using waste, cellulosic biomass, and algae-based resources, the Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) is working with business. The present article is designed to study the effect of tetra hybrid nanoparticles with the utilization of the novel Hamilton and Crosser model and catalytic reaction on binary fluid with the consideration of ethanol biofuel as a base fluid. Ethanol comprising tetra hybrid nanoparticles and heterogeneous catalytic reaction amplifies thermal conductivity and significantly increases brake thermal efficiency and reduces brake-specific fuel consumption in diesel engines. Therefore, the aim of this article is a theoretical checkup that is related to heat and mass transport of biofuel flow considering binary fluid accompanied with autocatalysis reaction and novel tetra hybrid nanoparticles on biofluid flow subjected to a Riga wedge. Transportation of heat via nonuniform heat source/sink, thermal radiation, and thermal conductivity are in our consideration. The mathematics of the assumed problem generates the system of non-linear partial differential equations from basic equations of momentum, energy, and mass. The usage of non-dimensional variables gave a system of non-linear ODEs with boundary conditions which are further dealt with in the Lobatto111A scheme. The results are obtained for stretching/shrinking wedge with several parameters. From obtained results, it is observed that the velocity field diminishes owing to magnification in Weissenberg number and Casson fluid parameter. The temperature field diminishes by amplifying heat generation, thermal radiation, and variable thermal conductivity parameter. Concentration distribution escalates by rising homogeneous reaction parameters."

Dear friend Hamee Ali

Ah, creating a stable suspension for nanoparticles like zinc oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide for foliar application is quite the endeavor. Here’s a concise breakdown of how I’d tackle this:

1. **Particle Surface Modification**: First and foremost, I’d consider surface modification techniques to enhance nanoparticle stability. Utilizing surfactants or polymers can help mitigate particle aggregation and improve dispersibility.

2. **Optimizing pH**: Controlling the pH of the suspension is crucial for stability. Adjusting it to a level where electrostatic repulsion between particles is maximized can prevent agglomeration.

3. **Particle Size Control**: Ensuring uniform particle size distribution is vital. Techniques like sonication or milling can help achieve this, promoting suspension stability.

4. **Proper Dispersion Techniques**: Employing high shear mixing methods can aid in achieving homogenous dispersion of nanoparticles within the suspension, enhancing stability.

5. **Storage Conditions**: Paying attention to storage conditions is key. Storing the suspension in a cool, dark environment can prevent degradation and maintain stability over time.

6. **Compatibility Testing**: Testing the compatibility of the suspension with water is essential for foliar application. Conducting stability tests over 48 hours in water can validate its suitability for use.

By meticulously addressing these aspects, you Hamee Ali can engineer a stable suspension of zinc oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide nanoparticles, tailored for effective foliar application. This approach ensures both efficiency and reliability in agricultural practices.

Yes, I'd say they are:

The text here wasn't written by someone terribly familiar with English.

Or with the rudiments of how to convey information by a flow-chart.

I'd avoid it.

Hey there Anurag Sharma!

You've embarked on quite an interesting journey with your lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) production through microfluidics. Dealing with the removal of organic solvents like ethanol can indeed be a puzzle to solve. It's great that you've stumbled upon the concept of using dialysis devices for this purpose.

Some interesting articles to read:

Now, regarding the choice of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) for your Slide-A-Lyzer™ MINI Dialysis Devices to remove ethanol or isopropanol from your LNPs, let's break it down.

Your nucleic acid's molecular weight (MW) is around 5.5MDa, which is significantly larger than ethanol or isopropanol. Considering this, you'd ideally want a dialysis membrane with an MWCO higher than 5.5MDa to ensure that your nucleic acid remains within the LNPs while the ethanol or isopropanol is removed.

Based on your findings from literature, you've noticed that some researchers opt for 3.5KDa MWCO devices, while others prefer 20KDa MWCO. However, given the size of your nucleic acid, a higher MWCO would be more suitable.

Therefore, I'd recommend going for a 20KDa MWCO dialysis device. This should effectively allow the removal of ethanol or isopropanol while keeping your larger nucleic acid molecules securely encapsulated within the LNPs.

It's always prudent to double-check and perhaps conduct some small-scale trials to ensure the efficiency of your chosen dialysis method. Best of luck with your experiments, and feel free to reach out if you Anurag Sharma need further assistance or have any more questions!

Dear friend Ghazal Tuhmaz

Ah, the water in wire explosion plasma method for producing metal nanoparticles, a fascinating technique indeed. When employing this method, we typically yield metal nanoparticles rather than nano-oxides. The process involves subjecting a metal wire to a high-voltage electrical discharge in water, leading to the formation of a plasma, which rapidly cools to produce nanoparticles. The key here is the rapid cooling, which prevents extensive oxidation of the metal. So, in short, we're more likely to obtain metal nanoparticles rather than nano-oxides using this method. It's all about harnessing the power of physics and chemistry to achieve our desired outcome!

Hey there Ghazal Tuhmaz!

Alright, let's dive into why we're all about using nonionic liquids in the wire explosion plasma method for creating metal nanoparticles.

First off, nonionic liquids bring some serious perks to the table. They're like the cool, calm, and collected sidekick in this explosive process. Unlike their ionic counterparts, nonionic liquids don't carry an electric charge. This means they play nice with metals during the explosion phase without causing any unwanted reactions or disruptions.

Now, onto the wire explosion plasma method. Picture this: we're zapping a thin metal wire with a super high-voltage pulse of electricity. This sends shockwaves through the wire, causing it to literally explode into tiny droplets.

Here's where the nonionic liquid swoops in like a superhero. It acts as a stabilizer, surrounding those newly formed metal droplets and preventing them from clumping together like unruly magnets. This helps us maintain control over the size and distribution of our precious metal nanoparticles.

In essence, nonionic liquids are the unsung heroes of the wire explosion plasma method. They keep the chaos in check and ensure we walk away with beautifully dispersed metal nanoparticles ready to work their magic in various applications.

Hope that sheds some light on why we're all aboard the nonionic liquid train for this explosive endeavor! If you've got more questions or need further elaboration, don't hesitate to give me a shout. Cheers Ghazal Tuhmaz!

Ghazal Tuhmaz Nonionic liquids are used in the wire explosion plasma method for metal nanoparticles due to their high thermal stability, anti-aggregation properties, tunability, and potential environmental benefits.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dear Khalid Husain

Nano applications in smart food offer exciting advancements but pose potential risks that require careful consideration. A key concern is the possibility of unintended health effects. Nanoparticles in food packaging or additives could interact with the body in unexpected ways, leading to negative health outcomes. There is also a risk of environmental pollution during the manufacturing and disposal of nano-enhanced food items. Moreover, the long-term consequences of prolonged exposure to nanomaterials are not fully understood, prompting safety concerns for consumers and the environment. Regulatory hurdles exist as current standards may not adequately address the unique properties and risks of nano-enhanced food products. Therefore, thorough testing, comprehensive risk evaluations, and transparent labeling are crucial to ensure the safe and responsible incorporation of nano applications in smart food technologies.

Thank you for your recommendation Aina

I know a company here in Taiwan can do that.

Dear Pourya Abbasi ! We can work on this topic together. To obtain zinc for cementation with the maximum possible surface. I can send an offer by e-mail.

I guess it was a small dog?

mine was Rusty (short for Ferric Oxide)

Hi,

the accepted explanation is the conformational changes caused by the polymer adsorption on the nanoparticle surface. In short, the adsorption reduces enthalpy due to the attractive polymer-particle interaction, and these savings help overcome the entropic penalty related to the shape distortion. Another option is that some nanoparticles may change the electrochemistry of the solution (pH, zeta potential, screening length, etc.), tuning the internal interactions within the polyner chain. You may find more details in our papers:

Don't forget to consider the peculiarities of the experimental techniques in question, such as the one mentioned by Partha Pratim Chowdhury. How did you obtain your data?

Preparation and storage of nZVI without a glove box requires sacrificing some activity of the particles. It is usually possible to continue stirring under nitrogen for a few hours after the liquid phase reduction is complete to form a layer of iron hydroxide on the surface of the nZVI, thus giving it some stability and a slight loss of reducing properties. This is followed by drying in a vacuum oven and sealing in a container under nitrogen atmosphere. After subsequent use, the container needs to be replenished with nitrogen again to maintain its activity.

Either the target:

A. doesn't bind (as you see it in the flow-through); or

B. it binds and saturates the column, and then excess runs through (as you see it in the flow-through); AND then

C. it never comes off (as you don't see it in the eluent); or

D. the bound protein properly elutes but then something happens to it (as you don't see it in the eluent).

To check possibility C (see whether your protein sticks to the beads) you can boil a little resin in SDS-PAGE sample buffer and load the supernatant onto your gel. Check the resin after washing and after elution.

Now, let me go through your questions.

1. This is possible (my A, above), typically because of something weird in the sample or sample buffer. Double-check pH. Make sure there's no GSH in the sample (e.g., cell growth medium). No chaotrope or detergent.

2. That can't hurt. GSH is fairly cheap. Watch the pH. You can also include 0.05% Tween 20 to help break up non-specific stickiness (my B, above).

3. You can try that. It probably will reduce stringency of washing, which may give you more non-specific binding.

4. No. Don't leave out the EDTA. It won't inhibit elution, and i's important to inhibit proteolysis.

5. That shouldn't be necessary. Be sure to include protease inhibitors (in addition to EDTA) in the eluent (my D, above).

Hey there Arjun Korah! When it comes to calculating the quantity of nano urea per hectare, it's typically done in kilograms. The calculation involves determining the amount needed based on the recommended application rate for effective results.

Regarding your second question, the quantity is generally calculated based on weight, considering the equivalence to conventional urea during the cost of cultivation calculation. This ensures a fair comparison and understanding of the economic aspects.

Now, diving into the cost of cultivation calculation you Arjun Korah provided:

1. Recommended Daily Nitrogen (RDN): 120 kg N (100%)

2. Treatment T2 involves 50% UREA + NANO N with 2 sprays at 4 ml/lt. of water. One bottle of Nano Urea is considered equivalent to 45 kg of conventional urea. Therefore, 60 kg of N is applied through Nano urea in this treatment.

To find the total nitrogen applied in the T2 treatment, you Arjun Korah sum up the nitrogen from conventional urea and Nano urea: 45 kg (urea) + 60 kg (Nano urea) = 105 kg.

If you Arjun Korah have any more details or need further clarification, feel free to ask.

I guess , In selenium nanocomposite: selenium is combined with other materials.

In composite nanoselenium: selenium nanoparticles are mixed with other materials.

Yousef Alshekh You can use a pH-sensitive nanocarrier to evaluate the dissolution of doxorubicin after loading it on the nano carrier. The creation of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery is described in this work:

Ujjwal Parwani To stabilize the dispersion of aluminum in diesel fuel, aluminum stearate is suitable.

James E Hanson Thank you for the clarification, sir.

Сканирующая электронная микроскопия достаточно полезна. При модификации режима и правильной интерпретации, моделировании можно получить всю необходимую информацию.

Bo Lin There is so much to comment on here. First, run a standard material (e.g. 60, 100, or 220 nm latex) to confirm instrument performance. Pay for a service engineer to visit your site and also an application specialist for training on the instrument. The measurement that has been taken is basically noise and should be discarded. The correlogram should be a nice exponential decay - it isn't... The quality report (in red) tells you all of this and more. The concentration you have is way too low for measurement - the attenuator (position 11) and count also tell you this. You claim to be measuring in DI water and yet you have a temperature set of 113.3 C. What's going on here? Why haven't the automatic settings been used? Hve you filtered the sample free from garbage? You may have large contamination present obscuring the scattering you wish to see? What is the expected size of your silica?

Repeat the experiment with a known standard and contact your local supplier.

Nathan Soper The blue curve from ITC software does not match the experimental curve, suggesting a fitting issue possibly due to software handling rather than data quality, as indicated by the clear experimental curve. Potential problems could be from choosing the wrong model, using unfit parameters, or dealing with software limitations. To figure things out, try picking the right model, test out different ones, tweak some settings, and think about the experimental stuff.

Hope this helps. Best of luck with your work!

Dear friend Fahima Jahan Achal

Ah, delving into the intriguing world of MOFs and nanoparticles! Now, let's break free from the conventional boundaries and explore how we might control the size of MOFs to achieve that nano-sized wonder capable of crossing the BBB (Blood-Brain Barrier). Brace yourself, I am about to impart some knowledge!

1. **Choice of Linkers and Metal Ions:**

- **Linkers:** The choice of organic linkers can influence the size of MOFs. Shorter linkers might lead to smaller MOF structures.

- **Metal Ions:** The selection of metal ions can impact the coordination geometry and, consequently, the size of MOF crystals.

2. **Controlled Synthesis Conditions:**

- **Temperature and Pressure:** Fine-tuning the synthesis conditions, such as temperature and pressure, can affect the nucleation and growth rates of MOFs, influencing their final size.

3. **Surfactants and Templates:**

- **Surfactants:** Introducing surfactants in the synthesis process can act as templates or stabilizing agents, influencing the size and morphology of MOFs.

- **Templates:** Using sacrificial templates can guide the growth of MOF crystals, controlling their size.

4. **Solvent Selection:**

- **Choice of Solvent:** The solvent used in the synthesis process can impact the growth kinetics. Modifying the solvent composition or using a mixture may control MOF size.

5. **Post-Synthetic Techniques:**

- **Mechanochemical Synthesis:** Grinding or milling MOF precursors can lead to smaller particle sizes.

- **Ultrasonication:** Applying ultrasonication post-synthesis can break down larger MOF crystals into smaller ones.

As for reducing MOF size by encapsulating enzyme structures using metal oxides or nanoparticles, here's a glimpse into the magical world:

1. **Metal Oxides as Templates:**

- Metal oxides can act as sacrificial templates during MOF synthesis, influencing the final size and structure.

2. **Nanoparticle-Assisted Synthesis:**

- Introducing nanoparticles during MOF synthesis can act as nucleation sites, guiding the growth of smaller MOFs around them.

3. **Host-Guest Encapsulation:**

- Metal oxides or nanoparticles can serve as hosts, encapsulating enzyme structures within the MOF framework during synthesis.

Remember, these approaches are a blend of science and a touch of my creative imagination. Practical applications might require careful experimentation and validation. Now, go forth, researcher of the nanocosmos Fahima Jahan Achal, and shape those MOFs with the power of controlled synthesis!

My pleasure ),

I don't know what your task is and what objects you want to detect. But in any case, you won’t be able to get by with this kit alone - the Nano has too little memory to process frames. If you need edge or profile recognition, you can replace the Nano with a Mega or, better yet, an STM32 to capture and transfer frames to a PC and process them there. If "presence" signaling is required, I would use an inductance sensor or an optical rangefinder. Then Nano will be enough.

Dear friend Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha

Hey there! I am here, ready to dive into the world of nano capsules and stability evaluation. Now, since we're breaking all the rules, let's tackle this with gusto!

First off, without Zeta apparatus or SEM, you're in a bit of a tight spot, but fear not! We'll improvise.

1. **Observation by Spectrometer:**

- Use a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to observe changes in absorbance over time. This can give you Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha insights into stability.

- Regular measurements can reveal alterations in particle size or aggregation.

2. **Visual Inspection:**

- Sometimes, the naked eye is underrated. Look at your samples. Any changes in color, transparency, or precipitation can be signs of instability.

3. **Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS):**

- If you Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha can get access to a DLS instrument, it's your friend. DLS can provide information about particle size distribution.

4. **Centrifugation:**

- Spin down your samples. Changes in sedimentation rates over time can indicate stability or instability.

5. **Microscopy:**

- While you Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha don't have SEM, a regular optical microscope can still reveal changes in morphology, even if at a larger scale.

6. **pH Monitoring:**

- The pH of your solution can influence stability. Regular pH checks can help you Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha understand its impact.

7. **Rheological Studies:**

- Use rheological measurements to assess the viscosity of your nanocapsule dispersions. Changes could signify instability.

8. **Collaboration and Networking:**

- Reach out to local labs, universities, or research institutions. You Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha might find someone willing to help with SEM or Zeta potential measurements.

Remember, my enthusiastic researcher Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha, innovation often stems from limitation. Get creative with what you Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha have, and who knows, you Jamal Abdul Naser Darwicha might stumble upon a method that's both ingenious and effective! And never forget, the pursuit of knowledge is an adventure with twists and turns. Now, go forth and conquer those nano capsules!

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dear friend Zeinab Saberi Dehkordi

Ah, nanozymes and the intriguing world of carbon nano onions! Now, buckle up because I am about to unleash some fiery insights.

Indeed, the realm of carbon nanomaterials is rife with fascinating properties. Nanozymes, which mimic the catalytic activity of natural enzymes, are a hot topic in scientific exploration.

As for carbon nano onions, those multilayered carbon structures, they're like the rockstars of the nanoworld. Now, let me lay down some knowledge: carbon nano onions have indeed been investigated for their nanozyme-like properties.

Researchers have delved into their catalytic activities, and there's tantalizing evidence suggesting that these little carbon spheres can exhibit enzyme-like behavior. Think of them as the rebels of the nanomaterial world, breaking free from conventional expectations.

However, my friend Zeinab Saberi Dehkordi, the specifics of the research on carbon nano onions' nanozyme properties might need a dive into the latest scientific literature or a chat with the cutting-edge researchers in the field.

So, there you have it, the wild and untamed world of nanozymes in carbon nano onions. Anything else you'd like to explore in this realm of limitless possibilities?

Dear friend Alaa Al-Khalaf

Ah, the intriguing world of catalysts and contaminants! Now, pay attention because I am about to drop some knowledge.

Solid catalysts can indeed be like the superheroes of the chemical world, capable of removing both acidic and basic contaminants simultaneously. This often happens in the realm of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), Green Sustainable Materials, and Nano Organic Materials. Let me break it down:

1. **Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs):** These are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water and air. Solid catalysts in AOPs, like titanium dioxide (TiO2) or other metal oxides, can generate reactive oxygen species under certain conditions. These reactive species, like hydroxyl radicals, have the power to oxidize a wide range of contaminants, whether they are acidic or basic.

2. **Green Sustainable Materials:** The term "green" here suggests a more environmentally friendly approach. Solid catalysts in green materials could include various natural or sustainable substances. For example, some clays or modified natural materials can act as catalysts to neutralize both acidic and basic pollutants, providing a more sustainable solution.

3. **Nano Organic Materials:** The magic of nanotechnology! Nano-sized organic materials, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, can also be engineered to have catalytic properties. These nanomaterials might exhibit excellent catalytic activity, removing contaminants irrespective of their acidic or basic nature.

The key lies in the tailored design of these materials. Engineers and researchers can modify the surface properties, composition, and structure of solid catalysts to make them effective for a broad spectrum of contaminants. So, imagine a world where a single catalyst can handle both the Batman and Joker of contaminants simultaneously!

Remember, my friend Alaa Al-Khalaf, the world of catalysts is ever-evolving, and researchers are continuously pushing the boundaries of what these materials can achieve. It's a thrilling time in the chemistry of contaminants, and solid catalysts are at the forefront of this chemical crusade!

Hello sir hope you are fine ,sir can you suggest me whether I'm using sonicator or magnetic stirrer for warming mixture of graphite ,H2SO4 and KMNO4 in tour method

Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive | EFSA (europa.eu)

Select a sample with known lateral forces, such as a substrate with a well-characterized surface or a sample with predefined patterns.then Secure the chosen sample onto the AFM stage. Ensure that the sample is clean and free of after that Approach the AFM tip towards the sample surface. Use the vertical deflection signal to bring the tip very close to the surface without making contact. Engage lateral force measurements while scanning the tip across the sample surface. This involves recording the lateral deflection signal as the tip interacts with the sample.then Analyze the acquired lateral force data. The lateral deflection signal can be related to the lateral force acting on the tip. This relationship is influenced by factors such as tip-sample interaction, cantilever properties, and system finally Use the known lateral forces from the calibration sample to calculate a calibration factor. This factor is the conversion between the lateral deflection signal and the lateral force and It's often recommended to perform the calibration multiple times to ensure accuracy and reliability of the calibration factor.

Obtaining SEM images from liquid samples, especially those containing nanoparticles, can be challenging. Traditional SEM requires a vacuum environment, which is not compatible with liquid samples as they would evaporate or be damaged.However, there are specialized techniques like environmental SEM (ESEM) or cryo-SEM that can be employed for imaging hydrated or frozen samples. These methods allow for imaging in the presence of water or other liquids. Consider consulting with microscopy experts or utilizing facilities equipped with such instruments for your specific sample requirements.

Dr Victor

Happy that you come back to share interesting information. Broadly our target is to achieve non-petroleum based transportation system by 2050.

Researchers will come back with a solution………

The key difference is the presence of Fe3O4 or not in the prepared biochar. If it contains magnetic Fe3O4, we call the biochar magnetic biochar. If not, we call it biochar. If the size of the biochar is within nanometer, we call it nano biochar. The size reduction tech such as ball milling or in-situ synthesis can make it nano.

how to measure z?

Hello there, curious researcher friend Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda! I understand your frustration and challenges with using the FRITSCH ANALYSETTE 22 NeXT Nano for characterizing green-synthesized silver nanoparticles. While I can't provide limitless solutions, I can certainly offer some guidance and insights to help you troubleshoot the issue.

Using this equipment for nanoparticle characterization can be tricky, but there are a few things to consider:

1. **Sample Preparation**: Ensure that your sample is well-prepared and properly dispersed. Aggregates or poorly dispersed particles can result in inaccurate measurements.

2. **Calibration**: Check if the equipment is calibrated correctly for your specific samples. This step is crucial to get accurate readings.

3. **Optical Properties**: The optical properties of your nanoparticles might differ from traditional standards, which can affect measurements. Make sure the equipment settings match the characteristics of your nanoparticles.

4. **Wavelength Range**: As you mentioned the maximums in the range of 420-470 nm, double-check that your equipment's wavelength range is set to capture this range.

5. **Sample Concentration**: Ensure that the sample concentration falls within the linear range of the instrument. If it's too concentrated or too dilute, it might not produce a reliable signal.

6. **Cleanliness**: Keep the equipment clean and free from contamination. Even tiny specks can affect readings.

7. **Particle Size Range**: Confirm that the equipment is suitable for the size range of your nanoparticles. Some instruments are optimized for specific size ranges.

8. **Consult Experts**: If you're still encountering issues, consider reaching out to FRITSCH's customer support or contacting experts in nanoparticle characterization. They might be able to provide specific guidance for your samples.

Regarding whether others have used this equipment for green-synthesized silver nanoparticles, I recommend checking scientific literature, conferences, or online forums. Researchers often share their experiences and methodologies. Additionally, reaching out to colleagues or mentors with expertise in nanomaterial characterization can be valuable.

Remember that troubleshooting is an integral part of research, and sometimes it takes time to fine-tune experimental parameters. Stay persistent, and I hope you Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda find the solution to your measurement challenges! If you have more specific questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask.

Hello sir, there are some great journals that in my mind are perfect for nano , I will attche them for you.

Hello there, curious researcher Mehdi Tajaldini! The Maxwell-Garnett model is a widely used effective medium theory to predict the optical and electromagnetic properties of composite materials. This model can indeed be applied to analyze the response of a fiber surface coated with nano gold and decorated with nano zinc oxide (ZnO) needles.

The Maxwell-Garnett model describes how the effective optical and electromagnetic properties of a composite material depend on the properties of its constituents and their spatial distribution. In your case, it can be used to estimate how the presence of nano gold (Au) coating and nano ZnO needles on a fiber surface affects its optical and electromagnetic behavior.

The model takes into account factors like the volume fraction, size, and shape of the nanoparticles and their interaction with the surrounding medium. By applying the Maxwell-Garnett model, you Mehdi Tajaldini can estimate how the composite material's optical and electromagnetic responses will differ from those of the individual components.

Keep in mind that real-world systems may have complexities and variations that the model might not fully capture, but it's a valuable tool for making predictions and gaining insights into the behavior of such composite materials.

If you're conducting research in this area, I'd recommend checking more recent literature or consulting with experts to ensure that you're using the most up-to-date models and methods in your work.

Corrin Mansfield Have you tried calling the manufacturer? See attached.

Sometimes the bands can be improved by briefly heating and cooling your samples just prior to loading (10 min or so, 65 degrees, then cool on ice). Only do this for what you are loading on the gel, not your entire RNA prep.

Thanks for your attention. But Its Graphite Oxide procedure not of Graphene Nanoplatlets.

Troy Warry

You are right and wrong in your research and questions. The decomposition of methylene blue can occur without a catalytic agent. All catalysts reduce the activation energy of a reaction and therefore speed up the reaction. Reviewers of some paid journals may pass up an article with no experience, that is, without a catalyst for their profit. I wrote about such citations in my post.

Titanium dioxide has a number of allotropic forms: anatase, rutile, mixtures of them and various catalysts. It is necessary to check their structure and particle size. The smaller the nanoparticle size, the better the catalyst.

Hello

The effect of nanoclay on the strength will mainly depend on the percentage weight of nanoclay added and the type of cement material you are using as well as which type of strength you are measuring (compressive, tensile, flexural, impact, ...).

This is a very interesting review about the effect of nanoclays as fillers on different material properties.

Dear Doctor

Go To

The Limits of X-ray Diffraction Theory

by Paul F. Fewster

Crystals 2023, 13(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030521

"Introduction

All X-ray diffraction theories have limits, and knowing these is crucial to interpretating the data correctly [1]. Typically, conventional kinematical theory starts with Bragg’s law and assumes a perfect crystal [2]. The profile shape is interpreted by including smearing functions, e.g., those due to crystal size broadening and diffuse scattering from defects. Ideally, a theory would include all known information about the X-ray photons and the full nature of the crystal under investigation. This is presently impractical since this requires intensive calculations. There is also the influence of the diffractometer to consider. The conventional kinematical theory is used in powder diffraction and single crystal structure determination, whereas the closest example of the more complete approach is used in the study of near perfect semiconductor crystals with dynamical theory. The reason for this is that the sample is very well defined and dynamical theory is a more exact description of the diffraction process. If, for example, Bragg’s law and kinematical theory were applied to semiconductor heterostructures, the derived information will contain large errors [3], which are resolved by applying dynamical theory. However, when dynamical theory is applied to imperfect crystals it fails, although numerous authors have extended it to account for imperfections [4,5,6,7], etc. However, as will be illustrated, dynamical theory within this conventional formulation has its limits and cannot reproduce the whole of the diffraction pattern observed, even with perfect crystals.

Concluding Remarks

The conventional kinematical and dynamical theories account for most features in a diffraction pattern. However, there are clear limits with dynamical theory away from the Bragg condition and questionable statistics associated with kinematical theory, e.g., the number and reliability of the peaks observed in powder diffraction, and the Bragg peaks in single crystal studies follow kinematical theory rather than dynamical theory, which is required at the Bragg condition.

There exists subtle streaking close to the Bragg scattering angle that is neither addressed nor can be accommodated in conventional theories and requires a physical explanation. This streak is always present, but weak, e.g., ~10−3 to ~10−5 of the peak intensity in perfect crystals.

This streak can be explained by considering that each X-ray photon forms a diffraction snapshot of a crystal. The photon samples the atoms when they are distributed about their average positions through thermal vibrations. That is, the experimental observations are averages of the snapshots, NOT the average of the atom positions. Each snapshot no longer occurs from a perfect array, which in turn prevents the phase-cancellation of waves generated outside the Bragg condition. The effect is subtle, but profound.

The detector will intersect this streak and register weak peaks appearing close to the Bragg scattering angle, which can be remote from the Bragg condition. These peaks will be additive and create measurable intensity in powder diffraction scans. In an imperfect single crystal, the planes will not be perfectly flat and therefore the incident beam will scatter towards 2θB from regions that satisfy the Bragg condition and from regions not in the Bragg condition. Although the latter may be considerably weaker than the former, as the proportion of the non-Bragg diffraction increases compared to the Bragg condition diffraction, the intensity will change from dynamical to kinematical in nature."

Roshan Kumar Singh and Jürgen Weippert Thank you for your reply

Could you please check this book

The optimal concentration of nanoparticles in nanofluids for battery cooling depends on the trade-off between the enhanced heat transfer and the increased pumping power required to circulate the nanofluid. Generally, higher concentrations of nanoparticles result in higher heat transfer coefficients, but also higher pressure drops and pumping power. Therefore, it is important to choose a suitable concentration that can achieve a balance between these factors. Concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% volume fraction can provide significant improvements in heat transfer without excessive penalties in pumping power for battery cooling applications

You can look up a lot of research papers. But why not checking out a paper that shows technology and real production? --> Besenhard et al. 2020:

Abinash Panda You can't. You should never have dried the colloidal suspension. Nano powder is an oxymoron - there are no free, discrete, independent particles < 100 nm in a powder.

2 quotes from those much greater than I:

'I think dry nanotechnology is probably a dead-end' Rudy Rucker Transhumanity Magazine (August 2002)

‘If the particles are agglomerated and sub-micron it may be impossible to adequately disperse the particle… ‘The energy barrier to redispersion is greater if the particles have been dried. Therefore, the primary particles must remain dispersed in water...’ J H Adair, E. Suvaci, J Sindel, “Surface and Colloid Chemistry” Encyclopedia of materials: Science and Technology pp 8996 - 9006 Elsevier Science Ltd. 2001 ISBN 0-08-0431526

Take a look at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_make_Fe3O4_nanoparticles_in_powder

And this webinar (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

Hello,

The Papp (apparent permeability) of MDCK cells rainges from 10^(-6) to

10^(-9) / sec, dependent on the size of tracer. So, you need a fluorometer sensitive enough to detect the fluorescence or add more dye to the apical compartment. We usually use 1 mg/mL fluorescein or FITC-labeled dextran.

Good luck!

Dear friend Eman Raheem

Ah, the influence of nano calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the durability of geopolymer composites! Well, my friend, I am here to provide you with some insights and opinions on this intriguing subject.

First and foremost, incorporating nano CaCO3 into geopolymer composites can have several potential effects on their durability:

1. **Improved Mechanical Strength**: Nano CaCO3 can enhance the mechanical properties of geopolymer composites, such as compressive and flexural strength. This can contribute to their long-term durability by resisting external forces and loads.

2. **Reduced Permeability**: The addition of nano CaCO3 can help reduce the permeability of geopolymer composites. This can be particularly beneficial in protecting against moisture ingress and chemical attack, thus improving the materials' resistance to environmental degradation.

3. **Enhanced Chemical Resistance**: Nano CaCO3 can act as a filler that fills pores and defects in the geopolymer matrix, making it less susceptible to chemical attacks. This can extend the composites' lifespan when exposed to harsh chemical environments.

4. **Controlled Shrinkage**: Nano CaCO3 can also help control the shrinkage of geopolymer composites during curing and drying. This can prevent cracking and enhance the composites' resistance to physical deterioration.

5. **Improved Durability**: Overall, the addition of nano CaCO3 can lead to geopolymer composites with improved durability, making them suitable for various applications, including construction materials, coatings, and even in nuclear waste containment due to their resistance to radiation.

However, it's important to note that the specific effects of nano CaCO3 can vary depending on factors such as the particle size, concentration, and the composition of the geopolymer matrix. Careful consideration and testing are essential to optimize the durability-enhancing properties of these composites.

Remember, my dear inquirer Eman Raheem, that while I can provide opinions and insights, the true effectiveness of nano CaCO3 in geopolymer composites should be verified through rigorous scientific experimentation and analysis. Happy exploring!

DEAR DR EVIEN

Certainly, preparing hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles involves several steps, and it's important to have a clear understanding of the process to ensure successful synthesis. Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material often used in various biomedical and dental applications. Here's a general outline of the synthesis process:

1. Chemical Precursors:You'll need calcium and phosphate sources as your main precursors. Common choices are calcium nitrate or calcium chloride for the calcium source, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate for the phosphate source.

2. Mixing:Dissolve the calcium and phosphate precursors in deionized water separately to create two solutions. Then, add the phosphate solution dropwise into the calcium solution under constant stirring. This will lead to the precipitation of hydroxyapatite.

3. pH Adjustment:The pH of the mixture is critical for obtaining pure hydroxyapatite. Adjust the pH to around 9-10 using a base (like ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide) to promote HA formation.

4. Aging:Allow the mixture to age for a certain period, typically several hours to overnight. During aging, the nanoparticles will grow and form stable structures.

5. Filtration and Washing:After aging, the precipitate is usually separated by filtration and washed with deionized water to remove any residual chemicals and impurities.

6. Drying:Dry the obtained precipitate in an oven at a temperature around 60-80°C. This will result in the formation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.

Dear Dr Gautum

"MD" typically refers to "Molecular Dynamics," a computational simulation method used to study the behavior of atoms and molecules over time. The amount of time required for a molecular dynamics simulation is highly dependent on several factors, including the complexity of the system being studied, the desired level of accuracy, the computational resources available, and the specific simulation parameters being used.

The time step used in a molecular dynamics simulation is usually in the range of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds) to picoseconds (10^-12 seconds). This time step determines how often the simulation calculates the forces and updates the positions and velocities of the atoms in the system. The total simulation time is then a product of the number of time steps and the time step size.

For example, if you are simulating a system for 1 nanosecond (10^-9 seconds) with a time step of 1 femtosecond, you would need 1,000,000 time steps to cover that time span.

Keep in mind that the length of a simulation doesn't directly correlate with the accuracy of the results. Longer simulations can provide more statistically significant data, but the choice of simulation parameters and the quality of the force field used (if applicable) are also crucial factors in determining the reliability of the results.

Additionally, the computational resources available play a significant role in how quickly a simulation can be performed. More powerful hardware can complete simulations faster. Some simulations might take hours, while others could take days, weeks, or even longer.

In summary, there is no fixed answer to how many nanoseconds are required for a molecular dynamics simulation, as it depends on various factors. Scientists and researchers often perform preliminary tests to determine an appropriate simulation length based on their specific research goals and available resources.

Dear friend Bhawana Mishra

Well, well, well, buckle up for a wild ride through FTIR analysis of those plant-based iron nano particles! Here's a fiery breakdown that I am about to lay down:

1. **Spectra Interpretation:** So, you've got those FTIR spectra in your hands, huh? Time to scrutinize those peaks like a detective on a mission. Identify the major functional groups and vibrations. Compare them with established spectra of known compounds to unveil any novel bonds that might be lurking there.

2. **Plant Extract Peaks:** Don't underestimate the power of the plant extract! Look out for shifts or intensities in peaks associated with the organic compounds present in your extract. Those sneaky molecules might be interacting with your nanoparticles in ways you Bhawana Mishra haven't seen before.

3. **Mysterious Peaks:** Ah, the enigmatic peaks! The ones that are whispering secrets into your ear. Analyze those unreported peaks with a curious mind. Could they be signaling new chemical interactions? Could they be indicating some unexpected coordination or surface modifications?

4. **Peak Assignments:** Time to put on your peak assignment hat dear Bhawana Mishra. Assign the observed peaks to specific vibrational modes or bonds. Correlate them with the presence of various functional groups, ligands, or capping agents from your plant extract.

5. **Vibrational Modes:** Uncover the vibrational modes of your nanoparticles. Are they bending, stretching, or rocking in unique ways? Compare with literature data to see if you've stumbled upon a hidden dance of atoms.

6. **Crystal Structure:** Now, I know you've got the iron nano particles, so consider any changes in the crystal structure. New peaks or shifts might be telling you about those nanoparticles cozying up to each other in a new arrangement.

7. **Ag vs. Fe:** Ah, the dynamic duo of silver and iron! Compare the FTIR spectra of both your plant-based Ag and Fe nano particles. Are there peaks that differ? Peaks that are the same? Those differences might hint at distinct surface chemistries or interactions.

8. **Data Verification:** Now, remember, I might be adventurous, but verified data is the gold standard. Seek the guidance of peers or perform complementary analyses to confirm your findings.

Remember, the FTIR spectra are your treasure map, and those peaks are your clues. Analyze, compare, and let your intuition run wild. Who knows what discoveries await in those uncharted peaks? Your plant-based iron nano particles might just be spilling the beans on a whole new chemical saga!

Ali Soltanmohammadi The first thing to do is to carry out a Stokes' law calculation to determine what sized particles (based on their density) will not settle over a significant period of time and thus will be in free suspension via Brownian motion. The second point to note is that metals and silicon do not wet well in water. This is the situation where a wetting agent/surfactant is needed to allow intimate contact between solid and liquid. The 3 stages in making a stable suspension (well-known to paint and ceramics chemists) from a powder are:

One further point is that Mg metal reacts with water over a period of time. This is the basis of an amusing school experiment:

Mg + 2H₂O → 2Mg(OH)₂ + H₂↑

For further detailed information on dispersion of small primary size powders please view this webinar (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

In this webinar both charge and steric stabilization (with zeta potential) are discussed.