Powders - Science topic

Dear Leila Sohrabi-Kashani, the simplest way to know MW is to ask the supplier. If you want to find it by yourself, viscometry is the technique customerly used, but since you mentioned it is electrospinnable, then MALDI-TOF may be also used. There are various other techniques, it depends on their availability at your place of work. My Regards

No, it is not necessary to convert MgO nanoparticle powder to pellets for obtaining peaks in the Raman spectrum. This method can be applied directly to the nanoparticle powder without the need for pelletization or any other form of sample preparation

The starting materials for the synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) powder typically include a boron source and a nitrogen source. The most common starting materials used for HBN powder synthesis are:

The choice of starting materials depends on factors such as availability, cost, purity requirements, and the specific synthesis method employed.

One of the most common synthesis routes for HBN powder involves the reaction between boric acid (H3BO3) or boric oxide (B2O3) as the boron source and ammonia (NH3) as the nitrogen source. The reaction typically takes place at high temperatures, ranging from 800°C to 1200°C, under an inert atmosphere or in the presence of a nitrogen-containing gas.

1100-1200

If you are professional and "need a specific answer for both points," you should google first.

bead beating method can reduce the size of the nanoparticles.

Yi Wan

See for yourself on Wikipedia

What you should do is to follow the standard workup procedure for organic reactions. Once your esterification is complete, the reaction mixture is dissolved in an appropriate water-insoluble organic solvent (ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and alike). The organic phase is then placed in a separation funnel and is washed with conc. aq. sodium bicarbonate or, to improve phase separation, a mixture of than with saturated brine. Several washings may be required to reach slightly basic pH in aqueous phase. Once this takes place, the organic phase is washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 or MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated. Alternatively, you can neutralize the reaction mixture by gradual addition of triethylamine to a slightly basic reaction on wet pH-paper, and then proceed to the aqueous workup as above. This is recommended in cases where the ester is prone to hydrolysis under aqueous acidic conditions.

Any textbook in preparative organic chemistry describes this work-up procedure and the glassware required in detail. Another suggestion I can make is to use only methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a catalyst. In comparison with phosphoric acid, MSA is more readily removed by washing with bases because it does not form buffered aqueous solutions to the extent phosphoric acid does. Good luck with your synthesis

Your proposed use implies that ground hyacinth powder has chemical binding properties. I do not have experience with this material, but in my work with mortars for use with fired clay and cementicious masonry, cement and lime are mixed with sand in varying proportions to achieve a range of strength and stiffness properties. I recommend researching to find, or developing, information on the chemical binding properties of ground water hyacinth powder that could be compared to cement. Another possible strength contributing property for use with rammed and adobe blocks is plant fibers in the ground water hyacinth material. If the fiber is not ground too finely, this could be similar to the addition of polypropylene or metal fibers to concrete mixes.

It can be . Many Aluminium and Magensium chlorides, while attempted to be dried, forms jelly-like hydroxides or oxyhydroxides/oxychlorides. But Cs and Pb halides properties might not directly come down to perovskite here.

My colleague uses skimmed mil UHT (ultra heated) from the regular grocery store. She autoclaves the milk separately from other agar components and mixes it in after autoclaving but before pouring the plate.

If the milk caramelises and changes color in the autoclave, you can just skip autoclaving the milk, only warm it up before mixing it into agar.

Thank you very much

Viscosity, low outgassing temperature, simple water-based composition

I do not understand the rationale behind dissolving the drug in a methylcellulose solution. However, you should try to dissolve the drug first in the same solvent you used to dissolve methylcellulose and then mix it with the solution of 0.5% methylcellulose.

Hey there Guhyeon Jeong!

So, you're Guhyeon Jeong diving into the fascinating world of perovskite quantum dots (QDs). Let's unpack this puzzle.

When we talk about the color of perovskite QD powder being colorless despite having a blue color, it's like a magic trick of sorts. You Guhyeon Jeong see, it all boils down to size.

Perovskite QDs are tiny, and their size dictates their optical properties. Blue color typically comes from smaller-sized QDs, where the electron energy levels are tightly packed together, creating a narrow bandgap. When illuminated, the absorption and emission wavelengths are indeed close, giving that expected blue hue.

Now, here's where the plot thickens. As the QD bandgap widens, usually due to a change in size or composition, the color you Guhyeon Jeong observe under illumination might not match the original powder color. This happens because the widening of the bandgap shifts the absorption and emission wavelengths, causing a discrepancy between the color of the powder and the color when illuminated.

Think of it like wearing glasses that change color based on the lighting around you Guhyeon Jeong. In one room, they might look blue, but in another, they could appear different due to the lighting conditions.

In essence, it's all about the interplay between the QD size, composition, and how they interact with light. Understanding this intricate dance is key to mastering the art of perovskite QDs.

Hope this sheds some light on your Guhyeon Jeong query! If you Guhyeon Jeong have more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask. Let's keep unraveling the mysteries together!

Pavel Ivlev

Nickel nanoparticles were correctly synthesized using the sol/gel method. Now there is not enough surfactant. You need to try anionic DDS or cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Dear friend Arpan Ghosh

Ah, the advantage of a Nickel-doped ZnO thin film sample over its powdered counterpart for photocatalytic activity lies in the enhanced surface area and improved light absorption capabilities. You Arpan Ghosh see, when you Arpan Ghosh have a thin film, it provides a larger surface area compared to a powder sample. This increased surface area allows for more active sites where photocatalytic reactions can take place, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the process.

Moreover, thin films can be precisely engineered to have specific properties, such as optimized bandgap and crystal structure, which are crucial for efficient photocatalysis. This level of control is often challenging to achieve with powdered samples.

Additionally, thin films offer better light absorption due to their flat and continuous structure, allowing for improved utilization of incident light for photocatalytic reactions. This aspect is particularly advantageous in applications where light availability is limited.

In summary, the choice of a Nickel-doped ZnO thin film sample over a powder sample for photocatalytic activity offers benefits such as increased surface area, precise engineering of properties, and improved light absorption, ultimately leading to enhanced photocatalytic performance. If you're aiming for optimal photocatalysis, opting for a thin film sample would indeed be a wise choice.

I agree that the contrast between graphene oxide and embedding material must be increased to distinguish between the particles and filler.

A standard method in electron microscopy of hydrocarbon-based materials (polymers, biological samples) is heavy metal staining to enhance contrast (differences). For polymers see here (There are serious safety issues!):

These methods will work on the polymer bonds (crosslinking) of the embedding material, not for GO itself, but may be in BSE imaging you would see dark GO particles in a brighter matrix.

A 2nd way may be using a different embedding material: In the field of battery research, a silicon rubber was used: “Wacker (ELASTOSIL RT 675) was found suitable to provide the necessary contrast between carbon black and porosity.” (M. Ender PhD thesis 2014 http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/documents/3073727; in German!)

you were right Dr.Martens, it was the quartz because I did not wash my fibers... i appreciate your help.

kind regards

James E Hanson I completely understand. Thank you for kindly answering my a little embarrassing question :)

Thank you so much Sir

Thanks alot

Hi Tobi,

You may use the web tool to calculate

Polyamide 12 powder thermal conductivity varies with packing density and temperature, with inter-particle bonding being the primary factor influencing its performance in laser sintering. Temperature and time exposure are the most influential factors for deteriorating polyamide powder properties in the laser sintering process, affecting the quality of produced parts.

Laser sintering of polyamide 12 powder significantly impacts the microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered parts, with particle size distribution and crystallization temperature being key parameters in porosity formation. Using different ambient conditions and pretreatment can reduce the degradation of polyamide 12 powder in selective laser melting processes, resulting in better part properties. High-temperature flow properties of polyamide 12 powder deteriorate significantly, but agglomeration is excluded in the 100-140°C range, making it safe for laser sintering applications.

Please Find out more researches that might be useful:

· Heliyon, 9 (10) 2023: e21042 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2023.e21042

· e-Polymers, 22(1) 2022:858-869 DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0078

Best regards,

Polyamide 12 powder can be reused up to 8 times in selective laser sintering, with reduced basic flowability energies and increased decomposition temperatures. Post-processing treatment of Polyamide 12 powder allows for the reuse of the powder in the first six printing cycles without adding virgin powder.

SRM university AP, Amaravati

For example, if you want to prepare a 0.1 M TiO2 solution and your powder is in gram, Weigh out the desired amount of TiO2 powder (e.g., 0.1 grams). Determine the volume of solvent needed to achieve 0.1 M concentration (e.g., 1 liter for 0.1 M solution). Dissolve the 0.1 grams of TiO2 powder in the 1 liter of solvent. Stir or sonicate the solution until the TiO2 powder is completely dissolved.

As for the solvent choice, it depends on the specific requirements of your fungal medium and experimental setup. Water is a commonly used solvent for preparing TiO2 solutions for biological applications due to its compatibility with many biological systems. However, if your fungal medium requires a different solvent, ensure that the solvent is compatible with both the medium and TiO2. Always consider any potential interactions between the solvent and TiO2, as well as any effects on the biological system you are studying.

Are you seeking an experimental procedure or a theoretical one?

Hi Amrita Pathak , a structure solution from powder diffraction data is possible, in general not as straight forward as from single crystal data.

For a powder the first, often most difficult step is to obtain lattice parameters, which requires up to roughly 20 well resolved Bragg peaks for low symmetry structures. Then the intensities have to be estimated a space group be assigned (usually several possible ones) a structure solution be attempted and the structure refined/completed with a Rietveld refinement.

A good book on this is Dinnebier & Billinge "Powder diffraction", RSC Publishing. Software you might have to look for is for example: n-Trevor, DIVCOL24, Bruker: Topas, CrystalImpact: Endevour.

Rietveld refinement programs are Fullprof, GSAS-II, Maus, Topas, Jana

Do a search for "powder diffraction crystal structure solution" to find good reviews on the topic.

All single crystal diffractometer software that I am aware of will get you at least to the point of lattice parameters, usually space group, some companies include crystal structure solution and refinement software like SHELXS, Olex, EXPO2004 etc etc.

An excellent review and introduction to the topic is Uri Shmueli "Theories and Techniques of Crystal Structure Determination" Oxford University Press

Hello!

It's very simple!

It would be best if you weighed a recipient full of powder. Normally, in powder metallurgy, it is a recipient of 50 ml which is filled to the brim (the excess must be scraped off), being careful not to pack the powder.

You made this several times (at least 5) and that's it!

All materials vary in the degree to which they can be charged from electrical taxes. Photoconductors are capable of DC charging, while insulators impede the movement of charges. Static electricity is the appropriate place to study charges or charged objects. Static electricity is produced when electrical charges are obtained that do not even reach the material if the charges are produced and the electricity does not develop static.

This paper will help you a lot in your research

Dear Ali Akbar Khosravi please do well to recommend my answer if helpful

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a byproduct generated during the production of steel in electric arc furnaces. It contains various elements, including heavy metals, zinc, iron, and carbon. The recycling and repurposing of EAFD have gained attention as industries look for sustainable ways to manage and utilize industrial waste. Here's how EAFD powder might be considered in the context of 3D printing additives, construction, and pharmaceutical industries:

1. **3D Printing Additives:**

- **Metal Powder for Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM):** EAFD, being rich in metal content, can be processed into metal powders suitable for metal 3D printing techniques like powder bed fusion (PBF) or selective laser melting (SLM). The metal powders derived from EAFD can be used to manufacture metal components with specific material properties, making them suitable for applications in aerospace, automotive, or other industries that require high-performance metal parts.

- **Binder in 3D Printing Filaments:** EAFD may be incorporated as a filler or a functional component in thermoplastic or polymer-based 3D printing filaments. The dust can provide added strength, thermal conductivity, or other properties to the final printed object.

2. **Construction Industry:**

- **Cement and Concrete Production:** EAFD can be used as a raw material or additive in cement and concrete production. The heavy metal content in EAFD may act as a stabilizer, and its carbon content may contribute to the material's properties. However, it's crucial to carefully manage heavy metal concentrations to meet environmental and safety standards.

- **Brick Manufacturing:** EAFD might be considered in the production of bricks, contributing to the physical and mechanical properties of the bricks. Again, environmental and safety considerations are important, and regulatory compliance must be ensured.

3. **Pharmaceutical Industry:**

- **Metal Extraction for Pharmaceutical Use:** Certain metals present in EAFD may have pharmaceutical applications. If the dust is processed to extract specific metals, they could potentially be used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of medicines or medical devices.

- **Environmental and Safety Considerations:** Given that EAFD may contain heavy metals and other potentially hazardous materials, any application involving contact with humans or the environment, such as in the pharmaceutical industry, must adhere to strict safety and regulatory guidelines. Thorough testing and purification processes would be necessary to ensure the safety and compliance of the materials.

Before considering the use of EAFD in any application, it is crucial to conduct thorough testing, analysis, and compliance checks to ensure that the material meets the required standards and regulations for the specific industry. Collaboration with experts in materials science, environmental science, and regulatory compliance is recommended to address potential challenges and ensure the responsible use of EAFD in various applications.

Dear James K. McMahon Please do recommend my answer if found useful.

Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, refers to a set of technologies that build three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer. This approach stands in contrast to traditional subtractive manufacturing methods, where material is removed to create a final product. There are several additive manufacturing processes, each with its unique characteristics. Here's a discussion of some prominent additive manufacturing processes:

1. **Stereolithography (SLA):**

- SLA is one of the earliest 3D printing techniques. It uses a liquid photopolymer resin cured by ultraviolet (UV) light to build layers. A UV laser scans the resin surface, solidifying it layer by layer. SLA is known for producing high-resolution and detailed prints, making it suitable for prototyping and creating intricate models.

2. **Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM):**

- FDM is a widely used 3D printing method that employs a thermoplastic filament. The filament is heated and extruded through a nozzle, forming layers that solidify as they cool. FDM is popular for its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to a wide range of materials. It's commonly used for rapid prototyping and producing functional parts.

3. **Selective Laser Sintering (SLS):**

- SLS utilizes a powdered material (typically nylon, polyamide, or metal) that is selectively fused together by a laser. The build platform lowers, and a new layer of powder is spread before the laser sinters the next cross-section. SLS is known for its ability to produce strong, functional parts, and it supports a variety of materials.

4. **Selective Laser Melting (SLM):**

- SLM is a metal additive manufacturing process where a high-powered laser selectively melts and fuses metallic powder particles layer by layer. This process is particularly well-suited for producing complex metal parts with high strength and precision. It finds applications in aerospace, healthcare, and automotive industries.

5. **Electron Beam Melting (EBM):**

- EBM is similar to SLM but uses an electron beam instead of a laser to melt and fuse metal powder. The high energy of the electron beam allows for the processing of refractory metals like titanium. EBM is known for producing fully dense metal parts with good mechanical properties.

6. **Digital Light Processing (DLP):**

- DLP is a 3D printing technique that uses a digital light projector to cure a liquid resin layer by layer. It shares similarities with SLA but cures entire layers simultaneously. DLP is known for its speed in comparison to some other resin-based methods.

7. **Binder Jetting:**

- In binder jetting, a liquid binder is selectively deposited onto a powder bed, bonding the powder particles together to form each layer. The process is repeated until the entire object is created. Binder jetting is used for both metal and sand casting applications.

These additive manufacturing processes have revolutionized the manufacturing industry by enabling rapid prototyping, customization, and the production of complex geometries that might be challenging or impossible with traditional manufacturing methods. Each process has its advantages and limitations, and the choice depends on factors such as material requirements, part complexity, and intended application.

Ahmed Emad Fathy Abbas thank you for your detailed answer.

Thanks

Thank You for answering this.@ Sumit Bhowmick

Use of electric arc furnace dust powder in curcumin

Hi Sabrina Tair , I do agree with Alvena Shahid regarding the sonication. It proved in my case that sonication can help break the agglomeration but too long sonication can cause re-agglomeration(due to heat built-up) and damage to the material as well. Sonication could be applied as a treatment instead of the main mixing technique. Hope it may help.

Best wishes

If it is powder sample, you can take the diffuse reflectance spectra and calculate the band gap using Kubelka-Munk method. Thickness is not required in this case.

Abararahemad Khalak Using plant fiber is a very good idea. The result is a biodegradable soil loosening agent. Using plastic waste is a bad idea. The plastic will become brittle and become microplastic, polluting the environment.

The most important metal powder characteristics to consider include: particle size, shape, density, porosity, surface area and also topography.

Particle Shape: Spherical particles are generally preferred as they pack together more efficiently than non-spherical particles for uniform powder bed density and a better quality final product.

Particle size: The particle size distribution of metal powder is essential to ensure there is uniform spread within the bed and the surface of the final product is not rough. Micromeritics Saturn DigiSizeMI can determine the particle size distribution by using a laser diode and a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector for high sensitivity, resolution and reproducibility of the particle size measurement.

To determine the quantitative composition of the samples contained in a powder diffraction pattern you can do:

A) make a series of standard mixtures over the entire composition range, in your case CuO/ZnO from pure CuO to ZnO

B) Same with a fixed weight percentage of an external standard like Si, LaB6, Ceria

C) Run a full Rietveld type refinement with any of the available programs like Fullprof, Maud, GSAS, Topas.

For the analysis in A) and B) you can determine the integrated Bragg intensity of a single CuO and a single ZnO peak and compare their intensities to the normalized plot of the standards. This is a faster measurement, as you need less angular coverage but bears many pitfalls with preferred orientation, sample preparation etc.

Thus the best solution will always be a full Rietveld refinement. This has the additional advantage that you learn much more about the materials and that the differnce plot I(obs) -I(calc) readily shows if further phases are present in the sample.

As in any powder pattern make sure that a wide angular range is covered with very good intensity statistics, especially at high 2Theta. A noisy diffraction pattern is a waste of time and resource.

You're welcome.

You can take your synthesized powder (~4 mg) and acetylene black (~1 mg) in 1 mL of IPA:H2O (3:2) mixture. Add 10 microL of 5% nafion to it and put it in ultrasonication to obtain a homogeneous ink.

Drop-cast 10-20 microL of this ink onto 3 or 5 mm Glassy carbon electrode and proceed with CV analysis.

Hi

Fisrst of all It's important to note that these calculations assume that the PVA and Li4SiO4 are homogeneously mixed in the slurry, and there is no loss during the preparation process. Additionally, you need to have the total weight of the slurry to perform these calculations.

Now Let:

* Li4SiO4WLi4SiO4​ be the weight of Li4SiO4 powder.

* PVAWPVA​ be the weight of PVA.

* slurryWslurry​ be the total weight of the slurry.

The PVA solution is prepared with different PVA amounts (5%, 10%, and 15% by weight). So, if you have a certain amount of Li4SiO4 powder, you can calculate the weight of PVA and the total slurry weight using the specified PVA percentages.

Hey there Neha Bisht! So, you're diving into some serious chemistry, huh? Well, here's the deal with GeI2 powder – it's a bit of a stubborn one. Seems like it's giving you Neha Bisht a hard time dissolving in the usual suspects.

Now, considering you've tried DMF, DMSO, NMP, and even ethanol, and they all resulted in a cloudy solution, I'd say we need to step up our game. How about giving a shot to something more exotic? Have you Neha Bisht considered trying out THF (tetrahydrofuran) or acetone? Sometimes, these outliers can surprise you Neha Bisht.

But hey, chemistry is all about experimentation, right? So, roll up your sleeves, break some rules, and let's see if we can coax that GeI2 into playing nice. Good luck, and don't let those cloudy solutions rain on your parade!

Welding cracks are always the result of critical tensile stresses. In turn, tensile stresses arise due to shrinkage of the molten material during cooling:

The volume of the deposited material decreases during cooling, and the cold substrate oppose this deformation, creating tensile stresses in the deposited layer. If the stress reaches the strength limit of the surfacing material, then cracks form in it.

In welding technologies it is impossible to avoid shrinkage during cooling, but it is possible to reduce the stresses it causes and avoid the formation of cracks. There are many methods for this, three of which are the most important and universally applicable:

1. Use of surfacing materials with high plastic deformation and low elastic modulus.

2. Heating the substrate before surfacing to the highest possible temperatures.

3. Use of high-temperature annealing after welding or surfacing.

Thank you sir!

Lavaneethan .T Yes, you can make thin films from synthesized powders using a spray coating setup. Grinding or milling the powder may be necessary to ensure proper particle size distribution and prevent rougher films and potential spray gun clogging.

Fatih Bulut There seems to be a lot of fluorescence in your photograph. Try experimenting with different laser wavelengths, such as 785 nm or 1064 nm, to see if you can reduce fluorescence interference.

This compound Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) can be challenging due to its low Raman scattering cross-section and possible fluorescence interference. Try increasing the integration time, optimizing laser focus, and exploring different excitation wavelengths (e.g., 633 nm) to suppress fluorescence.

Here are a few more resources.

Raman facility | NIST

Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From... by Lewis, Ian R. (amazon.com)

I hope you find this useful. Warm regards

You can look at this paper

A novel combined method for joining glass to metal for microdevice applications

Thank you for your response, Mr. Muhammad. I have already lyophilized and oven-dried the silver nanoparticles for many days but still, they are sticky.

Supun Meegahakumbura To optimize SEM images, it's crucial to balance the amount of gold coating on non-conductive materials like zeolite. Too little can cause distortion, while too much can obscure the delicate surface features of zeolite particles, making accurate analysis difficult. Excessive gold coating can blur the edges of particles and reduce the depth and three-dimensionality of the image.

Sputter coating, Carbon/gold co-sputtering, and cryo-SEM are recommended coating techniques for thin gold layers, enhancing conductivity while preserving a thinner gold layer, and avoiding conductive coating in cold samples.

Dear friend Hendri Setiyanto

Ah, my curious compatriot Hendri Setiyanto! Let's delve into the intricacies of measuring copper distribution in your transformed film. Now, buckle up for my insights!

1. **Accurate Measurement Methods:**

- **Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM):** This technique allows for high-resolution imaging of the surface and cross-section of your film. It can reveal the spatial distribution of copper particles.

- **Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS):** Often coupled with SEM, EDS provides elemental analysis, helping you map the concentration and distribution of copper.

- **X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS):** This method can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about the copper distribution on the surface of your film.

- **Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM):** AFM can be used for topographical imaging, helping you Hendri Setiyanto understand the surface features and distribution.

2. **Reconstitution of Powder:**

- **X-ray Diffraction (XRD):** If your powder exhibits crystalline features, XRD can assist in determining the phases present and their distribution.

- **Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS):** This technique is highly sensitive to trace elements and can provide accurate quantification of copper concentration in your powder.

Now, my astute researcher Hendri Setiyanto, regarding reconstitution, it depends on your measurement goals:

- **Surface Analysis:** If you're interested in the surface characteristics, measurements can often be performed directly on the powder.

- **Bulk Properties:** If you're after bulk properties, you Hendri Setiyanto might reconstitute the powder into a film or another form that aligns with your measurement technique.

Remember, my advice is as bold as copper itself! Experimentation is the name of the game. Choose your method based on the information you Hendri Setiyanto seek and the nature of your transformed film.

Go forth, brave scientist Hendri Setiyanto! May your copper distribution measurements be as precise as my unbounded wisdom!

Add PEG-6000 20g/100ml Hoagland solution

May be the device didn't work.

If it is applicable try another FTIR device

Hello!

You can do this by projection the mixture on a rotating surface. This will ensure a very fast cooling speed. The rotation speed will influence the granulometry.

saccharification is the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates, such as starch, into simple sugars, such as glucose, by the action of enzymes 1. The saccharification yield is the percentage of glucose obtained from the total amount of starch in the biomass 2.

One possible formula for calculating the saccharification yield is:

Saccharification yield (%)=Glucose concentration (g/L)×Hydrolysate volume (L)Starch concentration (g/L)×Biomass weight (g)×100Saccharification yield (%)=Starch concentration (g/L)×Biomass weight (g)Glucose concentration (g/L)×Hydrolysate volume (L)​×100

However, the saccharification yield may vary depending on the type and pretreatment of the biomass, the enzyme loading and activity, the pH and temperature of the reaction, and the duration of the hydrolysis 34. Therefore, it is important to optimize these factors to achieve high saccharification yields.

Mohsen Fakoori careful consideration of steps like graphene oxide (GO) preparation, surface modification, mixing, selecting a solvent, temperature control, stabilizing agents, layer-by-layer assembly techniques, and regular material characterization are crucial in the pursuit of achieving a finely homogenous SiO2 (1 micron powder size) combined with GO. Success depends on specific properties and intended applications.

Best of luck with your efforts.

Composite powders consist of particle agglomerates of at least 2 different materials. There are various ways to produce such agglomerates, but in the end you usually end up with spherical "raisin rolls" where one material is distributed within another. Basically there are only two variants of how the “raisins” are distributed within the “bun”:

In the first case we talk about bonding phase and bonding phase thickness and in the second case we talk about phase grain contiguity.

Dear friend Sakandar Rahman

Now, let's dive into the silk fibroin adventure.

Alright, breaking down the hydrogen bonding in silk fibroin without using LiBr or any other dissolving agent, you Sakandar Rahman say? That's quite a challenge, but I am up for it!

1. **Temperature Matters:**

- Silk fibroin dissolves better in warm water. You Sakandar Rahman might want to try increasing the temperature but be cautious as too much heat could denature the protein.

2. **Mechanical Agitation:**

- Stir, stir, and stir some more! Mechanical agitation can assist in breaking down the hydrogen bonds and aiding dissolution.

3. **Time, Patience, and Persistence:**

- Dissolving silk fibroin without a dissolving agent might take time. Be patient, and let the water work its magic on those hydrogen bonds.

4. **pH Adjustment:**

- Consider adjusting the pH. Silk fibroin is more soluble in water at lower pH values.

5. **Enzymatic Assistance:**

- Proteolytic enzymes might help break down the protein structure. Consider experimenting with enzymes like protease.

6. **Use of Urea or Guanidine Hydrochloride (GuHCl):**

- While you mentioned not wanting to use LiBr, urea or GuHCl could be alternatives. They are known denaturing agents and might aid in silk fibroin dissolution.

7. **Varied Water Sources:**

- Try different types of water. Sometimes the mineral content or other factors in water can influence dissolution.

8. **Additives and Surfactants:**

- In some cases, mild surfactants or additives could be used to aid in the dissolution process.

Regarding temperature, yes, you Sakandar Rahman can try dissolving silk fibroin at 4°C, but keep in mind that generally, warmer temperatures are more conducive. The low temperature might slow down the process.

Now, remember, these are suggestions. Actual success might depend on the specific characteristics of your silk fibroin powder. Don't forget to experiment safely and embrace the adventure of scientific exploration! 🧪

Dear friend Siti Maryam

Now, let's dive into the world of g-CN synthesis using urea.

Ah, the art of crafting graphitic carbon nitride! Now, it seems like your attempt at 550 degrees Celsius for 4 hours at a rate of 2 degrees per minute has yielded a rather unexpected brown powder instead of the anticipated light yellow. Fear not, I have some suggestions for you Siti Maryam:

1. **Temperature and Duration:** While you've chosen a decent temperature, variations can make a significant impact. You Siti Maryam might want to try tweaking the temperature or extending the duration of the synthesis. Sometimes, adjusting these parameters helps achieve the desired color.

2. **Urea Precursor:** Ensure the purity of your urea precursor. Impurities in urea can affect the color of the final product. Consider using high-purity urea to minimize unexpected outcomes.

3. **Cooling Rate:** The rate at which you Siti Maryam cool down the system after synthesis can also play a role. A slower cooling rate might sometimes result in a different color.

4. **Atmosphere:** The atmosphere in which the synthesis takes place matters. Nitrogen or an inert gas atmosphere is often preferred to avoid unwanted reactions.

5. **Post-Treatment:** After the synthesis, consider post-treatment steps. Sometimes, additional treatments or modifications can alter the color and properties of the material.

6. **Characterization Techniques:** Use characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy to analyze the structure and properties of your material. This can provide insights into why it has turned brown.

Remember, the world of material synthesis can be a bit finicky, and subtle changes can lead to different outcomes. It might require a bit of experimentation to find the sweet spot for achieving that coveted light yellow hue. Best of luck in your g-CN adventures!

Dear Morteza

It totally depends on the thickness that you need. Using glue and removing it with low heat is a solution for medium thicknesses. If your laser power can create large thicknesses in a single pass, you can use pre-seating and curb edge restraint. Finally machinig the efges as removal treatment.

Tatiana Vompe You can use cheap scientific labour in the form of students. You don't have to do everything yourself =)))

Sage. Davies Pearl Oluwatosin - Allschoolabs Yes, I made enquiries, and I was told Allschoolabs doesn't have up to 5um, 10um and 20um magnifications for SEM.

It is possible to produce new compounds or composites by mixing metal oxides and grinding them in a ball mill at optimized time and speed. Solid-state reactions.

I agree with Yuri Mirgorod . Using a strongly ionic, small-molecule buffer like potassium phosphate is in principle a good choice.

What I would try is to reduce the buffer concentration to the minimum necessary and see if you still get the interference. If the concentration of the buffer has an effect, you can try a series of decreasing concentrations and extrapolate to what would happen in the absence of the buffer.

The cellulose pulp is fed into bleaching towers and bleaching chemicals are added; Oxygen, CO2, H2O2, NaOH or Ozone at temperatures up to +95°C. This will produce a whiter paper. This will result in a whiter paper.

FT-IR spectra of the material before and after the cure reaction were taken and the ratio of heights between absorptions at 1637cm−1 (variable) and 1610cm−(reference)

You can prepare the Liposomes with the active compound and the nanoparticles by ultrasonication or extrusion, and add the polymer during annealing.

Or if you first encapsulate the active compound with PGLA, form Liposomes by extrusion integrating np and PGLA

Zatul Faqihah Salaha

Typically, the milling time is carefully selected to establish a stable equilibrium or steady state between powder particle fracturing and cold welding. The specific duration needed for this equilibrium varies, contingent on factors such as the ball-to-powder ratio, mill type being used, milling speed, and milling temperature. Determining milling time for the specific powder system requires either trial and error or from the literature.

Md. Al-Riad Tonmoy Your question is confusing. TiO₂ is not soluble in water and needs strong acids to actually dissolve it: 0.5% (weight or molar) would not be strong enough. If you're looking to disperse this material then the steps in doing so from a powder will be:

The attached webinar (free registration required) illustrates the above and you'll find direct reference to TiO₂ within the section on stabilization.

Dispersion and nanotechnology

ChatGPT as provided in the first answer can be very misleading and needs to be viewed with care.

There are two main problems with such self-flowing NiCrBSi(C) alloy coatings:

In order to be able to say more precisely, you have to observe the entire coating process in every detail.

Yes, thin films can be made from synthesized powders for solar cell applications using various deposition techniques such as spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, and sol-gel synthesis. These deposition techniques allow for the formation of uniform and homogeneous thin films on substrates, which are essential for efficient solar cell performance. The use of synthesized powders to create thin films for solar cell applications is a common practice in the field. Additionally, the choice of deposition technique depends on factors such as desired film thickness, film quality, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

The spray pyrolysis technique is particularly well-suited for thin film deposition using synthesized powders.It offers the advantages of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to produce large-area films. Furthermore, spray pyrolysis can produce thin films with high stability and quality, making it a viable option for solar cell applications .

Therefore, using synthesized powders for thin film deposition in solar cell applications is a feasible and practical approach.

There is always a possibility, in a biological system, and presumably you do not know the stability or other characteristics of the molecule(s) in question.

Freeze drying, with the sample at reduced temperature, is the least likely drying method to cause degredation to your sample. Moving the dry sample to dry storage in a refrigerator, or better still, a freezer - the lower the temperature the better, is generally viewed as the safest.

Your question is not clear yet. Tyrosine is well soluble in alcohols, acetone, DMSO. Tyrosine solubility in water is less than 0.5 g /L at neutral pH. However, its solubility can increase when moving away from the isoelectric point. See

doi: 10.1085/jgp.6.6.747

I have used a coffee grinder machine. Very cheap to by...