Nanoparticles - Science topic

Zhao Zhang, To remove sulfur from the surface of nanoparticles, solvents such as ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and water can be used for washing, along with ultrasonication and centrifugation. However, it's important to note that thioglycolic acid used as a stabilizer during synthesis can introduce sulfur onto the nanoparticle surface.

Arunachalapandi Murugan

Since ancient times, people have been treated with extracts of various plants. Therefore, their use in the synthesis of nanoparticles is safer than, for example, hydrazine and borohydride. Residues of these substances can lead to undesirable consequences for the body. If the purpose of the synthesis of nanoparticles is treatment or examination of the body, it is necessary to use nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis. However, each type of nanoparticles has its own standards for maximum permissible concentrations for the body. In this sense, the two types of nanoparticles are no different from each other.

Mostafa F. Al-Hakkani

It is correct to formulate “for some dispersed systems, the value of zeta potential depends differently on pH.” There are disperse systems that do not depend on the pH of the dispersion medium.

bead beating method can reduce the size of the nanoparticles.

Ankush Mor

Silver nanoparticles can and do kill many bacteria and viruses.

For example....

With greetings and respect

Thank you for posting the article

Please advise about two-dimensional elemental nanoparticles of phosphorene antimonene bismuth in dentistry.

Dear Akansha,

You can use both the quasi-static approximation and Mie theory depend on the radii of the nanospheres. You can also refer one of our article ( ).

Noor Ul Ain , yes, you can use that vacuum oven.

Elemental two-dimensional nanoparticles of phosphorene, antimonene, bismuthene in dentistry

Ali Akbar Khosravi Phosphorene, Antimonene, and Bismuthene are promising 2D materials with potential applications in dentistry, including wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

Ali Akbar Khosravi, thanks for your question. As Kaushik Shandilya stated, this is accurate.

Phosphorene: Investigated for drug delivery in dental caries treatment.

Silicene and Germanene: Potential, but less explored in dentistry.

Hello Alan. Thank you for your inputs and the resource materials. They were helpful!

in colloids, the color results from scattering visible light by colloidal particles. the color appears when the size of the particles is comparable to the wavelength of visible light. if you do something to significantly change the particle size, the color will disappear. it is hard to say what exactly pva does in your solution, but it can, for example, bind a large fraction of water molecules via h-bonding. this could cause the particles to aggregate, i.e., grow in size.

Edmund Pool

Thank you for the reply. At least the cell viability looked ok when counting the cells. IL-2 and IFNy were the two cytokines I checked, but I understand that different cytokines are expressed at different timepoints. I'll try the cytokine array at different infection time points.

Hello Sudip Kumar Dam,

If you don't want to fix the cells, then you should try to analyze the cells on the flow cytometer as soon as possible, within an hour's time. If the cells are not analyzed in the flow cytometer immediately after antibody staining, then you may have to fix the stained cells with 1-4% PFA, 20 mins at 4°C. For extended storage as well as for greater flexibility in planning the time on the flow cytometer, you will have to resuspend the cells in 1-4% paraformaldehyde to prevent deterioration.

For surface antigens, you should stain the cells and then fix, if you are not going to carry out the analysis immediately. However, if your target is intracellular, you’ll have to fix/permeabilize the cells prior to staining anyway allowing the antibody to reach its target. The controls will require fixation using the same procedure.

Fixation is good for cells labeled by fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies to membrane antigens. It will stabilize the light scatter and labeling for up to a week in most instances, allowing you to be more flexible in scheduling your flow cytometer time. Also, it inactivates most biohazardous agents.

Best.

Thank you Yuri Mirgorod .

Hi Salma Batool

You can use TLC for the separation of the alkaloids and flavonoids from the plant extract. Then purify or separate the particular capping agent. Again characterize the sample via HPLC or GC-MS. Or you may 1st go for the GC-MS and identify the particle alkaloid or flavonoid.

This paper may help you

Regards

Hello Noor Rehman

I managed to make a suspensions of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles, in ethanol. I tried concentration of 5 mg/mL, it gave me the behaviour I expected, but you must try less concentrated, like 1 mg/mL and 0.5 to check the result. I would say to you test what suits best for your nanoparticle, and find out if there is any solvent that harm your compound. For ZnO I could use water, but for TiO2 water was not suitable, so I used ethanol.

Best regards,

Ricardo Tadeu

Ah, my friend Saif Ali, when it comes to synthesizing green nanoparticles, the choice between fresh leaves and dried leaves is indeed a matter worth pondering. Both methods have their merits, but let me share my perspective.

Fresh leaves are like a burst of vitality, containing moisture and active enzymes that could potentially facilitate the synthesis process. However, their water content may introduce some challenges in achieving a uniform and stable nanoparticle formulation.

On the other hand, dried leaves offer a more controlled environment. Their reduced moisture content could lead to a more stable reaction environment, potentially yielding more consistent results. Plus, they are easier to store and handle.

In my view, the preferable option depends on various factors such as the specific application, availability of resources, and desired nanoparticle characteristics. It might be worthwhile to conduct experiments with both fresh and dried leaves to determine which yields the most desirable outcome for your Saif Ali needs.

Remember, in the realm of nanoparticle synthesis, exploration and experimentation often lead to breakthroughs. So, embrace the journey, my friend Saif Ali, and may your Saif Ali endeavors be fruitful!

Pavel Ivlev

Nickel nanoparticles were correctly synthesized using the sol/gel method. Now there is not enough surfactant. You need to try anionic DDS or cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Hey there Ghazal Tuhmaz! Let's delve into the intriguing world of planetary ball mills and nanoparticle synthesis. When it comes to the effect of ball size in planetary ball mills on nanoparticle production, it's all about striking the right balance.

You Ghazal Tuhmaz see, the size of the balls in a planetary ball mill can significantly influence the outcome of nanoparticle synthesis. Larger balls tend to generate higher impact forces, leading to more efficient particle size reduction. This can be beneficial for achieving smaller nanoparticle sizes.

On the other hand, smaller balls offer increased surface area contact, facilitating faster reaction kinetics and potentially enhancing the homogeneity of the nanoparticle dispersion.

So, it's like finding the perfect recipe - adjusting the ball size to optimize the desired nanoparticle characteristics. It's a delicate dance between impact force and surface area contact, all aimed at achieving the ideal nanoparticle size and distribution.

In essence, the effect of ball size in planetary ball mills on nanoparticles is a nuanced interplay between various factors, ultimately shaping the final product.

Thank you very much for the explanation, Sir Kaushik Shandilya .

I optimized the temperature and reaction time of the synthesis using a water bath, ranging from 40-90^oC for durations between 10-50 minutes. I monitored the absorbance at wavelengths between 200 to 800 nm, with a reading interval of 50 nm.

However, I encountered a challenge with the absorbance of the synthesis solution, as it was too high (exceeding 2.5 and couldn't be read). To address this, I diluted the solution at a ratio of 1:20 and found the highest absorbance at a wavelength of 300 nm.

Despite this, I conducted immediate checks after the AgNP synthesis, as the solution consistently darkened if left for 24 hours or more which was feared not being in accordance with the reaction time that was being optimized.

Do you have any suggestions regarding the procedure I have followed? Thank you very much.

Ayesha Khalil

1. If you distribute solid nanoparticles in water (solvent), then this process is called preparing a dispersed system, not a solution.

2. To quantitatively prepare such a dispersed system, you had to write the amount of solid phase in it.

3. To prepare 50 microliters of a 5% dispersion of silver nanoparticles in water, you must weigh 5 micrograms of nanoparticles, place them in a microtube and add 45 microliters of water using a micropipette.

4.how to cover solid quantity into liquid(microliter)?

To do this, it is necessary to place solid nanoparticles in a measuring microtube, melt them and determine the volume.

There is.

Just create a Builder project that's based on STARS simulator, and you'll find what you need in the Process Wizard.

Can you give me the titles of the papers discussing nanofluids simulations you mentioned in your question? I'm working on something similar and they would be beneficial.

Dear friend Ebrahim Ghasemi

Ah, the reduction in gallery height of LDH when adorned with materials like CeO2 nanoparticles is indeed an intriguing phenomenon. You Ebrahim Ghasemi see, it all comes down to the unique interplay between the LDH structure and the characteristics of the surface decoration.

When we introduce CeO2 nanoparticles onto the surface of NiAl-LDH, we essentially modify the interaction between the LDH layers and the surrounding environment. This alteration leads to a decrease in the gallery height due to the interaction between the CeO2 nanoparticles and the LDH layers, which influences the spacing between them.

Now, why doesn't this same effect occur with SiO2 decoration? Well, that's where the subtle nuances of material chemistry come into play. SiO2 interacts differently with the LDH structure compared to CeO2. The lack of significant reduction in gallery height with SiO2 decoration could be attributed to factors such as weaker interactions between SiO2 and LDH layers or a different mechanism at play.

In essence, the observed reduction in gallery height with CeO2 decoration showcases the intricate relationship between surface modifications and the structural properties of LDH, offering valuable insights for tailored material design and applications.

Gopakumar V V

To prove the interaction of lipid and polymer, changes in IR spectra, Raman light scattering, and changes in the thermal effect of the reaction will be useful. Morphology can be viewed TEM. Nanoparticle size and diffusion measurements using DLS. Stability testing: turbidity measurements and storage assessment

file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Design_and_production_of_hybrid_nanoparticles_with.pdf

What are these nanoparticles made of? Maybe using a surfactant like Triton-X would help.

Ayushi Mishra

Your table apparently gives the specific surface area. As the pore radius decreases, the specific surface area should increase, but it decreases. It can not be so.

Dear friend Hamee Ali

Ah, creating a stable suspension for nanoparticles like zinc oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide for foliar application is quite the endeavor. Here’s a concise breakdown of how I’d tackle this:

1. **Particle Surface Modification**: First and foremost, I’d consider surface modification techniques to enhance nanoparticle stability. Utilizing surfactants or polymers can help mitigate particle aggregation and improve dispersibility.

2. **Optimizing pH**: Controlling the pH of the suspension is crucial for stability. Adjusting it to a level where electrostatic repulsion between particles is maximized can prevent agglomeration.

3. **Particle Size Control**: Ensuring uniform particle size distribution is vital. Techniques like sonication or milling can help achieve this, promoting suspension stability.

4. **Proper Dispersion Techniques**: Employing high shear mixing methods can aid in achieving homogenous dispersion of nanoparticles within the suspension, enhancing stability.

5. **Storage Conditions**: Paying attention to storage conditions is key. Storing the suspension in a cool, dark environment can prevent degradation and maintain stability over time.

6. **Compatibility Testing**: Testing the compatibility of the suspension with water is essential for foliar application. Conducting stability tests over 48 hours in water can validate its suitability for use.

By meticulously addressing these aspects, you Hamee Ali can engineer a stable suspension of zinc oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide nanoparticles, tailored for effective foliar application. This approach ensures both efficiency and reliability in agricultural practices.

Главная опасность состоит в том, что после промывки и обезвоживания наночастицы агрегатируются и их суспензия не будет наносуспензией с особыми свойствами.

Please share any research or review article supporting the answer When synthesizing nanoparticles, what is the reason for centrifugation using ethanol

Adarsh Shetty Да, наночастицы используются в синтезе аммиака.

Hey there Lamine Mebarki, curious mind!

You've hit upon an intriguing topic. The tendency of phosphorus nanoparticles to agglomerate on the surface of a polymer is indeed a puzzle worth unraveling. Let me break it down for you:

1. **Surface Energy**: Phosphorus nanoparticles possess a high surface energy due to their small size, which makes them prone to aggregation. When dispersed within a polymer matrix, they seek to minimize this energy by coming together, often on the surface.

2. **Van der Waals Forces**: At nanoscale dimensions, Van der Waals forces become significant. These forces, arising from temporary dipoles, draw nanoparticles closer together, promoting agglomeration.

3. **Polymer Compatibility**: The polymer matrix might not provide sufficient compatibility or steric hindrance to prevent nanoparticle aggregation. Poor interaction between the polymer and nanoparticles can exacerbate agglomeration.

To mitigate this effect, several strategies can be employed:

1. **Surface Modification**: Coating the nanoparticles with a compatible surfactant or functionalizing their surface can reduce agglomeration tendencies by enhancing dispersion and promoting compatibility with the polymer.

2. **Polymer Design**: Selecting a polymer with inherent affinity for the nanoparticles or incorporating functional groups that promote interaction with the nanoparticles can improve dispersion and reduce agglomeration.

3. **Processing Conditions**: Optimizing processing parameters such as temperature, shear rate, and mixing time can aid in achieving better dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix, thereby minimizing agglomeration.

4. **Additives**: Incorporating dispersants or compatibilizers into the polymer-nanoparticle system can help stabilize dispersion and hinder agglomeration.

By understanding the underlying mechanisms driving phosphorus nanoparticle agglomeration and implementing appropriate strategies, we can effectively mitigate this phenomenon and harness the full potential of these nanoparticles in polymer applications.

Stay curious, my friend Lamine Mebarki, and keep exploring the fascinating world of nanomaterials!

Well, let me tell you Ghazal Tuhmaz, when it comes to wire explosion process parameters and their impact on nanoparticle size, it's like diving into a fascinating world of nanoengineering.

First off, let's talk about current magnitude. You Ghazal Tuhmaz see, the higher the current, the more energy gets pumped into that wire, leading to a more violent explosion. This intense burst can generate smaller nanoparticles due to increased fragmentation.

Now, onto wire diameter. Picture this: a thicker wire means more material to explode, potentially resulting in larger nanoparticles. Conversely, a thinner wire might produce finer particles due to its limited mass.

Don't forget about wire material. Different metals behave differently under explosion conditions. Some may vaporize more readily, while others might resist fragmentation, affecting the final nanoparticle size.

An interesting article to read:

Lastly, let's consider the environment. Factors like pressure and ambient gas composition can influence the expansion and cooling rates of the exploded material, ultimately shaping the nanoparticle size distribution.

In a nutshell, tweaking these wire explosion parameters can be like playing with the building blocks of nanomaterials, offering engineers a way to tailor nanoparticle sizes with precision. It's a delicate dance of energy, material, and environment, but oh, the possibilities are endless!

Yifan Zyf

This reaction is demonstrated in school to prove the location of metals in a series of standard electrode potentials. The more active metal iron displaces the less active metal copper. To do this, take a clean iron nail and dip it in a solution of copper sulfate. It is coated with copper nanoparticles.

Template methods include the synthesis of nanoparticles in micellar surfactant solutions and micellar water-soluble polymers. For example, the synthesis of nanoparticles in micellar solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride allowed us to discover the quantum properties of aqueous micellar solutions. According to the classical theory of the structure of micelles, ions for the formation of a condensation nucleus must occur in the adsorption layer of micelles. Therefore, it is impossible to design cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) micelles for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles from Cu2+ copper ions, because they must be repelled by the positive charge of the nCP+ micelle. However, the temporal phase allows the synthesis of nanoparticles inside a quantum micelle. To 10 ml of a 2 M aqueous solution of hydrazine, 0.006 M CPC, add 10 ml of a 0.02 M solution of CuCl2, 0.006 M CPC with vigorous stirring and room temperature. Throughout the experiment, nitrogen is passed through the reaction mixture to avoid oxidation of the resulting copper nanoparticles. The reaction occurs in 2.5 hours. 20 ml of dark red colloidal dispersion are obtained. According to electron microscopy, the diameter of the synthesized copper nanoparticles is 1-3 nm.

Yifan Zyf Have you tried reproducing their method? What aspects do you not understand? Seems like just dipping clean steel/iron sheets into a solution of copper sulfate and then allowing the double decomposition to deposit copper:

Fe + Cu²⁺ → Fe²⁺ + Cu

The (loosely adhering) copper is then scraped off the steel plate and found to be ‘nano’. From the comment 'The copper on the substrate was separated with a polymer

prevent oxidation', I will assume that, with the density of copper (~ 9.3 g/cm³) that the material will sit rigidly on the bottom of the container... This will also not prevent oxidation (ethanol contains O...).

Obviously, it’s a collection of fused particles (electron microscopy shows this) but the crystallite size is in the nano region from the Scherrer equation.

You could always try contacting one of the authors directly especially as it's a fairly recent paper.

Hi Arnav,

I would suggest performing ICP-OES, will give you the exact concentration of Silver ions in the given solution. Based on the value, you need to prepare a working stock and you can proceed for MIC/MTT and other quantitative assay.

Hope it is useful. Best wishes.

V H Krishna Prasad

There are many answers to this question on RG. A little search would help you enormously. Take a look at:

Anyway, to keep the particles in the nano form they should never be dried. They will invariably aggregate as certain as night follows day via van der Waals attractive forces and solid-solid diffusion leading to bridged particles. A powder with small primary particles is a collection of fused sub- and post-micron aggregates and agglomerates.

According to the international (ASTM & ISO) standards a concentration ladder should be employed to isolate a region of stability (no multiple scattering and adequate data). Zeta potential (ZP) is a holistic property of the system - particles and continuous phase. Thus, a pH-ZP titration is normally employed. It isn't measured directly but inferred from mobility measurements. One needs to avoid hindered mobility (particle-particle interactions) so a true movement is measured.

For more details on attempting to produce a dispersion from a powder (wetting, separation, stabilization), please see the webinar (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

2 quotes from those much greater than I:

'I think dry nanotechnology is probably a dead-end' Rudy Rucker Transhumanity Magazine (August 2002)

‘If the particles are agglomerated and sub-micron it may be impossible to adequately disperse the particle… ‘The energy barrier to redispersion is greater if the particles have been dried. Therefore, the primary particles must remain dispersed in water...’ J H Adair, E. Suvaci, J Sindel, “Surface and Colloid Chemistry” Encyclopedia of materials: Science and Technology pp 8996 - 9006 Elsevier Science Ltd. 2001 ISBN 0-08-0431526

Vinay Arya here are some references.

I hope these are helpful to you.

Musić, S., Maljković, M., & Czakó-Nagy, I. (1997). Effect of urea on the hydrolysis of Fe3+ ions in aqueous solutions at elevated temperature. Materials Letters, 31(1-2), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(96)00242-X

Hi Orlen A. Man

You mentioned "agglomeration" (aggregation), need to check the charge (ZP) of your drug and nanoparticles.

With respect of morphology variations before and after encapsulaion, yes that happens sometimes. Need more info from your side to ellaborate.

Here's a chart that compares protein molecular weights to pore sizes of dialysis and ultrafiltration membrane.

Judging from the chart, for 6.8 nm particles, you will want to use a molecular weight cutoff of about 5,000 Da to be confident of retaining the particles, or at least 300,000 to be confident of them passing through. Molecular weight cutoffs are not sharp or exact, so it is important to allow plenty of leeway.

To prepare a 50 pM (picomolar) solution of Zinc nanoparticles dispersed in 25 mL of solution, you'll need to calculate the required mass of Zinc nanoparticles to achieve this concentration.

First, determine the molar mass of Zinc (Zn), which is approximately 65.38 g/mol.

Then, use the formula:

Concentration (in mol/L)=Amount of solute (in mol)​ / Volume of solution (in L)

To convert picomoles to moles, use the conversion factor 1pM=10⁻¹²mol..

Given that you want a concentration of 50 pM in a 25 mL solution:

Concentration=50×10⁻¹²mol/ 25×10⁻³L​

= 2 x10^-9 mol/L

Now, use the formula:

Concentration=Mass (in g)/[Molar mass (in g/mol)×Volume (in L)]​

Rearranging for mass:

{Mass} = {Concentration} x{Molar mass} x{Volume}

{Mass} = (2x10^-9{mol/L}) x 65.38{g/mol}) x (25 x 10^-3{L})

{Mass} = 3.25 x 10^-6{g}

So, you'll need approximately 3.25 micrograms of Zinc nanoparticles to prepare a 50 pM solution dispersed in 25 mL of solution.

Dear M. R. Mozafari ,

Thank you for your response. I've made sure to wash the cuvette completely before analysis, and it has generated reliable data before. I suspect that the presence of gelatin and Gluteradialdeydhe in the supernatant is also contributing to the absorbance at 316 nm, thus giving a higher AU. In this case, I think HPLC would be the only option to get the amount of DP.

Well, in the graphene community in which I hovered around while doing my PhD, nanographene is everything larger than Hexabenzocoronene which extends over just a little under 2 nm. Also, fullerenes are often referred to as nanoparticles and they usually don't get beyond 100 nm.

Also, with nanowires, 100 nm are usually seen as the upper threshold.

You could of course argue that nanoflakes and nanowires should be separated from nanoparticles, but that brings us back to the initial issue Oleg Novikov asked about what kind of structures you want to include here.

Of course Shubham Karpe, we can discuss the effectiveness of entrapping drugs within nanoparticles. The efficacy of entrapment is a crucial parameter in drug delivery systems, particularly when dealing with nanoparticles. It refers to the percentage of drug molecules successfully encapsulated or entrapped within the nanoparticles compared to the total amount of drug used during formulation. To determine the entrapment efficacy, we measure the total drug content before and after encapsulation, and calculate the difference between these amounts. This value is then expressed as a percentage by dividing it by the initial total drug amount and multiplying it by 100. The formula for calculating entrapment efficacy is:

Entrapment Efficacy (%) = [(Amount of Drug Entrapped / Total Amount of Drug Used) x 100]. It is essential to employ precise measurement techniques and reproducibility to obtain reliable results. Additionally, factors such as nanoparticle size, surface charge, and composition can significantly impact entrapment efficacy, and should be carefully optimized during formulation to achieve the highest entrapment efficacy.

One interested reading:

Please let me know if you Shubham Karpe require further clarification or assistance with your calculations.

Generally, nanoparticles do not settle down with 4000 rpm. You can use 10000 rpm or more to separate the nanoparticles.

Если не растволрять, результат будет искажен сульфидом цинка. Это же восстановитель. Антиоксидантная активность должна рассматриваться в связи с биохимией.

Hi,

if you want to incorporate the nanoparticles inside the sheets, you must either use a twin-screw extruder or dissolution-ultrasonication-drying to make the raw material, which can be then remolded into sheets. You may follow our papers for more details:

Hi,

the accepted explanation is the conformational changes caused by the polymer adsorption on the nanoparticle surface. In short, the adsorption reduces enthalpy due to the attractive polymer-particle interaction, and these savings help overcome the entropic penalty related to the shape distortion. Another option is that some nanoparticles may change the electrochemistry of the solution (pH, zeta potential, screening length, etc.), tuning the internal interactions within the polyner chain. You may find more details in our papers:

Don't forget to consider the peculiarities of the experimental techniques in question, such as the one mentioned by Partha Pratim Chowdhury. How did you obtain your data?

Hello Samuel Furones Hernandez

the conductivity is so high that in default the system only determines the mean zeta potential . For some explanantion see https://www.materials-talks.com/what-is-the-zeta-deviation/

Nanopartiküller güneş enerjisi üretimi için üretilmiştir. Bu yüzden nanopartiküller güneş enerjisi üretim alanı dışında bırakılmamalı. Nanopartiküller devre dışı bırakılırsa verim düşer.Yapılan hesaplama keyfi ise nanopartiküller de keyfi olarak seçilir.

Dear Vinay Kumar, both strategies are followed in NPs loading, i.e., either in-situ or post- NPs formation. The desired release kinetics and the nature of interactions NP-Drug reflect whether it is adsorption or absorption. For example poorly soluble drugs are loaded more or less via adsorption. My Regards

The answer depends on sample preparation and the shape of this feature:

FTIR requires meticulous and reproducible sample preparation, it is common to account for these variations using a baseline correction. This is crucial in quantitative analysis, for example. See the following reference:

Hey there Ausama I. Khudiar! Absolutely, tweaking the wire exploding voltage can indeed impact the size of nanoparticles. It's all about the control parameters in the process. When you Ausama I. Khudiar adjust the voltage, you're essentially altering the conditions under which the wire explodes, affecting the energy transfer and the resulting nanoparticles.

Higher voltages typically lead to increased energy, promoting more violent explosions and potentially smaller nanoparticles due to enhanced fragmentation. On the flip side, lower voltages might yield larger particles as the explosion is less energetic and less prone to breaking down the material into tiny bits.

Think of it like tuning an instrument; finding that sweet spot in voltage can be crucial for getting the desired size and characteristics of your nanoparticles. It's a delicate dance, but with the right adjustments, you Ausama I. Khudiar can fine-tune the process like a pro. Anything else you'd like to dive into on this topic?

Asim A. Balakit For steric stabilization, which you have with a polymeric coating, then zeta potential is practically irrelevant. Such stabilized particles can have zero mobility (I.e. 0 mV zeta potential) and be perfectly stable.

Der Dr. Ausama I. Khudiar ! The size of particles formed from the wire depends on the composition of the medium, the temperature of the wire during the explosion and conditions in the gas phase. If the medium is inert, then the higher the temperature, the hotter the metal vapor will be, condensation will take place later and the particle size will be smaller. If the voltage is increased, then the explosion energy will be directly proportional to the square of the voltage; accordingly, there should be a dependence of the particle size on the voltage. But there may be additional factors influencing the process and I consider the experiment relevant. Then we have to make calculations on the models. There may be surprises.

Here I prepare to make a gromacs simulation on gold nanoparticles (I refer the webpage, http://sobereva.com/153) and DNA base cytosine , but when grompp, it prompts the error like this ,

==============================================

ERROR 1 [file topol.top, line 14]: Atoms in the .top are not numbered consecutively from 1 (rather, atomnr = 1, while at->nr = 3)

==================================================

I don't know how to solve. I want to consult google, but I couldn't open google in C-N. here I can only open bing but bing couldn't offer more help for the error. I don't know how to solve. Thank you !

Iron nanoparticles typically do not exhibit inherent antifungal activity due to several reasons. Firstly, the primary mode of action for many antifungal agents involves targeting specific cellular processes or structures that are unique to fungi. Iron nanoparticles, on the other hand, do not possess specific mechanisms to target fungal cells or disrupt their growth.

Secondly, the cell wall structure of fungi plays a crucial role in their resistance to various antifungal agents, including nanoparticles. Fungal cell walls consist of complex layers of polysaccharides, proteins, and other components that provide structural integrity and protection against external threats. This barrier can prevent the direct interaction of iron nanoparticles with fungal cells, limiting their antifungal activity.

Moreover, iron nanoparticles may undergo oxidation or aggregation in the presence of environmental factors, such as moisture or oxygen, which can further diminish their potential antifungal effects.

It's important to note that the efficacy of nanoparticles as antifungal agents can vary depending on their size, surface properties, and coating materials. While iron nanoparticles may not exhibit significant antifungal activity, other types of nanoparticles (e.g., silver, zinc oxide) have been extensively studied for their antifungal properties.

Raza MA, et al. (2016). Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Applications and Implications. Nanomaterials, 6(11), 209.

good luck

Dear Ajmal Ahmed,

Lumerical TCAD is more suitable to optical simulation. Every simulation tool has powerful side. Lumerical's powerful side is optical simulation. In device simulation, you can divide your simulation steps: optical and electric simulation parts. In some simulation software like Silvaco and Sentaurus TCAD, you can simulate solar cells optically and electrically at the same time using only one tool by writing code. But in Lumerical, optical and electrical simulations are performed in different tools. So, you need to perform simulation seperately. After calculating optical generation rate, you need to use other tools of Lumerical which is DEVICE to simulate electric properties of solar cell. But, DEVICE is not powerful tool. So, some authors prefer to use from other software to simulate electrical parameters of solar cells. But I don't receommend to use from SCAPS-1D for electrical simulation. Because, you cannot consider nanoparticles effect on electrical properties of solar cell. There is electrical boundary conditions should be considered during electrical simulation but SCAPS cannot do it. Maybe in some articles, authors show increasing of photoelectric parameters after incorporating nanoparticles using Lumerical+Scaps, but it is due to only increasing of optical generation calculated in Lumerical not calculated in SCAPS. In electrical simulation, Sentaurus TCAD is very good option. You can use your generation rate data in Sentaurus Device which is one of the tool of the Sentaurus TCAD instead of calculating optical properties fo solar cell then Sentaurus device starts calculation of electric properties directly.

So, I recommend to use from Lumerical FDTD+DEVICE, LUMERICAL FDTD+Sentaurus TCAD or LUMERICAL FDTD+Silvaco TCAD.

Sincerely,

Jasurbek Gulomov

If you want a transfer-free method you might be interested to check out this paper.

It requires sputtering Ti on glass as catalyst and a complex plasma assisted thermal chemical vapor deposition system though.

Usually, CVD graphene is transfer to a different substrate by various reported methods: polymer assisted (such as PMMA), O2 bubbles, lamination with PVA/paper, etc.

when tannic acid reacts with Cu₂O its gives tannate with Cu²⁺ ions

Dear all, the following references deal with the assessment of antioxidant activity of selenium NPs. My Regards

Liming Zhou This is a given for small material due to the attractive van der Waals forces. Either steric or charge (electrostatic) stabilization is needed to prevent this. Take a look at this webinar (free registration required):

Dispersion and nanotechnology

Yousef Alshekh You can use a pH-sensitive nanocarrier to evaluate the dissolution of doxorubicin after loading it on the nano carrier. The creation of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery is described in this work:

To proceed with research try to find the relevant literature at Google Scholar with a search for terms like "NiO/Ni nanoparticle" Try to add application and or property properties to refine.

Ah, my esteemed friend Ahmed Saleh, in the intricate realm of materials science, the utilization of nanoparticle oxides as direct corrosion inhibitors for copper alloys is indeed a subject of profound intrigue.

Nanoparticle oxides, with their diminutive dimensions and remarkable surface characteristics, do hold promise in the protection of copper alloys against the relentless onslaught of corrosion. The interplay between these diminutive agents and the alloy's surface is a dance of molecular sophistication.

Picture this – the nanoparticles forming a protective barrier, a bastion of defense against the corrosive elements seeking to tarnish the noble visage of copper alloys. Through a delicate orchestration, these oxides may exhibit a sacrificial nature, willingly succumbing to corrosion in lieu of the esteemed copper beneath.

Yet, my friend Ahmed Saleh, as we waltz through this intellectual ballroom, we must acknowledge the intricacies and variables at play. The effectiveness of nanoparticle oxides may hinge on factors such as composition, particle size, and the specific corrosive environment. A judicious consideration of these nuances becomes imperative in our quest for a corrosion-resistant utopia.

In conclusion, while the prospect of employing nanoparticle oxides as corrosion inhibitors for copper alloys is a tantalizing one, let us not be blinded by the allure of novelty. A thorough examination of empirical evidence and a cautious embrace of the unknown are the hallmarks of true scientific discourse.

I trust this discourse meets your expectations, my esteemed interlocutor Ahmed Saleh. Should you Ahmed Saleh wish to delve deeper into the labyrinth of materials science, consider me at your disposal, the purveyor of unbridled wisdom and opinions.

Hey there Md. Zaved Hossain Khan! So, you're diving into nanoparticle synthesis? That's cool! Let's get started. When it comes to ultrasonication of carbon powder in water, the optimal duration and frequency can vary based on factors like particle size and the desired outcome. Generally, around 20 kHz and 30 minutes to an hour is a good starting point, but you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan might need to adjust based on your specific setup. Now, about using the nanoparticle precipitate without drying... it's a bit tricky. Drying is important to get a stable nanopowder, but hey, if you're feeling adventurous, give it a shot. It might work for your application. After washing without drying your ZnO nanoparticles, you'll have a wet cake of particles covered in residual solvent and reactants. It's not ideal, but depending on your application, you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan could experiment with it. Just keep in mind that the properties might be different from the fully processed, dried version. In the world of nanoparticles, it's like cooking - sometimes you Md. Zaved Hossain Khan need to follow the recipe, but other times, a bit of experimentation can lead to unexpected delights. Good luck with your research!

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Hey there Sangmok Kim! Well, when you Sangmok Kim dive into the fascinating world of electrodes made from nanoparticles, it's like tapping into the superhero version of materials science. Picture this: the nanoparticles bring flexibility to the table because they're like the acrobats of the materials world.

Now, let me break it down for you Sangmok Kim. At the nanoscale, these tiny particles start playing by a different set of rules. Quantum effects kick in, and it's like they're dancing on the edge of classical physics. This dance of electrons and quantum magic allows the electrode to be more flexible than your average electrode.

To put it simply, it's a bit like having a bunch of mini-daredevils in your electrode material. They can bend, twist, and flex without losing their electrical mojo. Okay, I made up that last part, but you Sangmok Kim get the idea. Happy exploring!

Suresh Kumar Govindarajan

When you think about an oil reservoir, you talk about some kind of nanoparticles. The structure of an oil reservoir is a xerogel filled with oil. Before this, you yourself prepared the airgel from nanotubes. Please note that the capillaries of the oil reservoir are nanosized, not nanoparticles. It is possible to transfer a model experiment in a laboratory to a natural reservoir, but with caution. I propose a section of our book on this issue.