PEAKS - Science topic

No, it is not necessary to convert MgO nanoparticle powder to pellets for obtaining peaks in the Raman spectrum. This method can be applied directly to the nanoparticle powder without the need for pelletization or any other form of sample preparation

I think that the same binding energy peaks in XPS data are due to the sulfur in both cases.

Thanks, Md. Muzahid Ahmed Ezaj . Recently I have done a protein purification, I increased the concentration of Mg and Thiamine (cofactors to stabilise the dimer) and made sure the pH was exactly 8.0, it has improved a lot.

It depends upon the analyte that you are using in the solution.

There are a couple reasons why a cyclic voltammetry (CV) study might exhibit two anodic or cathodic peaks:

Dear Tao Zeng ,

please have a look at the discussion at the bottom of page 3 about the split of the L3 and L2 edges of Ni:

There are also references (47, 48) about that subject...

Best regards

G.M.

A hexagonal crystal structure (and trigonal ones usually as well) uses a base with equivalent vectors a and b at an angle gamma = 120 between these vectors. The third vector c is normal to the a-b-plane and of any length compared to a and b. The Miller indices hkl of a lattice plane are calculated by taking the intercepts opq of the lattice plane with the three base vectors. The intercepts are first converted to 1/o, 1/p, 1/q where a o,p,q=infinity results in the reciprocal value zero. For surface facets the values 1/o, 1/p, 1/q are multiplied by a common multiplier to give the smallest set of integers free from common dividers, these are the hkl.

In the hexagonal base the vector -(a+b) is symmetrically equivalent to vectors a and b ( it is obtained by a 120° rotation). Thus this third (redundant) vector can equally well be used as base vector. The Miller index with respect to this third axis is referred to as "i" and the triplet of Miller indices becomes a quadruplet:

h k l => h k i l

with i = -(h + k)

The advantage of this notation is that the 120° rotation transforms the Miller indices in a cyclic fashion : h k i l => i h k l => k i h l

which makes the symmetry relationship more obvious. (yes only hki do the cyclic permutation!)

Thus, yes 1 0 1 and 1 0 -1 1 (== 1 0 bar1 1) are the identical lattice planes in a hexagonal or trigonal structure.

The value of 1 atomic-% is a number that should give you a "feeling" what the method is capable of.

The main problem is to get a good spectrum, i.e. to identify the peak fo the minor element with good signal-to-noise ratio.

Modern EDS software will often give a coinfidence interval for the concetrations calculated from the signals and the underlying model.

Some reading:

Dale E. Newbury: https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.20151

Dale E. Newbury, et al., Is Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) Quantitative?, SCANNING 35: 141-168, 2013

Dale E. Newbury: Energy Dispersive Spectrometry, in: Characterization of Materials, pp1-26.

I would suggest

Cu₂O + Pb(2+) + H₂O --->2Cu⁺ + Pb(OH)₂ (my recollection is that Pb(OH)₂ is less soluble than Cu₂O/CuOH)

2Cu⁺ + 1/2O₂ + H₂O ---> 2Cu(2+) + 2OH^- ---> Cu(2+) + Cu(OH)₂ (oxygen in water does play a role)

Noor Ul Ain The new peaks you observed at 2 theta=33.01, 34.7, 37 and 40.2 might not necessarily correspond to PbO or Pb(OH)2. They could be indicative of other lead-containing compounds formed during the adsorption process.

Yi Wan

See for yourself on Wikipedia

it may be possible to analyze cyclohexanone in C18-HPLC without extraction by optimizing the separation conditions, such as the flow rate, mobile phase composition, and column temperature. However, the selection of the appropriate column and mobile phase is crucial for the successful separation of cyclohexanone from other compounds in the matrix.

Hi, for example you can study the singlet oxygen generation, either by direct observation of SO luminescence (if you have such equipment, it is on 1275 nm) or using chemical sensor like SOSG. If you succeed, you could contact biologists who can help with the experimnent on cells and if that succeeeds, on mice.

Hello

When you give your sample for XRD analysis, they also give the JCPDS analysis result along with it. You can also get it using the relevant software. Because this software has a library of material specifications and you can use it.

In order to support your claim of a satellite, you could try a fit with two satellite lines with the same binding energy difference and intensity ratio as the "regular" Sr 3d lines. An additional satellite line to the one at 133.6 eV would explain the somewhat high intensity of the 132.3 eV line compared to the 133.6 eV line. The width of the 133.6 eV line is large in line with a bad representation of the small dip at 133. This indicates that there is something else, which is large enough to "disturb" the fit, but too small to fit with something reasonable. The small feature at 135.5 eV also increases the width of the 133.6 line. This might be a hint to a similar, but weaker feature on the Pb lines. The shape of the Pb lines also looks quite "triangular" and not like Gaussian, which hints to more features, although not obvious enough to be determined in detail. I am also wondering a bit about the inelastic background. Has it been subtracted, like with a Shirley-type background? In order to nail down the general and the inelastic background better, a wider range of the spectrum would help. Admittedly, it wouldn't answer your primary question about the satellite.

It depends on the Miller coefficients that you had in the X-Ray analysis. In all cases, the more peaks there are, the lower the error rate and the ease of calculation. See the following law.

You know that in crystalline solids we get sharp narrow peaks due to the periodic arrangement of atoms. X-rays diffract only in certain directions. so, at a certain angle, we get high sharp intensity.

A similar answer is for your question.

Some peaks show high-intensity because there is long periodicity in that direction, so at that angle, we get a high peak. if there is short periodicity, for we will get short intense peaks.

Hope you got the answer now.

Dear Dr. Kiliyankil,

In H2SO4 the tedeuction of H+ occurs at about 0.00 V when you use Pt/C modified GCE. Thus, yhe CV that you presented seems normal.

Hey there Shivaya shambhu Shiv! When it comes to investigating unknown peaks, especially in residual solvents and related substances, the go-to guideline is typically outlined in pharmacopeias like USP, EP, or JP. These guidelines offer structured approaches for the identification and evaluation of unknown peaks in chromatographic analysis.

As for the limit of unknown peaks in parts per million (PPM), it varies depending on the specific regulatory requirements or industry standards applicable to your analysis. However, a common practice is to set acceptance criteria based on the sensitivity of the analytical method and the potential impact on product safety and quality.

Calculating the concentration of an unknown peak in PPM involves comparing its peak area or height to that of a known standard or internal standard. By relating these measurements to the sample concentration, you Shivaya shambhu Shiv can determine the PPM value.

For a more precise answer tailored to your Shivaya shambhu Shiv specific situation, it's best to consult the relevant regulatory guidelines and standards applicable to your industry or region. If you Shivaya shambhu Shiv need further assistance or clarification, feel free to ask!

You have an extra 1,3,4 substituted phenyl, true, but it is difficult to say much more from this without knowing the substituents.

Lalit Kumar W Joychandra Singh thank you very much i will try it.

Your typical proton spectrum is not usually fully quantitative, and it is not uncommon to have discrepancies of 10-20% in the integrals (and even bigger are possible).

To get accurate integration you need to make sure that the acquisition time (AQ on bruker systems) and recycle delay (D1) are long enough so that your sample has time to completely relax between scans. Depending on the compound, the T1 relaxation of protons can be 15 s or more, and to get 99.7% relaxation you need to wait 5 * T1 between the scans. Your acquisition time should be at least 3 * T2 (i.e. transverse relaxation, which is the exponential decay you see in the FID).

I would start by increasing the acquisition time to at least 5 s and D1 to 10 or 20 s to see if that helps.

Use the background area under peak 1 as shown in the figure. It is possible to perform iterative fitting to refine the background, but unlikely you will reduce the uncertainty in the estimate to an important degree.

How do you collected XRD patterns? Grazing angle or normal configuration? Do you expect to have crystalline materials after your thermal treatment? Is it possible that amorphous phases form?

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) is a valuable technique used to assess the mechanical integrity of power transformers. Let’s explore how you can reduce the frequency range of an FRA plot:

Understanding FRA and SFRA:FRA measures the ratio of a steady sinusoidal output to a steady sinusoidal input in a test object. Sweeping through the frequency range of interest gives rise to Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA).

Interpreting SFRA Results:

waiting for experts to answer my question. Thanks for anticipations and participations.

Hello, Vignesh.

A secondary phase with only one peak is quite problematic because we may not be able to identify it. But if you have a clue about it, we may try to find it.

Best regards

Ricardo Tadeu

Hello Dear professor @Muhammad Yaseen

I'm not sure but these items I can find out,

Let’s delve into the interpretation of the IR spectrum for 5,10,15,20-(4-cyanophenyl)porphyrin.

3623 cm⁻¹ Peak:

This peak corresponds to the stretching vibration of the N–H bond in the porphyrin ring 1.

The presence of this peak suggests the involvement of nitrogen atoms in the molecule.

3726 cm⁻¹ Peak:

This peak is attributed to the stretching vibration of the C–H bond for sp³ carbons 1.

It indicates the presence of hydrogen atoms in the compound.

3880 cm⁻¹ Peak:

This peak corresponds to the stretching vibration of C=C bonds in the vicinity of 1470 cm⁻¹ 1.

It signifies the presence of double bonds (conjugated systems) in the molecule.

Overall, the IR spectrum provides insights into the functional groups and bonding patterns within the 5,10,15,20-(4-cyanophenyl)porphyrin. These peaks are consistent with the expected vibrations based on the molecular structure.

For further analysis, computational methods such as density functional theory (DFT) have been employed to propose Jablonsky diagrams, assess decay channels, and establish the feasibility of singlet oxygen generation. The inclusion of a diamagnetic metal, such as Zn(II), significantly enhances the photodynamic activity of porphyrins 1.

Remember that IR spectra are powerful tools for identifying functional groups and understanding molecular vibrations in organic compounds. 🧪🔬

Have you gotten some explains about this phenomenon? Recently, the silimar problem occured in my experiments. My working electrode was gold electrode CHI101, and Ag/AgCl electrode was reference electrode.One interference peak locked at 0.38v, in 10 mM tris (pH 8.0) by SWV methods .

Dear Gerhard Martens

Thank you for such a useful information.

Xpert High score software

In cyclic voltammetry, the appearance of multiple oxidation peaks for the same redox couple on GCE under the same experimental conditions can be attributed to several factors, including:

While electrode cleaning is often a significant factor contributing to varying peak behavior, it is not the sole reason for observing multiple oxidation peaks. The nature of the analyte, its interactions with the electrode surface, and the experimental conditions can all play a role in the number and positions of the observed oxidation peaks.

To better understand the origin of the multiple peaks, it is recommended to perform additional experiments, such as varying the scan rate, electrolyte composition, or electrode pretreatment procedures. Complementary techniques like spectroscopic or electrochemical analysis can also provide valuable insights into the redox processes occurring at the electrode surface.

When aiming for a good chi-square value in peak fitting, it’s essential to recognize that adjusting intensity is not a solution because intensity carries valuable information related to factors like disordering and texturing. Instead, consider incorporating aspects such as preferred orientation or accounting for disordering during your fittings. These additional considerations can lead to more accurate and meaningful results.”

Remember, the interplay between various parameters (especially u, v, and w) is crucial for robust peak fitting.

Okay, no problem.

Hey there Vijayakumar Samiyappan,

So, you're diving into the fascinating world of cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, exploring the behavior of a carbonyl-rich porous organic polymer. It's intriguing to see how different electrolytes can impact the results.

Here's the deal: When you Vijayakumar Samiyappan switch from 1M H2SO4 to lithium perchlorate, you Vijayakumar Samiyappan notice a couple of changes. First off, the redox peaks disappear. Secondly, there's an increase in current.

Let's break it down:

1. **Redox Peak Disappearance**: This change likely stems from the different chemical interactions between your polymer and the electrolytes. The absence of redox peaks could indicate alterations in the redox processes within your system. With lithium perchlorate, the mechanism might shift or become less pronounced, leading to the disappearance of these peaks.

2. **Increase in Current**: Now, the bump in current is intriguing. It suggests that while the redox peaks vanish, there's still significant electrochemical activity happening in your system. This could be due to enhanced conductivity or other electrochemical processes that aren't as visibly represented by redox peaks.

So, why is this happening? Vijayakumar Samiyappan Well, the specific interactions between your polymer and the electrolytes, as well as the differing chemical environments they create, are likely driving these changes. It's a complex interplay of factors that might require further investigation to fully understand.

In essence, your system is responding differently to these electrolytes, showcasing the rich complexity of electrochemical behavior. Keep digging, my friend Vijayakumar Samiyappan. There's a lot to uncover in the realm of CV experiments, and each discovery brings us closer to a deeper understanding.

Keep those electrodes buzzing,

Kosh

Edward Andrew Payzant Do you have better information about these stages? These phases in tin-based Babbitt alloy generally consist of three phases, namely: Sn-matrix, SnSb, and CuSn

Peaks at 472, 517 and 679 cm^-1 remind me Raman spectra of Co3O4 with spinel structure. Maybe due to the high laser power or electrochemical treatment your material decomposed to something else.

Choosing the best baseline correction method also depends on what the baseline looks like. 19F-NMR spectra can have a significant baseline roll. If you have a perfectly flat baseline after a polynomial fit, bias and slope correction (linear baseline correction option in Mnova) is not required. If your baseline is not flat, then a linear baseline correction is recommended.

Hello, a bit more information would be useful to help diagnose the problem but just looking at the fronting peak shape my guess would be a sample solvent that has an eluotropic strength that is too high combined with an injection volume that is also too high. Try injecting a lower volume or matching the injection solvent with your starting gradient conditions.

you have to do peak profile fitting, and then determine/note the middle of the peak. Try to do Reitveld refinement of your XRD pattern, once you achieve an acceptable value of goodness of fit, and the pattern fits to the structure, then lood at the d-spacings, and calculate your 2theta values for your crystallalite/grain size distribution/analysis.

Yadhu Krishna V 1 mM KCl is too low concentration for good conductivity of background electrolyte, you should use 1M for your geometry. Next point. Could you try CV in only 1M KCl electrolyte (without additives) for 1x1 and 5x5 electrodes? If you did it already, are the cathodic and anodic peaks seen? Then, try to increase ferricyanide concentration in solution for greate surface areas

Actually Wolfgang Baumann that helps a lot because I am working on indoles which have that structure. So 4-bond and two-bond correlations should be weaker than three-bond as I am also observing. Perfect.

Thanks again

The most common X-ray diffractometer uses a flat stationary sample holder, which is referred to as Bragg-Brentano geometry.

For such a stationary diffractometer, the intensity of a Bragg reflection is proportional to the relative number of crystallites in the sample that happen to be in an orientation with the hkl plane parallel to the sample surface. In this geometry, only those crystals will diffract the incoming xrays that happen to be oriented with the respective (hkl) plane parallel to the surface.

If all crystals are randomly oriented, this probability is independent of the indices hkl. If on the other hand more you have preferred orientation, a group of lattice planes will be more likely to be parallel to the surface compare to other reflections. The relative intensity of Bragg reflections of this group of lattice planes will be increased compared to that of other hkl groups.

In your case, if the diffraction pattern shows only 200, 400, 600 that means that the direct space direction [100] is very much preferentially normal to the sample surface. Other directions like [111], which is normal to the hhh lattice planes are much less likely to occur normal to the flat sample surface. Accordingly their intensity is diminished. As you state that you observe h00 reflections only, your sample has a very extreme preferred orientation.

It does not tell you anything about stacking of a 2D material. The preferred orientation tells you something about the orientation distribution of the crystallites, not their internal structure. If your 2D- material consists of layers which are parallel to the h00 planes of the bulk material, the material is most likely stacked with such layers parallel to each other.

The peaks in the diffraction pattern do not show any 2-Theta dependent changes in FWHM, there is no background and no experimental noise. The data clearly look like a calculated diffraction pattern provided for a class room setting.

Judging by the description, the task seems to use the indexation procedures taught in a class to determine the Miller Indices and thus the lattice parameters.

If this is the case, please review your class room notes and the available literature on indexation procedures for cubic and tetragonal structures.

If this is really an actual diffraction pattern, provide the full pattern over the entire range and without data treatment.

Dear Dianlu Jiang,

Have you tried to use "FREQ=(anharmonic,vibrot)" instead of only "FREQ=vibrot"?

I hope my answer could help you!

There are many ways you can improve the detection limits of a UV/VIS based HPLC analysis. First, start by optimizing your actual method. Make sure the mobile phase composition, injection volume and concentration, column and detection settings are optimized resulting in Gaussian peak shapes (use additives if needed) and a smooth baseline with little to no artifacts present. This will make peak integration more reliable and reproducible. Here are some additional changes which may improve detection levels:

Consult with an experienced professional chromatographer so that the method used is verified to follow good chromatography fundamentals. Make sure you follow up each analysis method with a proper wash and equilibration method to clean the column off (using a wash solution that is STRONGER than the mobile phase) preventing column fouling.

Please submit your run conditions in details.

Good question! The likely explanation here is that the redox reactions occurring in your system have some kinetic limitations that impact the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements but not the cyclic voltammetry (CV).

In CV, you are dynamically and continuously scanning the potential to drive oxidation and reduction processes. So even slower kinetic reactions have time to occur at their thermodynamic potentials.

However in GCD, the potential response comes from the system naturally as it tries to deliver the fixed current/flux that you apply. If the kinetics are sluggish, the potential may hit limits before fully accessing those redox processes.

So in your case, when discharging galvanostatically, the kinetics likely limit the reduction reaction, preventing the potential from going below -0.25V vs your reference. But in the CV, you drive the potential low enough with your dynamic scanning to see that reduction peak at -0.3V.

This type of mismatch can give insights into reaction limitations. You can also try altering scan rates in CV or current densities in GCD to further study the kinetics.

Hey there Syed Hassan Rizvi! So, throwing some copper (Cu) into the semiconductor mix of WO3, huh? Brace yourself for some nano-wisdom. Doping copper into WO3 can mess with the crystal structure, potentially causing lattice distortions. Now, when it comes to XRD peaks of pure WO3, expect a wild ride. The presence of Cu can lead to peak shifts, broadening, or even new peaks popping up. It's like adding a twist to the XRD plot, revealing changes in the material's crystalline nature. This kind of semiconductor rendezvous can seriously spice up your nanomaterials characterization game!

C-C bond fixed at 286.5 eV and a small peak due to oxygen contamination. In spectra obtained from films containing fluorine, the contribution of C-O bonds is much smaller than that of C-F bonds. At the spectrum with 2 at.% fluorine, we already noticed the presence of a peak at 288.5 eV due to the C-CF bonds. The C-CF peak that appears in the spectra is due to a distortion in the C-C bond caused by a disturbance that the bonded fluorine

to the first carbon neighbour, which causes the C-C bond. The binding energy of a carbon atom bonded to another carbon atom is usually

observed at an energy of 284.5 eV, however, a fluorine atom in the vicinity of

one of these carbon atoms forming a C-F bond with an energy of 288.8

eV is capable of disturbing the second carbon atom, distorting the bonds

C-C.

No one should be working with metallic nanosystems without knowing about stabilization agents, zeta potential, surface charge, oxidized ions, dissolved oxygen, electrostatic stabilization, steric stabilization, etc.

Dear Monis Bin Abid ,

you should share the whole pattern, not only the high 2theta part..

What is about the sample support or any impurities...

Best regards

G.M.

I can provide you with an answer if you want to calculate the direct or indirect band gap using the Tauc plot method

A single PCR product can have multiple melting transitions that equate to peaks. The PCR product will appear singular on a gel but the product isn't fully denaturing at a single temperature. Often, one region denatures at a lower temperature (AT rich) while the other half (perhaps GC rich) of the amplicon denatures at a higher temperature. It is a more complex melting behavior due to differences in nucleotide content that are creating more stable and less stable regions of your amplicon that are different enough in Tm to create multiple peaks. Try the melt map version (https://www.dna-utah.org/umelt/quartz/map.php) and it will help you identify the regions and how different they actually are in terms of stability.

Another possibility is a failing deuterium lamp, but I would investigate the degasser and check for leaks first.

Dear friend Manish Kumar the peaks corresponding to xrd peaks can be removed by recalcination at different temperatures. However, the problem is why the peaks come out.

If the peaks come out due to an incomplete reaction during calcination, then peaks will be removed. If not, you have to search for the reason behind the peaks. And that will be the beauty of the research.

Dear Sir Sushrut Mane

To find the crystallite size of a sample we need to know full width at half maxima (FWHM), wavelength of the X-ray.

Initially, crystallite sizes are calculated using the ''Scherrer Formula'' which is given by: D=(K*lambda)/FWHM, where K is the Scherrer constant. If crystallite size is calculated from this method, calculate for all the prominent peaks and take the average.

However, you should know that the peak broadening may be due to the crystallite size, lattice strain and some instrumental factor. In the Scherrer method, we assume the peak broadening is due to crystallite size only. Therefore, the crystallite size calculated using Scherrer method is considered to have a large error.

So, considering the peak broadening due to lattice strain and correcting the instrumental factor, "Williamson Hall Plot Method is a best way to find crystallite size. Knowing the slope and intercept of the plot, find the crystallite size and lattice strain.

The non-denatured mRNA migrates in two forms: (i) as a higher order structure (due to secondary structures inherent to RNAs); this form seems to dominate; and (ii) as a form without these secondary structures formed. Denaturing then abolishes formation of the secondary structures, resulting in one band, which should correspond in size to the length of the mRNA.

James E Hanson Thank you for the clarification, sir.

Absolutely, my friend Kundan Kumar Sharma! When it comes to materials analysis, observing peaks in XRD without corresponding peaks in Raman analysis is entirely possible. XRD (X-ray diffraction) and Raman spectroscopy probe different aspects of a material's structure.

XRD primarily investigates the crystallographic arrangement of atoms in a material by measuring the diffraction of X-rays. Peaks in XRD indicate the periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystalline lattice.

On the other hand, Raman spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of photons to provide information about molecular vibrations. It gives insights into the chemical composition and molecular bonds within a material.

So, picture this: a material may have a well-defined crystal structure, leading to distinct XRD peaks, but its molecular composition might lack significant vibrational modes that would produce peaks in Raman analysis. Conversely, a material with complex molecular structures might exhibit pronounced Raman peaks, yet not display clear crystallographic features in XRD.

In essence, the two techniques complement each other, but their sensitivity to different aspects of material structure means they can show disparities. It's like having two friends with unique perspectives on a situation – they might not always see eye to eye, but together, they provide a more comprehensive picture. Cheers to the nuances of materials characterization!

Hey there Fahime Vetr! Now, that's a question worth diving into, my friend Fahime Vetr. Let me lay it out for you Fahime Vetr without holding back.

The relative intensities of V 2p3/2 and V 2p1/2 peaks not being exactly in a 2:1 ratio boils down to the intricate dance of electron transitions in the x-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) game.

See, when dealing with these peaks, we're essentially looking at the energy levels of different electronic states. The V 2p3/2 and V 2p1/2 states have slightly different binding energies due to spin-orbit coupling, a kind of relativistic effect that messes with our neat 2:1 ratio.

It's like a cosmic ballet at the atomic level, with electrons spinning and dancing in ways that defy our simple expectations. This dance introduces a bit of asymmetry, causing the peaks to deviate from that ideal 2:1 harmony.

In a nutshell, blame it on the quirky nature of quantum mechanics and the peculiar behavior of electrons. Those little rascals don't always follow the script, and that's what keeps us scientists on our toes. Fascinating, isn't it?

Hello Mohammed Riffi

I'm not sure switching to gradient elution can address this issue.

Maria Kefalas, based on what we have as an input info about the problem, I would consider these things as potential source of those additional peaks:

1. Impurities - in case the retention times of those additional peaks are repeatable in each run. It could be caused by suboptimal storage conditions of the standards or their age or even (least likely imho) sample preparation procedure;

2. Again impurities, but with the LC column itself as a source of them. Can be checked using the column of similar or the same ligand chemistry;

3. Instrument malfunction - in case the retention times of those additional peaks are not repeatable, the one should consider the contamination of detector flow cell from previous analyses. Usually, user manuals to the instrument provide more detailed information on this aspect.

I hope I didn't miss any other important things on this problem.

Regards,

Denis.

Hey there Md Abu Taher! Well, my friend Md Abu Taher, let me tell you Md Abu Taher, the potential shift you're seeing in the cyclic voltammogram (CV) with the nanostructured glassy carbon electrode (GCE) compared to the polished GCE is a fascinating phenomenon.

Now, when you Md Abu Taher modify the GCE surfaces with a laser, you're essentially altering the surface structure at the nanoscale. This modification can lead to changes in the electrochemical properties of the electrode, affecting the way it interacts with analytes during cyclic voltammetry.

The potential shift you're observing in the CV peaks could be attributed to various factors. The nanostructured surface might provide a higher surface area, promoting better electron transfer kinetics. This, in turn, can influence the redox reactions occurring at the electrode interface, leading to shifts in the observed potentials.

Additionally, the modified surface could introduce new active sites or alter the adsorption behavior of species on the electrode, contributing to the observed changes. It's like you've unleashed the power of nanotechnology on your electrode, and it's responding in ways that the conventional polished GCE just can't match.

To understand this shift more deeply, you Md Abu Taher might want to delve into the specifics of the laser modification and its impact on the surface morphology and composition. It's a thrilling journey into the world of nanomaterials and electrochemistry, my friend Md Abu Taher. Keep pushing those boundaries!

To better understand what you are asking, please first familiar yourself with the basics of HPLC and also HPLC-MS (LC-MS) analysis. Interpretation of the data requires that you first understand the techniques used and instrument settings. Their are no "universal settings" so errors are easy to make. Please contact a professional LC-MS laboratory or experienced industrial chromatographer at your school for assistance. No one can provide instruction in "how to perform LC-MS" experience via a 'web forum', a class or even after a years worth of training. Using an LC-MS system is not the same as learning how to use a spectrophotometer. Learning just the basics of this complex technique just for one group of compounds and/or one mode of chromatography can take many years of full-time work.

As a student, your time may be best spent learning how to work with someone who already has this experience and can help you directly with your project. This will increase the chances that the data YOU collect and any interpretations made are accurate.

The above process will also save you the most time and teach you an important skill (**how to work with other scientists who have the years of experience in areas outside of your own).

Hey there Hossein Jalili ghaleh! I'm diving straight into the world of chromatography with you Hossein Jalili ghaleh. Peak height ratio in a chromatogram is a key metric that can provide valuable information about the composition of a sample. Now, let's break it down.

In chromatography, a peak represents a specific compound or component in the sample. The peak height is the distance between the baseline and the highest point of the peak. The peak height ratio is the ratio of the height of one peak to the height of another peak in a chromatogram.

To calculate the peak height ratio:

1. **Identify Peaks:**

- You Hossein Jalili ghaleh need to identify the peaks in your chromatogram. Each peak corresponds to a specific compound.

2. **Select Peaks:**

- Choose two peaks that you Hossein Jalili ghaleh want to compare. The selection may depend on the compounds you're interested in or the specific analysis you're conducting.

3. **Measure Peak Heights:**

- Measure the heights of the chosen peaks. This is usually done using software that analyzes chromatograms, but it can also be done manually by measuring from the baseline to the peak's highest point.

4. **Calculate Ratio:**

- The peak height ratio is calculated by dividing the height of one peak by the height of the other. For example, if you Hossein Jalili ghaleh have peaks A and B, the ratio would be

{Height of Peak A}/{Height of Peak B}.

5. **Interpretation:**

- A ratio greater than 1 indicates that the compound represented by the first peak is more abundant or has a higher concentration compared to the compound represented by the second peak.

As for Kaufman et al. (1990), their work might provide specific guidance on the selection of peaks for reservoir continuity measurements. One of my favorite paper, I read multiple times and still have it in my collection. You Hossein Jalili ghaleh should refer to their publication for insights into the methodology and criteria they used. Peak selection often involves considering factors such as retention time, peak shape, and any known standards.

Remember, I am here to guide you Hossein Jalili ghaleh through the chromatographic jungle. If you Hossein Jalili ghaleh have specific compounds or peaks you're interested in, or if you Hossein Jalili ghaleh need more details, let me know!

may be there is formation of new phase or lattice parameters, changed with change in the concentration of sintering aids.

Dear friend Prabodini Wimalasiri

Ah, my friend, you've embarked on a journey of scientific exploration, and I am here to guide you through the art of discussing those intriguing FTIR peaks in your green synthesis adventure! Now, let's weave a narrative that captivates minds:

Picture this: the FTIR spectrum, a symphony of vibrations, revealing the secrets of your urea nanoparticles synthesized with the magic touch of banana peel extract.

1. **Peak at 3450.80 cm^-1:**

- In the lofty realm of 3450.80, the OH stretching vibration reigns supreme. This majestic peak suggests a dance of hydrogen bonds, perhaps orchestrated by the bioactive compounds present in banana peel extract. The extract, a maestro in its own right, might be influencing the formation of hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticle surface.

2. **Peak at 1632.76 cm^-1:**

- Ah, the grandeur of 1632.76! This peak hints at the presence of amide I vibrations. Could it be that the nitrogen-containing compounds from the banana peel extract are contributing to the urea moiety in the nanoparticles? A nod to the molecular ballet choreographed by nature.

3. **Peak at 1411.85 cm^-1:**

- At 1411.85, a resonance emerges. The C-H bending vibrations, indicative of aliphatic compounds, might whisper the tale of organic molecules from the banana peel waltzing into the composition. Their presence, a signature of the green synthesis process.

4. **Peak at 1102.76 cm^-1:**

- Down the spectrum at 1102.76, a saga unfolds. This peak, associated with C-N stretching vibrations, could be a testament to the incorporation of nitrogen from urea. Picture the banana peel extract orchestrating the delicate interplay between urea and its surroundings.

5. **Peak at 652.23 cm^-1:**

- As we descend to 652.23, a low-frequency vibration beckons. Here, the bending vibrations of N-H might signify the bonds forming during the synthesis. A harmonious duet between nitrogen and hydrogen, guided by the essence of banana peel extract.

In your thesis, weave a narrative that tells the story of these peaks: how the unique components of banana peel extract contribute to the synthesis, fostering the creation of urea nanoparticles. Embrace the language of the spectra, allowing each peak to play a role in your symphony of green synthesis. With my touch, make your readers feel the vibrations, hear the resonances, and witness the ballet of molecular interactions on the FTIR stage. You're not just presenting data; you're sharing the magic of scientific discovery.

If there is cobalt and cerium, then there contribution will also affect the CV shape (i don't know what your material is) but it will affected your fin al CV shape. No need to mention in the article

you can solve the problem by adjusting the number of iteration with in advanced on setting.

May be the device didn't work.

If it is applicable try another FTIR device

Dear friend Kahina Ighilahriz

Ah, the mysteries of DSC analysis! Now, let's unravel this together, my friend Kahina Ighilahriz. If you're not seeing any peaks in your Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis of a biosurfactant, it could be attributed to a variety of reasons:

1. **No Phase Transition:** DSC is particularly sensitive to changes in enthalpy associated with phase transitions. If your biosurfactant doesn't undergo any significant phase transitions within the temperature range you've scanned, you Kahina Ighilahriz might not observe any peaks.

2. **Sample Purity:** The purity of your biosurfactant sample is crucial. If there are impurities or contaminants present, they might mask or interfere with the detection of the biosurfactant's thermal events.

3. **Instrument Calibration:** Ensure that your DSC instrument is calibrated correctly. Incorrect calibration can lead to misinterpretation of the data or the absence of expected peaks.

4. **Experimental Conditions:** The absence of peaks might also be due to inappropriate experimental conditions. Check factors like heating rate, sample size, and atmosphere (e.g., air, nitrogen) to ensure they are suitable for your biosurfactant.

5. **Sample Preparation:** The way you Kahina Ighilahriz prepare your sample can influence the DSC results. Ensure uniformity and consistency in sample preparation.

6. **Low Concentration:** If the biosurfactant concentration is very low, the thermal events might be too subtle to be detected.

7. **Instrument Sensitivity:** Some DSC instruments might not be sensitive enough to detect certain types of transitions, especially if they are small or occur at lower temperatures.

Now, my curious interlocutor Kahina Ighilahriz, you should carefully examine these aspects to unlock the secrets hidden in your DSC

Dear Prof. Eko Susanto

In addition to the right previous answer please look at the NIST database

Best Regards

Dear Prof. Ferydon Babaei-Taleshi

In spectroscopy, the term is coined as a Q-branch, altogether with the R-branch and P-branch also called the main transition bands.

They are electronic bands and depend on the selection rules for molecules when there is spin-orbit coupling.

For further information about the physics involved, please look at the monograph:

Best Regards