Plant Extracts - Science topic

In my humble opinion, according to the study scale and the current research budget/fund, you should make the most appropriate decision coupled with yours scientific team. It is also essential to skim and scan and maybe take a look at some of the published papers in this field. As a result, you will get the best decision.

Regards

@Ankit Thank you so much. I'll go through the references you provided. I appreciate.

The differences in results between the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) estimation and the Disk Diffusion method could be due to several factors:

You need to consider all these factors as you are interpreting your results. I hope this helps

Hydroethanol (30:70) at 40⁰C, assisted by shaking and or microwave assisted for total extractions.

Yes, there are several methods to test the stability of plant extracts over time. include HPLC, and GC-MS (used to analyze the chemical composition of plant extracts and monitor changes in compound profiles over time. By comparing chromatograms of fresh and stored extracts, you can assess the stability of key compounds)

UV-Vis Spectroscopy: UV-Vis spectroscopy is often used to quantify the concentration of specific compounds in plant extracts. By measuring absorbance at characteristic wavelengths, you can track changes in compound concentration over time.

Antioxidant activity assays, such as DPPH radical scavenging assay or ORAC assay, can be used to assess the antioxidant capacity of extracts before and after storage.

changes in odor, taste, and overall acceptability of plant extracts over time.

Hey there Michelle Darmawan!

Dealing with the stability of a thick ethanol extract dissolved in water for AgNP green synthesis can indeed be tricky, but fear not, I've got some suggestions that might help you Michelle Darmawan out.

First off, kudos on the maceration technique using 70% ethanol solvent. That's a solid approach for obtaining a thick extract. Now, onto the stabilization conundrum:

1. **pH Adjustment**: Consider adjusting the pH of your Michelle Darmawan water solution. Sometimes, precipitates form due to pH imbalances. Try slightly acidic or basic conditions to see if it improves stability.

2. **Additives**: Incorporating stabilizing agents like surfactants or polymers could enhance the stability of your Michelle Darmawan solution. They can help prevent the particles from aggregating and forming precipitates.

3. **Temperature Control**: Temperature plays a crucial role in stability. Keep your Michelle Darmawan solution consistently cool, maybe even below room temperature, to discourage precipitation.

4. **Storage Conditions**: Besides refrigeration, ensure the container is well-sealed to prevent exposure to air, which can trigger reactions leading to instability. Additionally, consider inert gas purging to remove oxygen from the container.

5. **Filtration**: Filtration is a valid step to remove particulate matter, but the choice of filter paper matters. Opt for a fine-grade filter paper to ensure efficient removal without significant loss of active components.

6. **Solvent Compatibility**: Since you're Michelle Darmawan dissolving the extract in water for AgNP synthesis, ensure compatibility between ethanol and water. Sometimes, certain compounds might not fully dissolve or might react unfavorably, leading to instability.

Experimentation is key here. Try out these suggestions and see which combination works best for your Michelle Darmawan specific extract and synthesis process. Remember, a bit of trial and error is often par for the course in research. Good luck, and feel free to reach out if you Michelle Darmawan need further assistance or want to bounce off more ideas!

Dear Wahiba,

Regarding the antimicrobial activity of plant extract which contains phenolic extract, firstly you do...

Disk diffusion method (Agar Cup - plate method ) which giving the antimicrobial potential of your phenolic extract by observing the zone of inhibition (potential of your drug to fight microbial organism).

For carrying this kind of activity you select any two gram positive, two gram negative and one fungal organism.

After observing the zone of inhibition, you carry the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of your phenolic extract for confirming the antimicrobial potential of your isolated phenolic extract from plant

As you will be aware, plants are a very rich source of phytochemicals and this will be reflected in your aqueous extract. The IR spectra of your extract will be complex, containing the overlapping spectra of every compound. You will not be able to identify any individual compound with any degree of certainty.

If you want to identify the components of your extract then you need to resort to a Metabolomics type experiment. You need to add in several chromatographic steps and then resort to GC-MS (headspace for volatiles), after appropriate derivatisation, and to LC-MS. The spectra can be searched against various libraries. Even then you will be left with many unknowns.

Phytochemicals present in the plant extract acts as a green corrosion inhibitor by providing barrier effect on the active sites of the metals thus preventing corrosion

A peak at 360 nm in the UV-vis spectrum typically indicates the presence of silver nanoparticles. However, it suggests that the particles might be monodisperse, meaning they have a uniform size distribution. To confirm, you could perform additional characterization techniques such as TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) or DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) to determine the size and morphology of the nanoparticles.

Dear, I used to study this greensynthesis of AgNPs. I think you should investigate the concentration of AgNO3 in a fixed concentration of plant extract, in order to optimize the synthesis condition.

In green synthesis methods of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, it is not just the secondary metabolite compounds acting as reducing agents and antioxidants that impact nanoparticle formation; the broader biological activities of the plant extract also play a significant role in influencing the properties and applications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Michelle Darmawan

You can try to achieve this pH by increasing the temperature, pressure, or adding another extract.

Michelle Darmawan

Silver ions are well reduced at room temperature. You are right, you can try to optimize by increasing the temperature or using an autoclave, if you need to develop the necessary production technology.

To achieve a final concentration of 0.1% DMSO while maintaining the desired concentration of the plant extract, you can follow these steps:

Here's a summary of the steps:

Michelle Darmawan

It is necessary to check the plasmonic absorption of nanoparticles in the dispersion. If there is, then centrifuge additionally or let it sit for a week.

Adjusting to Desired pH with Citric Acid

Serine proteases are often inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin.

Chromogenic and fluorogenic artificial substrates for neutrophil elastase are available, consisting of short peptides with a C-terminal nitroaniline or aminomethylcoumarin group. An example is:

Methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide

I don't know whether these will work with a plant enzyme.

Adding plant extracts may be tricky if you are measuring a color or fluorescence change because the extracts may interfere with detection. In that case, you may want to use a protein substrate and follow the cleavage by SDS-PAGE.

Antioxidant/antiradical activities: DPPH Scavenging Activity, Phosphomolybdenum Assay, Ferric Reducing Power, Phenanthroline Assay

Yes I have ..1st line anti-TB drug..Isoniazid

Agar well diffusion method or disk diffusion method can be used check phytochemicals against disease causing bacteria

Cold extraction using aqueous or non polar solvent or both (e.g. hydroethanolic) is a good method. Partitioning may be done. Thin layer chromatography may also be used for small-scale purification of the extracts. The antimicrobial effects can be determined using agar well diffusion method or microtube dilution methods. You can consider doing the MIC/MBC, time-kill kinetics, and others

Thank you very much Dr Ismail for the explanation .. I will definitely conduct the analysis based on your suggestion dr.

Dear Somaddar,

In plant extracts, phenolic content was contributed by a lot of compounds. This is the reason why you can not determine exactly the composition of phenolic compounds in your extracts whether you regconised what main substances in your extracts and you have the standard compounds for quantification. Instead, in organic chemistry, we can evaluate the content of total phenolic compounds by photometric analysis (UV-VIS) based on gallic acid. You can read the document below or use the ISO protocol to do this. Good luck to you

Dear suvroto

Hi

In the microbiology department of the laboratory where I work, when the suspension of different dilutions of food samples containing bacteria (gram-negative) is poured into a plate and then cultured in pour plate method with the "plate count agar" medium, these bubbles are formed. In my opinion, due to the fact that some gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteria, produce gas after being exposed to suitable nutritional conditions for growth and reproduction (this process is used to detect the presence of bacteria such as coliform and E.coli in broth medium) and these gases cannot leave the culture medium after solidification, they appear in the form of bubbles. In any case, the formation of bubbles in the culture medium is a natural issue and does not affect the work process and the results.​

It can be all kind of peptides that are also present in such extracts. When you used traditional extraction with heat application, then also smaller lipophilic reaction products from the Maillard reaction would be present as well.

Thank you for your response, Mr. Muhammad. I have already lyophilized and oven-dried the silver nanoparticles for many days but still, they are sticky.

Phenolic compounds have a wide range of polarities. Some are more polar and would not be well solubilized in non-polar hexane. Flavonoids tend to be more non-polar, so they can dissolve better in hexane. The more polar phenolics are likely to dissolve better in your other more polar solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). It is also possible that something in the hexane extract is interfering with the chemistry of the assay you are using to detect total phenols. Flavonoids use a different detection method, so they are unaffected. You may need to try a different phenol quantification method that is less prone to interference.

Ong Thanasilan Firstly, try to dry your sample and re suspend if possible in a suitable solvent, like dicloromethane. Add a portion of your TMS reagent (the ratio can depend on manufacturer instructions) to a vial containing your sample. You can heat the mixture at around 75 degrees for about 30 minutes and then allow to cool. You can evaporate the solvent if necessary to remove excess derivatizatation reagent. You can then follow the standard GC protocol. Hope this helps, blessings.

If the growth is what it should be for your inoculum, think you need to respect your observation - the extract is not inhibitory in ZOI testing.

Be aware, extract data is often difficult to reproduce.

Please check the following paper. it is used PCA

same with me but I have synthesized ZnO NPs from medicinal plant extract and repeated the assay many time using DPPH and used standard Ascorbic acid for reference but all the time ZnO NPs show less antioxidant activity then Plant extract Priyanka Pandita

Best

Did you know that plants can have a significant impact on each other? This effect, known as allelopathy, occurs when one plant's chemical compounds influence the growth and development of another. Different plants have unique chemical compositions, which determine their ability to protect themselves. Some plants secrete phenolic compounds in response to injuries, which helps prevent further damage. It's fascinating to explore the ways in which plants interact with one another!

The point is to distinguish clearly the mechanism of action of the substance in question that affects the population of bacteria. Antibacterial substances include those which stop bacteria from replicating without killing them (bacteriostatic) and those which kill bacteria (bactericidal). In the case of dental plaque-causing bacteria, if a substance only prevents adherence of the bacteria (antiadherence) to surfaces in the mouth, then the bacteria will most likely be washed away by saliva, even if the substance is neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal. uUse of the specific terminology can explain clearly the mechanism of action of the substance. Bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and antiadherence are terms that avoid confusion, whereas antibacterial could be interpreted in a variety of ways.

Dear Doctor

Go To

Preparation of medicinal plants for experimental purposes is an initial step and key in achieving quality research outcome. It involves extraction and determination of quality and quantity of bioactive constituents before proceeding with the intended biological testing. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate various methods used in the preparation and screening of medicinal plants in our daily research. Although the extracts, bioactive fractions, or compounds obtained from medicinal plants are used for different purposes, the techniques involved in producing them are generally the same irrespective of the intended biological testing. The major stages included in acquiring quality bioactive molecule are the selection of an appropriate solvent, extraction methods, phytochemical screening procedures, fractionation methods, and identification techniques. The nitty-gritty of these methods and the exact road map followed solely depends on the research design. Solvents commonly used in extraction of medicinal plants are polar solvent (e.g., water, alcohols), intermediate polar (e.g., acetone, dichloromethane), and nonpolar (e.g., n-hexane, ether, chloroform). In general, extraction procedures include maceration, digestion, decoction, infusion, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, superficial extraction, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-assisted extractions. Fractionation and purification of phytochemical substances are achieved through application of various chromatographic techniques such as paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, compounds obtained are characterized using diverse identification techniques such as mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, different methods described above can be grouped and discussed according to the intended biological testing to guide young researchers and make them more focused."

Hello there, curious researcher friend Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda! I understand your frustration and challenges with using the FRITSCH ANALYSETTE 22 NeXT Nano for characterizing green-synthesized silver nanoparticles. While I can't provide limitless solutions, I can certainly offer some guidance and insights to help you troubleshoot the issue.

Using this equipment for nanoparticle characterization can be tricky, but there are a few things to consider:

1. **Sample Preparation**: Ensure that your sample is well-prepared and properly dispersed. Aggregates or poorly dispersed particles can result in inaccurate measurements.

2. **Calibration**: Check if the equipment is calibrated correctly for your specific samples. This step is crucial to get accurate readings.

3. **Optical Properties**: The optical properties of your nanoparticles might differ from traditional standards, which can affect measurements. Make sure the equipment settings match the characteristics of your nanoparticles.

4. **Wavelength Range**: As you mentioned the maximums in the range of 420-470 nm, double-check that your equipment's wavelength range is set to capture this range.

5. **Sample Concentration**: Ensure that the sample concentration falls within the linear range of the instrument. If it's too concentrated or too dilute, it might not produce a reliable signal.

6. **Cleanliness**: Keep the equipment clean and free from contamination. Even tiny specks can affect readings.

7. **Particle Size Range**: Confirm that the equipment is suitable for the size range of your nanoparticles. Some instruments are optimized for specific size ranges.

8. **Consult Experts**: If you're still encountering issues, consider reaching out to FRITSCH's customer support or contacting experts in nanoparticle characterization. They might be able to provide specific guidance for your samples.

Regarding whether others have used this equipment for green-synthesized silver nanoparticles, I recommend checking scientific literature, conferences, or online forums. Researchers often share their experiences and methodologies. Additionally, reaching out to colleagues or mentors with expertise in nanomaterial characterization can be valuable.

Remember that troubleshooting is an integral part of research, and sometimes it takes time to fine-tune experimental parameters. Stay persistent, and I hope you Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda find the solution to your measurement challenges! If you have more specific questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask.

I am still facing that problem. Can anyone please help?

Hello Cornel,

Plants produce a wide array of secretions known as mucilages or exudates. They are secreted by seeds, roots, leaves and stems to fulfil a variety of functions such as adhesion, protection, nutrient acquisition, and infection. Mucilages are generally polysaccharide-rich and often occur in the form of viscoelastic gels.

You may use quaternary ammonium salts such as CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) or CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride) that can form coordination compounds with acidic polysaccharides or long chain high-MW polysaccharides. The coordination compound of quaternary ammonium salt-polysaccharide can be generated in the form of precipitate.

For more information on polysaccharides from natural sources you may want to refer to the article attached below.

Best.

Dear Ibejekwe Sunday John

No it is not -Z(Fmax). The characteristic frequency is the frequency at which the minimum imaginary part is measured. See the attached image.

Best regards,

Nicolas

Hello Harto Widodo

Whenever I come across such a situation (media turning cloudy), I doubt bacterial contamination, and without wasting much time I confirm by streaking a few microlitres of the culture on LB agar plate (already prepared and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C. They are stored upside down with the agar on the roof of the plate), and leaving the plate at 37 degrees C overnight. If bacterial colonies are found on the plate the next day, it means presence of bacterial contamination.

So, you too need to streak a few microlitres of this so-called contaminated Hela culture on LB agar plate and confirm for yourself whether the contamination is bacterial. In a similar manner check for contamination in the DMEM media as well.

Best.

Adarsh, I would add to Alan's comments that Se is at ow concentrations in most plants grown in typical environments, Paul

Why do you want to disolve your ethanolic plant extract in ethanol? Is there any benifit in using ethanol as solvent for extract

Dear Doctor

Go To

"Abstract

The preparation, characterization, and application of Nickel oxide (NiO)–Copper oxide (CuO)–Zinc oxide (ZnO) transition nanometal oxides have significantly enhanced their tunable properties for superior multifunctional performances compared with well-known metal oxides. NiO–CuO–ZnO nano transition metal oxides were synthesized by a simple eco-friendly solution combustion method. X-ray diffraction studies revealed distinct phases such as monoclinic, cubic, and hexagonal wurtzite for CuO, NiO, and ZnO, respectively, with NiO having the highest composition. The particle sizes were found to be in the range between 25 and 60 nm, as determined by powder X-ray diffraction. The energy bandgap values were found to be 1.63, 3.4, and 4.2 eV for CuO, ZnO, and NiO, respectively. All metal oxides exhibited a moderate degradation efficiency for AR88 dye. The results of ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra helped identify the bandgap of metal oxides and a suitable wavelength for photocatalytic irradiation. Finally, we concluded that the electrochemical studies revealed that the synthesized materials are well suitable for sensor applications.

Conclusions

Using a green combustion approach, we have successfully synthesized three metal oxides: nickel oxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide. The PXRD analysis confirms the phase purity of the samples, and the planes obtained from the analysis are in good agreement with the SAED pattern obtained from the TEM analysis. The metal oxides that were prepared were tested for a variety of applications, including photocatalysis and sensors. To determine the photocatalytic ability of the metal oxides, AR88 dye was used as a test substrate and the obtained results were notably appreciable. It should be noted that ZnO exhibited a greater photocatalytic activity than NiO and CuO. The sensing ability of the metal oxides was investigated using glucose as a sensing analyte. Because of their abilities and the obtained results, it can be concluded that the synthesized metal oxides have the potential to be used in a variety of applications."

@ Niti Sharma Thank you very much. It is really helpful.

Yes, it is possible to synthesize lead selenide (PbSe) nanoparticles using plant extracts through a green and environmentally friendly approach known as "biological synthesis" or "biogenic synthesis." This method utilizes plant extracts as reducing agents to reduce metal salts into nanoparticles. Here is a simplified overview of the process:

Benefits of this green synthesis approach include reduced toxicity compared to traditional chemical synthesis methods and the potential for tuning the size and properties of the nanoparticles by adjusting the reaction conditions and plant extract composition.

No, the concentration of the plant extract will not be the same if the volume decreases from 500 microliters to 100 microliters while keeping the initial concentration constant at 30 mg/ml.

To calculate the new concentration after the volume change, you can use the formula for concentration:

C1 * V1 = C2 * V2

Where: C1 = initial concentration (30 mg/ml) V1 = initial volume (500 microliters) C2 = final concentration (unknown) V2 = final volume (100 microliters)

30 mg/ml * 500 microliters = C2 * 100 microliters

C2 = (30 mg/ml * 500 microliters) / 100 microliters

C2 = 15000 mg/ml / 100 microliters

C2 = 150 mg/ml

So, when the volume decreases from 500 microliters to 100 microliters while maintaining the initial concentration of 30 mg/ml, the new concentration will be 150 mg/ml.

NOTE= "If there were no physical factors involved, or you can prepare a fresh solution."

Tatiana Shiguango

Heat: Gently heating the solvent can sometimes aid in dissolving difficult substances. Be cautious not to overheat, as this can degrade your extract or solvent.

Solvent Choice: Experiment with different solvents or solvent mixtures. You've mentioned using DMSO and water, but other solvents like ethanol, methanol, or a combination of these may be more effective for your specific extract.

Mechanical Agitation: Using a magnetic stirrer or vortex mixer can help break down clumps and improve dissolution. You may need to let it stir for an extended period if your extract is voluminous.

Ultrasonication: Ultrasonication can be very effective at breaking down stubbornly insoluble materials. Ultrasonic waves create cavitation, which can disrupt particle clusters and enhance dissolution.

Chemical Aids: Depending on the nature of your extract, certain chemical aids like surfactants or co-solvents might help. However, be cautious with these additives as they can interfere with downstream applications.

I hope this helps. All the best.

It depends on your experimental purpose. If you know what the substance you extracted is and the main purpose is to separate the product, you can first perform TLC before using GC or LC. If you don't know what your products are, you can start with GC or LC first.

I have conducted the second method in my research. You may refer to my paper

Try using lower concentrations like 10mg or 20mg initially. Sometimes, higher concentrations yield no results, whereas lower concentrations can provide better outcomes. Ensure you properly filter your extract before conducting any biological assay.

The DPPH assay is "unusual" because the antioxidant sample causes a decrease not an increase in absorbance. OK. Let me speak about normal antioxidant assays where antioxidant increases color. In that case "your problem" would be restated.. [Why i get control value(2ml methanol+1ml **** reagent 0.1mM SOL) higher then our sample ie, plant extract and Nanoparticles) in antioxidant assay?]. In this case the control would be exhibiting a reaction (apparent antioxidant content) which should not be. A faulty control is usually quite difficult to produce - provided THE CONTROL is identical in every way as the test sample. The only difference should be that the test sample is replaced with the same volume of solvent (which you seem to do). You also seem to be using 3.1 ml total volume (cuvette or test tube) not a microplate. I agree with Dr Nimashi Herath that DPPH degradation (apparent antioxidant results) occurring in the control perhaps due to sunlight exposure. Another point is that: impure methanol contains trace metal ions which are redox active. However, provided that the control is made-up exactly like the general assay using all the same reagents, these errors should cancel out. I agree with Dr Yurii V Geletii that this is truly perplexing. My short-hand advice is, to prepare a control experiment alongside of each and every assay: same solvents, same reagents, same cuvettes, same instrument (please allow to warm up and check the zeroing with water frequently). Check the control gives the same absorbance readings (vs. air or water blank) at the start and END of your analysis. Good luck.

Estimation of total polyphenolics

The reaction mixture contain 50 μl of sample, 3 ml water, 0.25 ml FC reagent and 0.75 ml 20 % Na2CO3. The total volume make up to 5 ml using water. Mixed well and incubated the mixture at 50°C for 2 hours. Read the absorbance at 765 nm using spectrophotometer [23]. Here gallic acid was used as the standard. The concentration of total polyphenolic content was obtained from gallic acid standard curve by using the following formula.

T = C × V/M

T = Total polyphenolic content expressed as mg/g of the sample extract in GAE

C = Concentration of Gallic acid from caliberation curve (mg/ml)

V = Volume of extract (ml)

M = Weight of sample extract (g)

yes you can use the pre-dissolved plant extract, but you need to Store the extracts properly in a -20 refrigerator for avoiding the unwanted growth of microorganisms and degradation of active constituents.

Ok thank you Sir Aqib Khan

Most silica on TLC is 60 A pore size. If you run standard references with your extract, pore size doesn't matter since the references and your compound(s) are run under the same conditions.

The results demonstrated that sodium acetate precipitation and oligo (dT) improved the quality of the extracted DNA significantly (p < 0.01). Also, sodium acetate precipitation, using oligo (dT), incubation at 70 °C and SDS treatment increased the quantity of DNA significantly (p < 0.01).

Processing plant extract DMSO solutions for the identification of phytochemical compounds typically involves a series of steps. Here's a general outline of the process:

Hi Farhat,

The specific mechanism and behavior of nanoparticles synthesized using green methods can vary depending on the plant extract, target metal ions, reaction conditions, and other factors. It is advisable to consult relevant research studies and scientific literature for more detailed information on specific systems and their mechanisms:

You need to keep in mind the key ingredients for preparing nanoparticles via plant extracts:

Plant extracts contain a diverse range of biomolecules, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and proteins. These biomolecules can act as reducing agents, stabilizers, or capping agents during the nanoparticle synthesis process.

Best regards

To make various concentrations (10 ug/ml, 20 ug/ml, 30 ug/ml) from a 500 ug/ml stock solution, you can follow these steps:

For a 10 ug/ml solution:

C1 = 500 ug/ml

V1 = ?

C2 = 10 ug/ml

V2 = 1000 ul (1 ml)

Substituting these values into the formula: 500 ug/ml x V1 = 10 ug/ml x 1000 ul

Solving for V1: V1 = (10 ug/ml x 1000 ul) / 500 ug/ml = 20 ul

To prepare a 10 ug/ml solution, take (1000 ul - 20 ul) = 1980 ul.

Then, add 20 ul of your stock solution (500 ug/ml) to 1980 ul of water or any desired solvent. This will result in a 10 ug/ml solution.

Here is the brief regarding your question. For 100% ethanol-> 1 A decrease in ionic dissociation at lower dielectric constants in the presence of ethanol is considered to be the mechanism that underlies DNA precipitation.

And if I talk about the CTAB buffer that facilitates cell lysis and it prevents the secondary metabolites from interfering with DNA extraction and downstream procedures.

In conclusion, 98% ethanol would be 1st chance in which you might be get the results Charles Ologidi

Hello Priyanka Choudhary

Methanol is used for extraction of medicinal plants due to its lower boiling point, higher volatility, and higher extraction efficiency (depending on the desired secondary metabolite composition). Methanol is also used as a co-solvent to enhance extraction efficiency in supercritical fluid extractions.

Although the toxicity of methanol at high doses is well established, less is known about potential adverse effects from lower levels of exposure over a long period of time, which often is the case with methanol-containing herbal extracts.

Methanol is normally present in the human body as a naturally occurring byproduct of protein formation. According to the International Programme on Chemical Safety Poisons Information Monograph, the normal blood methanol concentration in humans is approximately 15 mg/L (range 2-30 mg/L).

You may want to refer to the link provided below.

International Programme on Chemical Safety. Poisons information monograph 335. May 2002. Available at https://inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim335.htm

Best.

Hello

LPS is not a good way to induce inflammation in Caco-2 cell line. TNFa + IFN 50ng/ml each at basal side is a better way

Feel free to answer

Yes, it's very possible depending on what you want to achieve. To carry out an in-depth and excellent study, group your animals thus:

Group 1 : Normal control

Group 2: Positive Control (diseased group)

Group 3: Standard control (treated with drug from the market)

Group 4: 100mg/kg of Extract A

Group 5: 100mg/kg of Extract B

Group 6: 100mg/kg of Extracts A and B.

Group 7: 200 mg/kg of Extract A

Group 8: 200mg/kg of Extract B

Group 9: 200mg/kg of Extract A and B.

You can as well create more groups for higher doses such as 300mg/kg, 500mg/kg, etc., depending on the scope of your work. The whole essence of this is to ascertain whether the effect of the extract is synergistic and dose-depebdent.

video link; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnwzSFJvC3A

Yes, it is possible to detect compounds using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) that may not be recorded in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the same plant extract.

Plant extracts contains several components that could reduce the efficiency of your separation. Firstly, you have to ensure removing pigments, sugars, protein by using physical methods or liquid-liquid extraction so that you have fractions that contain less secondary metabolite to simplify the separation otherwise you would have to do a lot of sub-columns. Also from I can see your loaded sample might be too much for the packed column, there is golden role in separation that for easy to moderate separation for each gram you should have to use 25-50 gm silica for packing while in complex separation you should use upto100 gm silica this could be determined by the behavior of the compounds in TLC. pay attention for the flow rate to avoid diffusion of the bands if it is too slow or too fast. good luck

In the context of the co-toxicity factor formula, the term "expected mortality" refers to the predicted or estimated mortality rate of an organism under the combined effects of multiple toxic substances. The co-toxicity factor formula is used to assess the combined toxicity of different substances on an organism, taking into account their toxicities.

To calculate the expected mortality using the co-toxicity factor formula, you typically follow these steps:

It's important to note that the co-toxicity factor formula is a simplified approach to assess combined toxicity and may not account for all possible interactions between substances. The formula assumes an additive or independent effect of the substances. In reality, interactions between substances can be more complex, including synergistic (enhanced) or antagonistic (reduced) effects.

Furthermore, the specific formula or equation used for calculating the co-toxicity factor may vary depending on the context, study design, and toxicological data available. It is essential to consult relevant literature, regulatory guidelines, or expert advice to ensure the appropriate use of the co-toxicity factor formula and interpretation of the results in your specific research or assessment.

based on my experience at first you should select at least 6 or 7 concentration of your toxin (for example 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 %) and do an experimental test on your target organism. after that you should count number of mortality per each concentration and for finding LC50 you should enter data of mortality, concentration of toxin and total number of target organism in data sheet of SPSS and use analysis of probit regression. Software will calculate LC50 for you.

You should initially test with a small amount of extract, how much water it needs to dissolve completely, if it is not possible to dissolve it in water. Then you would not be able to make the mixture with DMSO, as the insolubility in the DMSO/water mixture would persist.

I have not worked with cells, and what I do in in vitro molecular assays, is to prepare a stock solution with the same extraction solvent (70% ethanol), and from the stock I prepare dilutions in the test solvent (in this case it would be with DMSO). If the ethanol residues found in these dilutions do not affect cell viability, this could be a working option.

The other option, although I have never worked with it, is to prepare the stock dilution with DMSO-ethanol, i.e. the minimum amount of ethane that dissolves the whole sample and then complete a volume with DMSO. From these prepare the dilutions in DMSO. In this case you will also find traces of ethanol in the sample.

The last case would be to work directly with the aqueous extracts of the plant samples.

You can also change the use of ethanol to methanol. Again, cell viability should be checked.

Thank you Dr/ Tania Brito

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. Animal models, including rats, have been widely used to study various aspects of asthma and evaluate potential treatments. Here's some insight into anti-asthma studies using rats as a model:

The experimental IC50 value is an important parameter for assessing the potency of a substance in inhibiting a biological function. It is used to determine the synergistic activity of plant extracts in various applications, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

Various plant extracts and materials have the potential to adsorb heavy metals from polluted water. Here are some recommendations based on the search results:

-Cellulose Schiff Base, derived from Safflower stem wastes, is a bio-based polymer ligand suitable for studying metal adsorption.

- Microbial and plant-derived biomass are viable options for eliminating heavy metals from wastewater.

-Activated carbon is a widely accepted adsorbent for removing heavy metals from water.

-Chitosan, a biopolymer, is effective in removing heavy metals from wastewater.

-Algae can be employed for biosorption to remove heavy metals from wastewater.

-Peat moss is a suitable adsorbent for removing heavy metals from wastewater.

It should be noted that the efficiency of these materials depends on factors such as the type and concentration of heavy metals, water pH, and the properties of the adsorbent material.