Nanotechnology - Science topic

Noor Ul Ain , yes, you can use that vacuum oven.

Thank you Professor Ayesha

Yes, I'd say they are:

The text here wasn't written by someone terribly familiar with English.

Or with the rudiments of how to convey information by a flow-chart.

I'd avoid it.

Thanks for the information

It is possible if the environment allows you to think and execute freely.

Dear Juan Fernando Rojas David, I don't think it is fair to limit the question to Latin America. What is happening their is the same allover the world. Rheology is used for example to study and predict long term stability (static and dynamic) with respect to time, temperature, pressure/shear, ...., of products such as paints, cosmetics, fluid flow. Thixotropy and rheopexy are examples of behaviors that are studied in the field of rheology. My Regards

Hey there Adarsh Shetty! When it comes to ultrasonication of carbon powder in water, it's all about finding that sweet spot. I'd recommend going for a frequency in the range of 20 to 40 kHz. As for the duration, kicking it off with about 30 minutes should get you started, but you Adarsh Shetty might want to fine-tune it based on the results you're looking for. Keep a close eye on the dispersion and particle size – that should give you Adarsh Shetty a good indication of when you've hit the optimal conditions.

Now, adding iron oxide nanoparticles during ultrasonication is a clever move. It's like throwing a party for particles, encouraging them to mingle. I'd suggest incorporating the iron oxide nanoparticles slowly into the mixture to ensure a uniform distribution. This can potentially lead to the formation of a carbon-iron oxide nanocomposite, depending on the particle sizes and their interactions during the process.

Remember, precision is key in this chemical symphony. So, monitor those parameters closely, and you'll likely create a composition that even I would nod approvingly at. Cheers to your ultrasonication adventure!

Dear friend Sweta Mehra

Now, when it comes to determining the safety of nanotechnology, we're delving into a realm where the boundaries are still being defined. It's akin to exploring uncharted territories. The safety concerns are multifaceted, ranging from potential environmental impacts to the health effects of nanoparticles.

Addressing these concerns effectively requires a collaborative effort. Scientists, policymakers, industry players, and the public need to engage in ongoing dialogue. Regulation and guidelines must evolve alongside technological advancements. Rigorous testing, transparency, and ethical considerations are paramount.

As for what level of safety is considered adequate, well, that's a subjective matter and often depends on the specific context. Striking a balance between reaping the benefits of nanotechnology and minimizing potential risks is no easy feat. It involves continuous risk assessment, risk management, and adaptability.

In essence, the journey to determining what's "safe enough" in nanotechnology is a dynamic process, an ongoing conversation that should be shaped by scientific understanding, ethical considerations, and the collective wisdom of society. It's not a destination but a continuous voyage of discovery and responsibility.

Nanoparticles act as excellent transport systems. Nanoscale carriers are used to efficiently transport agricultural inputs to the targeted site, thereby reducing the production cost. It enables the world with new unique products which are designed at the nano or atomic level, providing cost-effective methods for renewable energy sources in the form of solar cells, and keeping the environment clean. Nanotechnology can increase agricultural production, and its applications include: (1) nanoformulations of agrochemicals for applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; (2) the application of nanosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of agrochemicals; (3) nanodevices. Nanotechnology will revolutionize the agricultural sector and the food industry through the development of new techniques such as climate-smart agriculture, increasing plant nutrient absorption, more efficient and effective input use, disease detection, and management. Nanotechnology is also used to protect the environment by cleaning up outdoor air pollution. It allows toxic gases to be removed from the air so that people can be protected from breathing in harmful contaminants. Nanotechnology has been utilized to detect pollutants at the molecular level using precise sensors. It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material and renewable inputs wherever possible. Green nanotechnology, in phytoformulations, significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, without causing harm to human health or the environment. Continuous monitoring of crops is made possible by nanosensors, nutrient absorption and pesticide delivery are improved by nanomaterials, and the breeding of crop types that can withstand stress is made easier by nanogenomics. Four main potential applications of nanotechnology in agriculture involve: (1) plant growth stimulation, (2) crop productivity increase, (3) soil quality improvement, and (4) smart monitoring. anobiosensors can detect a wide range of herbicides, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, pathogens, soil pH and moisture. Nanobiosensors, when used correctly and in a controlled manner, can help to support sustainable agriculture and increase crop yield.

Indeed it is easier to assess what you are trying to obtain.

According to Figure 4 in the article, their NPs are not stable. They precipitate in 0.5 hours at worst, and 2 days at best. Redispersing their NPs in a mixture of polar/apolar solvant is rather unusual too. Normally those mixtures are used to cause them to precipitate. Finally the low amount of organics registered by TGA hints at the lack of surface ligands, probably causing the destabilization of aggregation of their NPs.

I think there are 2 choices here :

-Try to functionnalize your ZnO NPs with surface ligands compatible with the solvant you want to disperse your NPs in. Adding back the potassium acetate removed during the washings might help for methanol.

-Try another procedure entirely. Here are 2 papers with more standard procedures :

Kevin Machogu Osoro mentioned efficient techniques. Here are several eco-friendly approaches for producing nanoparticles:

1. Plant-mediated synthesis: Uses plant extracts to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles. Simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Examples include silver nanoparticles using potato extract and gold nanoparticles using neem and tea extract.

2. Microbial synthesis: Uses microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles. Examples include silver nanoparticles using bacteria and gold nanoparticles using fungi.

3. Enzymatic synthesis: Uses enzymes to synthesize nanoparticles. Examples include silver nanoparticles using horseradish peroxidase and gold nanoparticles using alkaline phosphatase.

4. Green solvents: Uses water and ethanol instead of hazardous solvents to reduce environmental impact.

5. Supercritical fluids: Non-toxic and low-impact, like carbon dioxide, can be used for nanoparticle synthesis.

Here are some more Green Nanotechnology Tips:

• Use renewable resources: Plant extracts instead of petroleum-based solvents.

• Minimize waste: Minimize waste generated during the synthesis process.

• Recycle and reuse materials: Recycle and reuse materials whenever possible.

In this video, I tried an easy way to reduce the noise from the AFM image file.

You can try it and let us know if it works with you.

I hope it is helpful for you

Nanotechnology can bring significant advancements in food storage and preservation,

but it must be applied cautiously and responsibly. Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the way food is stored and preserved, but it must be used carefully and responsibly. Here’s a brief overview of some of the ways nanotechnology can help preserve food:

Advanced Packaging: Nanotechnology improves food packaging with better barriers against gases, moisture, and light.

Nanosensors: Integrated into packaging to monitor temperature, humidity, and spoilage.

Antimicrobial Nanoparticles: Silver nanoparticles in packaging inhibit microbial growth.

Controlled Release: Encapsulation protects and slowly releases additives like antioxidants.

Nanofilters: Remove contaminants from liquids.

Refrigeration Enhancement: Improves refrigeration efficiency.

Quality Monitoring: Nanosensors track food quality.

Smart Packaging: Changes color or releases indicators to signal quality changes.

Anthony Chukwuma Isiekwene

This isn't my field but I was curious and found this paper that, in part, says:

"Although Mair and Hornig’s ν14 frequency assignment of 1310 cm−1 has been widely accepted, it has become a great puzzling problem for the theoretical researchers because no advanced quantum chemistry method has realized its rigorous calculation so far (see Supplementary Table 1)."

Wang, S. Intrinsic molecular vibration and rigorous vibrational assignment of benzene by first-principles molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 10, 17875 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74872-6

The surface charge of a cell can be measured using zeta potential measurements and electrophoresis. Zeta potential measurements are used to measure the cell membrane surface charge of fixed cells in solution. Surface charge density is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface

Dear friend John Jherson Bofill

Well, well, well, let's dive into the fascinating world of Au nanoparticles and the impact of adding Ir. Brace yourself for some intriguing insights, my friend! John Jherson Bofill

When it comes to the diffraction patterns of Au nanoparticles upon the addition of Ir, there are a few factors at play that can influence the peak shifting. The behavior of the peaks can indeed be quite interesting and can vary depending on the specific conditions and parameters involved.

Now, let's address the shifting direction of the diffraction peaks. The peak shifting can occur in either direction, to the left (towards lower angles) or to the right (towards higher angles), depending on the specific interactions between the Au nanoparticles and the added Ir.

The compression theory you mentioned, where the Ir particles attach to the surface of the Au nanoparticles resulting in compression, can explain the observed peak shifting to the right. This compression can lead to a decrease in lattice spacing, causing the diffraction peaks to shift towards higher angles.

On the other hand, the difference in ionic radii and lattice expansion between Au and Ir suggests the possibility of peak shifting to the left. The lattice expansion caused by the incorporation of larger Ir ions could lead to an increase in lattice spacing and a corresponding shift towards lower angles.

The behavior observed in your XRD data might be influenced by various factors such as

the size and shape of the nanoparticles,

the concentration of Ir,

the synthesis conditions, and

the specific interactions between Au and Ir.

It's important to consider these factors when analyzing the peak shifting phenomenon.

To gain further insight and clarify the concepts, I would recommend exploring the literature on bimetallic nanoparticle systems, specifically studies involving Au and Ir nanoparticles. I will google the research articles, reviews, or scientific papers that discuss the structural and diffraction behavior of such systems. This literature search will provide you with a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and shed light on the observed phenomena.

Remember, scientific exploration is an exciting journey filled with unexpected twists and turns. Embrace the uncertainty and keep seeking knowledge to unravel the mysteries of your Au-Ir nanoparticle system. Lets keep discussing and exploring this interesting topic.

While nanotechnology holds great promise for various applications, including food production and packaging, there are also potential disadvantages and concerns associated with its use in the food industry. Some of the disadvantages of using nanotechnology in food are:

It is important to note that ongoing research and advancements in nanotechnology aim to address these disadvantages and mitigate potential risks associated with its use in the food industry. However, careful assessment and regulation are necessary to ensure the safe and responsible application of nanotechnology in the food sector.

Mostly think of nanoparticles as new materials. We often don't know what will happen. For example, gold nanoparticles of a certain size interact with DNA and cause problems. Of course bulk gold is no problem. Note that we have been surrounded by some nanoparticles for a very long time.... any wood fire generates carbon nanoparticles. As with chemicals testing is needed. Not all nanoparticles will be harmful but we need to determine which are a problem.

Dear friend Jiapan Lian 连加攀

The International Research Awards on Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology is an annual event that recognizes the contributions of researchers in the field of nanotechnology. The awards are given to researchers who have made significant contributions to the field of nanotechnology through their research and development efforts (2020 Awards for Advanced Nano Research..........).

The evaluation committee consists of senior scholars from the Nanomaterials Editorial Board. The applications are assessed by the committee and the winners are provided financial support to attend an international conference in the field of nanomaterials (2021 Nanotechnology Awards......).

I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any other questions.

Source:

(1) 2020 Awards for Advanced Nano Research and Nano Tech Applications .... https://www.primescholars.com/articles/p2020-awards-for-advanced-nano-research-and-nano-tech-applications-conferencep-97205.html.

(2) Nanomaterials | Awards. https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials/awards/2068.

(3) 2021 Nanotechnology Awards Ceremony - IEEE Nanotechnology Council. https://ieeenano.org/2021/2021-nanotechnology-awards-ceremony.

(4) 3rd Edition of International Research Awards on Advanced Nanomaterials .... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuaU2RZVaUc.

(5) Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology - A section of Materials - MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials/sections/adv_nano.

Kaushik Shandilya

Debasis Mitra

Nashwa Fetyan

Keyvan Valizadeh-Rad

Rk Naresh

Abhijith Narayana Bhat

Ali Safaa

1.Pyocyanin can be adsorbed on the surface of gold nanoparticles. It does not oxidize or reduce gold. Gold is oxidized with potassium cyanide or aqua regia.

2. When interacting with gold ions, Pyocyanin (quinone) acts as an oxidizing agent.

3. Pyocyanin melting point 133 0С.

Nano-fertilizers are effective in reduction of the nutrient leaching and volatilization losses, as this formulation may allow selective release linked with time and environmental conditions and may synchronize the release of nutrients with the uptake by crop plants. Nanofertilizers reduce nitrogen loss as leaching, emissions and long-term incorporation by soil microorganisms by slow and controlled release of fertilizers hence, soil become more porous by decreasing toxic effects related with fertilizers over use. The plant nutrients encapsulated in Nano-particles also increases availability of the nutrient elements and thus uptake to the crop plants. Nano fertilizers are the important tools in agriculture to improve crop growth, yield and quality parameters with increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce wastage of fertilizers and cost of cultivation. Application of nanofertilizers leads to increase in the production of photosynthates, dry matter and yield in crop plants. Indirectly these fertilizers help in achieving agricultural sustainability by reducing the input of harmful chemical fertilizers. The nanofertilizers allow a slow and sustained release of nutrients that not only supports plant growth but also conserve the diversity of the beneficial microbiome. Such attributes may help the phytomicrobiome to efficiently mitigate both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Nanotechnology for the management of crops is used as an essential technology for enhancing crop productivity. Nanomaterials and nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, and quantum dots are now exploited in agriculture research as biosensors for evaluating the quality of soil and fertilizer distribution. The use of nano-particles as a fertilizer in various cereal crop provide higher yield and productivity. Nano fertilizer improves the biological yield of pulses and Brassicaceae crops. Nano-fertilizers in excess amounts cause harmful effects in plants and enter the food chain. Nanotechnology is used in a variety of agricultural applications, including: Delivery of nano pesticides. Nanoparticles containing biofertilizers are released gradually and in a regulated manner. Application of nano biosensors for quick detection of phytopathogens and other biotic and abiotic stressors in crop growth.

Dear friend Grigorii Rudakov

The choice of the number of nucleotides in a sticky end depends on several factors, including the size and complexity of the DNA molecule, the stability of the hybridized DNA, and the specificity of the interaction between the complementary sticky ends.

While it is possible to use three nucleotides for a sticky end, it may not be the most common choice because it can result in a weaker interaction compared to using two or more nucleotides. This is because a longer sticky end with more nucleotides provides a greater number of hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs, resulting in a stronger binding affinity.

Additionally, the length of the sticky end can affect the specificity of the interaction. Using a longer sticky end with more nucleotides can increase the likelihood of non-specific interactions between complementary sequences, leading to off-target binding and reduced efficiency in constructing the desired structure.

In your case, using a three-nucleotide sticky end may be sufficient for your specific design, but it is important to consider the potential trade-offs between specificity and binding strength. You may also want to consider using other strategies to increase the stability and specificity of the interaction, such as incorporating modified nucleotides or optimizing the sequence of the sticky ends.

You should be able to find a fairly recent open access review article on nanotechnology somewhere online quite easily. I suggest you look in that for some topics that look interesting to you. Since it is a review article it will also have relevant citations to provide background to whatever you find, and may even suggest areas in which more work needs to be done.

I had to co-direct a thesis in Pharmacy in 2019 on the potential applications of nano-emulsions in the administration of pesticides

Thank you so much professor Ashok,

Nanotechnology applications in food industry include: encapsulation and delivery of substances in targeted sites, increasing the flavor, introducing antibacterial nanoparticles into food, enhancement of shelf life, sensing contamination, improved food storage, tracking, tracing and brand protection. Nanotechnology is utilized in the food sector to enhance food security by employing nanosensors to identify infections or contamination in food throughout manufacturing, processing, packaging, storage and transport. Nanotechnology has been used to design nanosensors for detection of harmful components in foods and a smart packaging system enabling to recognize food contamination very rapidly and sensitively. Nanoencapsulation is the most significant technology in food science, especially for bioactive compounds and flavors. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide applications. Nanotechnology can change dental medicine, healthcare, and human life more profoundly than several developments of the past. However, they even have the potential to evoke important advantages, like improved health, higher use of natural resources, and reduced environmental pollution. Nanotechnology will revolutionize the agricultural sector and the food industry through the development of new techniques such as climate-smart agriculture, increasing plant nutrient absorption, more efficient and effective input use, disease detection, and management.

Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by providing innovative solutions to various challenges faced by the agricultural sector, including improving the quality and yield of fruit crops.

One promising application of nanotechnology in agriculture is the use of nanomaterials such as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides. Nanofertilizers are nanoparticles that are designed to enhance nutrient uptake by plants, leading to increased growth and yield. They can also reduce the amount of fertilizer needed, which can be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Nanopesticides, on the other hand, can be designed to be more effective and targeted, reducing the need for excessive use of chemicals and minimizing the negative impact on the environment.

Nanotechnology can also improve the efficiency of water usage in agriculture through the development of nanosensors that can detect soil moisture levels and control water delivery to crops. This can lead to improved crop growth and higher yields, particularly in regions with limited water resources.

Another potential application of nanotechnology in agriculture is the use of nanosensors to monitor plant health and detect diseases and pests at an early stage. This can help farmers to take timely action and prevent significant losses in crop yield.

Overall, the use of nanotechnology in agriculture has the potential to increase crop quality and yield, improve resource efficiency, reduce the negative impact of farming on the environment, and contribute to sustainable agriculture. However, there are also concerns about the potential risks and unintended consequences of using nanomaterials in agriculture, including their potential impact on human health and the environment, which must be carefully evaluated and addressed.

Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Nanotechnology can help increase agricultural productivity, boost pest-resistance and improve food quality. From saving raw materials, energy and water, to decreasing greenhouse gases and dangerous waste, nanotechnology's unique attributes can be utilized in various products, procedures and applications that could undoubtedly support environmental and climate protection. Nanotechnological products, processes and applications are expected to contribute significantly to environmental and climate protection by saving raw materials, energy and water as well as by reducing greenhouse gases and hazardous wastes. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies. Nanotechnology and materials are also expected to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through ensuring water purification reducing CO2 emissions, and promoting material circulation with recycling approaches. Nanotechnology is helping inform the development of alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Solar cells, for instance, turn sunlight into electric currents. Nanotechnology could change the way solar cells are used, making them more efficient and affordable. Nanotechnology can change dental medicine, healthcare, and human life more profoundly than several developments of the past. However, they even have the potential to evoke important advantages, like improved health, higher use of natural resources, and reduced environmental pollution.

Nanoparticles facilitate a smart delivery system of nutrients with the targeted cellular approach in plants as well as in the rhizosphere. The nanopolymers and nano fertilizers also benefit the plant in stress resistance, crop nutrient quality and improve water use efficiency. Nanotechnology helps to improve agricultural production by increasing the efficiency of inputs and minimizing relevant losses. Nanomaterials offer a wider specific surface area to fertilizers and pesticides. Nanotechnology applications may assist with obtaining accurate spatial information about the location of a nutrient or bioactive food component in a tissue, cell, or cellular component. Iron nanoparticles (Fe-NP) have been used as a source of Fe for plant nutrition. It is well known that Fe is necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll in plants. A deficiency of this mineral cause’s leaf chlorosis.Application of nanomaterials in agriculture is to reduce the applied amount of plan protection products, to minimize nutrient losses in fertilization and increased the yields through an optimized nutrient management. Nanomaterials improved contents of nutrition characteristics in various plants via modulating nutrient concentrations, increasing chlorophyll content, enhanced photosynthetic activity, and enhancing key enzymes activity. Nano-based target delivery approach is used for crop improvement. Nanopesticides can be used for efficient crop protection. Uses of nanosensors and computerized controls greatly contribute to precision farming. Nanomaterials can also be used to promote plant stress tolerance and soil enhancement.

Controlled released nanofertilizers improve crop growth, yield and productivity. Nano-based target delivery approach is used for crop improvement. Nanopesticides can be used for efficient crop protection. The application of nanotechnology in agriculture minimizes the cost of fertilizers and pesticides by advancing these tools. Employment of nanotechnology based techniques improves the smart characteristics in the agri-inputs as targeted delivery, controlled release, increasing solubility and long shelf-life. Nanotechnology applications include nanoparticle-mediated gene or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and storage and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology may increase the development of biomass-to-fuel production. In agriculture, the nanomaterials' applications main purpose is the reduction of spraying of plant protection products and increasing plant yields. Nanotechnology means nanoparticles and nanocapsules are examples of their usages to treat and detect diseases. Nanoparticles are used in nano fertilizer, nano-pesticides as well as herbicides that are helpful to improve plants development, to manage extreme utilizes associated with chemical substances fertilizers as well as improve survivability towards biotic tension.

Nanotechnology, as applied to agriculture, is bridging the gap in nutrient loss and fortification of crops. Farmers are using this science in the nano-regime to boost the quality and quantity of agricultural produce. Nanotechnology is one of the promising technologies that could improve agricultural productivity via nano fertilizers, use of efficient herbicides and pesticides, soil feature regulation, wastewater management, and pathogen detection. Graphene is a promising material that could serve as a carrier for plant nutrients. It is capable of slow and controlled release of nutrient for the plants benefit, and ultimately increases the amount of crop production with low environmental impact. Nanotechnology for the management of crops is used as an essential technology for enhancing crop productivity. Nanomaterials and nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, and quantum dots are now exploited in agriculture research as biosensors for evaluating the quality of soil and fertilizer distribution. The desirable characteristics of nanotechnology are utilized to improve herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, and insecticides on weed and phytopathogens. The advantages of nanosized systems include enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, controlled release, protection against degradation, and higher potency.

I agree with Elena Brinas that nanomaterials can be used in pollution control and wastewater treatment, making water accessible to all. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have many applications in every field of science and engineering, leading to greater technological advancements. Nanotechnology and materials are also expected to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through ensuring water purification reducing CO2 emissions, and promoting material circulation with recycling approaches. Air pollution can be remediated using nanotechnology in several ways. One is through the use of nano-catalysts with increased surface area for gaseous reactions. Catalysts work by speeding up chemical reactions that transform harmful vapors from cars and industrial plants into harmless gases. Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials and for the production of solar cells to generate electricity at a competitive cost. To increase electricity generated by windmills. For cleaning organic chemicals that pollute the groundwater. Nanotechnology saving raw materials, energy and water, to decreasing greenhouse gases and dangerous waste, nanotechnology's unique attributes can be utilized in various products, procedures and applications that could undoubtedly support environmental and climate protection. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies.

@ Yasir, nanotechnology based food products are: candies , baby bottles, and plastic storage containers. Nanotechnology based agricultural products available are: Carbon nanoparticles such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon dots, and fullerenes, are used for improved seed germination; most of the agriculturally important nanonutrients are now commercially available as well as nanoparticles to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses of plants . Regarding packaging the important nanotechnology products commercially available are: Sunscreen. Resin, Oxyguard. Ageless, Biomaster etc. The important health products now available are : scratchproof eyeglasses, crack- resistant paints, anti-graffiti coatings for walls, transparent sunscreens, stain-repellent fabrics, self-cleaning windows and ceramic coatings for solar cells. Many companies use fabrics coated with silver nanoparticles to develop odor-free clothing, such as stockings, socks, and undergarments and so on....

Richa Das , assuming that you confirmed the formation of AgNPs by the UV-Vis (simplest method), several factors affecting the antibacterial activity can be considered:

- Nanoparticle size

What is the size of your green synthesized AgNPs?

Usually, the larger the particle, the lower the (re)activity.

Did you use AgNPs as synthesized, or did you centrifuge and/or dry them?

If you centrifuge and/or dry NPs, then consider proper resuspension before the assessment of antibacterial activity. Ultrasonication may be required to break down large aggregates since aggregated particles will demonstrate lower (or neutral) activity.

- Concentration

Maybe the applied concentration was too low, consider trying higher concentrations of AgNPs.

- Antibacterial activity assessment method

Which method did you use for the zone inhibition - well diffusion, disk diffusion, or a different method?

For example, in the case of the disk diffusion method, freshly prepared disks are preferred, since drying and long-term storage of NP-coated/loaded disks can reduce/neutralize the activity of NPs.

As for the well diffusion method, if you have larger or precipitating NPs, their penetration efficiency, therefore the activity, will be lower.

- Culture media composition

Medium components can influence the activity of NPs. Try another composition of agar medium but consider that selected bacterial strains also show normal growth on that medium without NPs.

From my experience, LB-agar is good for green synthesized AgNPs, but it may also depend on the origin and composition of NPs (e.g., plant extract, bacteria, fungi, etc).

- Bacterial strain

E. coli is a well-known model microorganism to start antibacterial activity tests. In your case, resistance is less likely, but for comparison, you may try to check antibacterial activity using another bacterial strain.

- Plant extract versus AgNPs

If you haven't done yet, check, if plant extract demonstrates antibacterial activity or not. It can serve as a reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs, but the coating density of AgNPs or the nature of coating agents also may affect the activity of NPs.

Hope the abovementioned will be helpful. Good luck!

Nanoparticles have the ability to weaken the drug resistance of bacteria through various methods. Firstly, they can enhance drug delivery by enclosing drugs and transporting them directly to the site of infection, leading to an increase in drug concentration at that location. This can be effective in overcoming bacterial defense mechanisms that impede drug penetration. Secondly, some nanoparticles have the potential to disturb the membrane of bacterial cells, which facilitates drug entry and subsequent eradication of the bacteria. Thirdly, particular nanoparticles can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause harm to bacterial metabolism and cell membranes, consequently making the bacteria more susceptible to drug treatment. Finally, certain nanoparticles are capable of disrupting biofilms, which are protective layers that bacteria use to evade antibiotics. By disrupting these biofilms, nanoparticles can make bacteria more sensitive to drug therapy.

Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials. For the production of solar cells to generate electricity at a competitive cost. To increase electricity generated by windmills. For cleaning organic chemicals that pollute the groundwater. Nanotechnology can also help to reduce resource consumption and energy use through the development of more efficient technologies. For example, nanoparticles can be used to clean up oil spills, remediate contaminated soil and groundwater, and capture and remove air pollutants. Modern agriculture makes extensive use of chemicals to stimulate growth and inhibit pests and disease. Nanotechnology could help to make these substances simultaneously more effective and less harmful to the environment. Air purification with ions, wastewater purification with nanobubbles or nanofiltration systems for heavy metals are some of its environmentally-friendly applications. Nanocatalysts are also available to make chemical reactions more efficient and less polluting.

Hello!

I'm trying to synthesize zero valent iron nanoparticles. We carry out all the synthesis in an inert atmosphere and use PVP to help with stability, but when drying, they oxidize. Tried by lyophilization and oven. Do you have any tips for drying time?

Nanomaterials reaching in the land have the potential to contaminate soil, and migrate into surface and ground waters. Particles in solid wastes, waste water effluents, direct discharges, or accidental spillages can be transported to aquatic systems by wind or rainwater runoff. Major benefits of nanotechnology include improved manufacturing methods, water purification systems, energy systems, physical enhancement, nanomedicine, better food production methods, nutrition and large-scale infrastructure auto-fabrication. Nanocatalysts store the oxygen and promote complete combustion of fuels which aids in reducing the fuel consumption as well as the generation of greenhouse gases. From saving raw materials, energy and water, to decreasing greenhouse gases and dangerous waste, nanotechnology's unique attributes can be utilized in various products, procedures and applications that could undoubtedly support environmental and climate protection. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology that captures carbon dioxide emissions from factories and power plants and stores them underground. CCS technologies can capture up to 90 percent of carbon emissions from a facility.

Metallic nano powders have various applications in the production of porous coatings and gas fixed materials, as well as in gas sensors (e.g., CO, CO2, CH4) and aromatic hydrocarbon sensors. Nanostructured metal oxide thin films provide improved sensitivity and selectivity. Higher organisms can directly ingest nanoparticles, and within the food web, both aquatic and terrestrial organisms can accumulate nanoparticles. The dissolution of nanoparticles may release potentially toxic components into the environment. Nanoparticles of hybrid metallic Cu, Ag and Fe are used for antibacterial activity and de-contamination of toxic metal ions in the water system. In addition, water treatment of effluents from textile and tanning industries was leveraged on such nanoparticles or other multifunctional nanoparticles. The advanced development of DNA nanotechnology then breeds various novel DNA nanomaterials that are applied widely, including tissue engineering, immune engineering, drug delivering, disease diagnosis, and as tools for molecular biology or as biosensors.

Nanotechnology, such as nanoscale biosensors and nanoparticles, to get an inside look at and manipulate processes like the spread of pathogens. Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Nanotechnology offers various opportunities to mitigate global warming, which include sequestration of greenhouse gases, to store and transport clean energy fuels like hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide efficiently, and to reduce fuel consumption. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies.

Nanotechnology and materials are also expected to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through ensuring water purification, reducing CO2 emissions, and promoting material circulation with recycling approaches. Nanotechnology, such as nanoscale biosensors and nanoparticles, to get an inside look at and manipulate processes like the spread of pathogens. Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies. Nanotechnology offers many new strategies to reduce pollution in various processes, including improving production processes, reducing hazardous chemicals, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the use of plastics and replacing plastics with biodegradable materials.

Nanomaterials improve stability of agrochemicals and protect them from degradation and subsequent release into the environment, which eventually increase the effectiveness and reduce the quantities of agrochemicals. Air pollution can be remediated using nanotechnology in several ways. One is through the use of nano-catalysts with increased surface area for gaseous reactions. Catalysts work by speeding up chemical reactions that transform harmful vapors from cars and industrial plants into harmless gases. The implementation of nanotechnology not only applied in decontamination process but also used to detect the various types of pollutants due to the properties of nanomaterials. Heavy metals such as Lead, Chromium, Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, etc can be removed from soil through the applications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is utilized in the food sector to enhance food securityby employing nanosensors to identify infections or contamination in food throughout manufacturing, processing, packaging, storage and transport. Nanomaterials used for food packaging provide many benefits such as improved mechanical barriers, detection of microbial contamination and potentially enhanced bioavailability of nutrients. This is perhaps the most common application of nanotechnology in food and food-related industries.

Nanotechnology devoted to designing, producing, and using structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale. Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors: information technology, homeland security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety, and environmental science, among many others. Nanotechnology, such as nanoscale biosensors and nanoparticles, to get an inside look at and manipulate processes like the spread of pathogens. Innovations in nanotechnology can help safeguard food security and protect the public from pathogens in food, water and the environment. Nanotechnology can help increase agricultural productivity, boost pest-resistance and improve food quality. It helps to enhance the productivity and consecutively the production of food. It can assist in providing opportunities for income generation. And, it generally provides improvement of nutritional advice through home economics programmes and enhances the quality of rural life by way of community development.

Dear Alaa Al-Khalaf

I highly recommend you read this article

Should refine the Cry size L equal to Cry size G in Topas?

you welcome

to add glycols are no surfactants, unfortunately, using the definition - surfactant = surface active compound - almost all chemical substances would be a surfactant.

Aswin Av Chandan Kumar Tiwari

TPR with H₂ will allow the amount of surface Ag⁺ to be quantified. I mention the technique in the webinar having been instructed in its use by a wonderful gentleman, John Jenkins, the inventor of the technique. The total silver in the system can be quantified by standard techniques such as ICP or AAS. Thus, the amount of Ag⁺ and Ag⁰ can be quantified.

Hii,

Try to do thermal analysis i. E weightloss versus temperature curve using thermogravimetric analysis. Then the end point around at high temperature where weight is independent of temp, chose that as your calcination temperature.

Alaa Abdelaziz

The addition of silver nitrate and sodium borohydride will lower the freezing point of the solution. Therefore, you can reduce silver ions on zinc oxide wire at 0 degrees Celsius. Only the reduction reaction rate will be reduced compared to room temperature.

Alshyn Abduvalov

Hi, also you can use some useful websites to generate your own images. www.biorender.com

@ Yasir, yes you have to do the calcination step in ZnO NPs synthesis but when you are preparing ZnO-Ag nanohybrid , I think it is better to dry it as Ag agglomerates at high temperature.

Dear Zhichao Yu ,

The “International Journal of nanomaterials, nanotechnology and nanomedicine” is published by PeerTechZ (https://www.peertechzpublications.com) a publisher mentioned in the Beall’s list of potential predatory publishers (https://beallslist.net ). This is a red flag. But there are more:

-They are not mentioned positive here http://flakyj.blogspot.com/search/label/Peertechz

-They US based location is just a virtual office https://www.davincivirtual.com/loc/us/california/los-angeles-virtual-offices/facility-4188

-There ‘office’ in India is not looking well… like something that corresponds to as they call themselves “one of forerunners in the publishing industry”

-There seems to be a link to OMICS one of the most notorious predatory publishers out there (https://hosting.black/spam-mx-services-peertechz-us-peertechz-omics/ )

So, despite the fact that the website looks misleadingly professional I would say avoid.

Best regards.

Dear all, following a list of interesting books. My Regards

- Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch, 5th Edt (2015).

- Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 10e WileyPLUS NextGen Card with Loose-Leaf Print Companion Set, Callister Jr., William D., Rethwisch, David G. 10th Edt (2018).

- The Science and Engineering of Materials, Donald R. Askeland, Wendelin J. Wright. 7th Edt (2014).

- Materials Science and Engineering: A First Course, V. Raghavan, (2004).

- Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, Willaim Smith, Javed Hashemi, 6th Edt (2019).

NaBH4 is strong reducing agent, and used for synthesis of nanoparticles fabrication on the other hand sodium citrate stabilizer and as caping agent in cases.

NaBH4 manipulation for titanium dioxide, Ag, Au , Pd and other metallic oxide nanoparticles fabrication.

Dear Dr.Sulin Choo,

I used the filtration way for this matter.

It was an excellent way to get the optimum pH value.

Dear Vishnu Sankar, this is a well known and studied influence of solvents on NPs' morphology, shape and size. Usually, the dielectric constant reflecting the solvation power is taken as an indication. However, supramolecular order imposed by the solvents is behind the structural arrengements and order while NPs' growth. Sometimes the effect may be in part similar to the effects of caping agents, surfactants, and nucleation agents. Please have a look at the following sample references. My Regards

Dear all, this topic is the subject of continuous debate and causing constant anxiety about the fate of NPs. It is also the matter of discussion here at RG in many threads. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

That depends upon so many factors! In addition to the dressing type, things like the location of the wound, the wound etiology, the stage of healing, the activity level of the patient, and the biobirden all influence exudate levels.

Dear all, it is obvious that will still continue existing as do all other traditional alternatives to modern medecins and medications. In addition, science and technology help further these practical skills to be understandable and more efficient. My Regards

Dear Aadhityan Arivazhagan,

actually the question is few years old. I found that software like QuantumATK allows you to perform this kind of transmission analysis. Here an example for multi-terminal conduction (4-probe system): https://docs.quantumatk.com/tutorials/low_level_entities/low_level_entities.html

The electrodes (i.e. terminals) in the figure are the gray material and the scattering region the green atoms located in the center.

Thank you for answering,

Kind regards

Chiara Spano

Dear Noor Ul Ain thank you for posting this very interesting technical question on RG. Red nanoparticles of pure copper metal (Cu(0)) are highyl sensitive to oxygen and, as already indicated by Yuri Mirgorod, the corresponding copper oxide nanoparticles are thermodynamically more stable. However, I just came across an inmteresting articles in which a chemical reduction protocol using copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate as precursor salt and starch as capping agent is described in detail. This might be the solution of your problem as no inert gas is required in this proces. Please have a look at this paper:

The article can bee freely downloaded as pdf file from the internet (see attachment).

I hope this answers your question. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Applications of nanotechnology in various fields are discussed here: https://youtu.be/r0h8Br9rp3g

Nanoparticles Characterization Techniques used are as follows:

thnx for your reply. but i already synthesized the gold clusters stabilized by two thiol ligands . However, when using the same reducing agent NaBH4 with increasing its molar ratio to the gold ions in solution , it results in increasing the intensity of specific band in ints spectrum. my question is what possible reactions might happen caused by NaBH4 more than reducing gold ions to form clusters??

Shalmali Kamat , Please contact Heartwin A. Pushpadass

Dear Manu Shreshtha

Electrochemical exfoliation methods are quite reliable and suitable for bulk production. This method consumes less amount of chemicals. There are numerous reports are available in the literature. Hope you got your answer.

Prof. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam: In my opinion, the projects are more than enough instead of your suggested section.

There are following drawbacks in using nano technology at WW treatment plants:

1. aggregation of nanoparticles in WW

2. Water contamination by leaching of nano composites

3. Human toxicity due to skin exposure of nano particles

4. Difficulties in disposing nano wastes after WW treatment

Scripown publishers.com gave an opportunity for chapter publication

High-pressure membranes, such as nanofiltration or reverse osmosis, have been extremely effective at removing PFAS. Reverse osmosis membranes are tighter than nanofiltration membranes.

Thanks Respected Aref Wazwaz sir, for sharing helpful information.

Also check https://www.mouser.com/pdfdocs/IVChrzDIodes2450_AN1.PDF

Use centrifugation for seperation. Its the easiest method

Check https://www.scielo.br/j/babt/a/D6t8Bx7mBWMMNZXgSGSqCqG/?format=pdf&lang=en

List of major Nanotechnology and related journals

I would recommend going for ethanol washing followed by oxygen plasma cleaning under a vacuum.