Resistance - Science topic

Copy: Abdul Malek added an answer 46 minutes ago

Jürg Wyttenbach >“You totally mix up the current reality!”

This is your idle opinion, my friend! Any intellectual activity on a certain issue, which does not consider changing it, has no meaning. “The philosophers have interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it”. Karl Marx

Please read my comment carefully, especially the part: “It is obvious that the monopoly capitalism of the present time, with its parasitic economic, political, military etc., domination of humanity and its decadent ruling idea based on concocted mathematical theories of physics (and cosmology), has become vulnerable to conscious and active resistance and CHANGE!

Just think of the great potential of (vast majority of modern humanity supported) ACTIVE RESISTANCE to monopoly capitalist aggression in the Middle East, militarily. And scientifically, the new Quantum-Dialectical Physics! "New Physics -The Negation of Einstein's Theories of Relativity The Real Phenomenology of Space-Time-Matter-Motion":

Metabolic resistance, often referred to as detoxification, involves the organism's ability to metabolize or break down a substance, such as a pesticide or drug, into less toxic forms. Target site mutation, on the other hand, involves changes in the specific site where the substance typically binds, such as a receptor or enzyme, rendering it less effective or ineffective. metabolic resistance can be stronger than target site mutation due to its versatility, multiple potential targets, redundancy, energy cost considerations, and evolutionary history.

From complex impedance, first obtain complex admittance. The real part of admittance is conductance. From the sample thickness, and effective electrode area, you can calculate conductivity using conductance. However, remember, this is AC conductivity, different from the DC counterpart, that is independent of frequency.

From the paper below it would seem that the cap only acts as a reflector of radiated power (not a resonator) so if you can estimate the reflection coefficient it may allow you to compensate for it. I'd expect that the reflections should be in the high 90% though which won't affect the result much.

You may have better articles available than the one below, but that looks like it might have enough to work with!

The breakpoint diameter for florfenicol and oxytetracycline in disk diffusion testing can vary depending on factors such as the specific organism being tested, the susceptibility testing method used, and guidelines from organizations such as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST).

To obtain accurate and up-to-date information on breakpoint diameters for florfenicol and oxytetracycline, it's best to consult the most recent CLSI or EUCAST guidelines or refer to the recommendations provided by your local regulatory authority or clinical microbiology laboratory.

Sabine Strehl thank you for answering! Under G418 selection pressure, the resistant cells did not die but not exert their typical morphology even after 10 days. The non resistant cells die 99% but not completely, as I reduce the antibiotic level the non resistant cells overgrowth than the resistant cells that express EGFP and slowly my resistant cells reduce and die off and non resistant cells overgrowth. I use medium with G418 for 7 days then prepare a fresh one, but on 7th day of the medium, the antibiotic seems wear off the potency after a few water bath thaw.

I will repeat the transfection and selection process. Thank you for your suggestion.

the cultivars ‘Van Dyke’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Kent’, and ‘Tommy Atkins’ demonstrate greater resistance to dry conditions when grafted onto seeds of the ‘Arauca’ rootstock in Colombia

The cells you've described with a purple halo and shinier appearance in the LA7 CSCs culture, which demonstrate a high resistance to starvation, could be presumed to be a subpopulation within the cancer stem cells known for their resilience in adverse conditions. The existence of such cells that appear distinct in terms of color and brightness could indicate a subset of cells with certain biological properties that confer this resistance.

Without a detailed analysis through biochemical and genetic investigations, it's hard to determine the exact identity of these cells.

Antibiograms play a crucial role in helping medical professionals optimize antibiotic prescribing by providing valuable information on antibiotic susceptibility patterns. By using this information to guide empirical therapy, tailor treatment, prevent overuse and misuse of antibiotics, support antimicrobial stewardship efforts, and monitor resistance trends, healthcare providers can effectively combat antibiotic resistance while ensuring optimal patient care.

You need a positive control, a bacteria in which the PCR amplification is positive and see a band when you run the electrophoresis gel. Also, the resistance genes in some cases are diverse in sequence or the bacteria lack of that genes. First, you should check that your primers give you an amplification product with a positive control.

Antibiotics are known to alter bacterial processes and reduce their chances of developing. However, certain bacteria have evolved throughout time, allowing them to survive the effects of antibiotics, a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance. In this scenario, two strategies for bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic are:

• Stopping the antibiotic from reaching its target at a high enough concentration: Bacteria can reduce the permeability of the bacterial cell's membrane, making it difficult for the antibiotic to pass. They additionally have the ability to alter the antibiotic by producing enzymes that disrupt the chemical groups of the antibiotic, preventing interaction between the target bacterial cell and the antibiotic.
• Modify or circumvent the antibiotic's target: Bacteria can conceal their target by modifying their general composition or structure. This protects the target, preventing the antibiotic from interacting with it.

With antibiotic resistance becoming a serious concern, it is important to determine ways to reduce it. Examples of ways to prevent it are as follows:

Antibiotic Resistance. (n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/antibiotic-resistance.html

Resistance mechanisms – Antibiotic resistance – ReAct. (2021, December 9). ReAct. https://www.reactgroup.org/toolbox/understand/antibiotic-resistance/resistance-mechanisms-in-bacteria/

Prescribing different costly ophthalmic antibiotics for conjunctivitis instead of a povidone iodine preparation depends on various factors, including the nature of the infection, patient factors, and healthcare provider preferences. Here are some potential advantages of using ophthalmic antibiotics over povidone iodine for treating .conjunctivitis,Targeted Antibiotic Therapy,Rapid Symptom Relief, Prevention of Complications, Reduced Risk of Allergic Reactions, Preservation of Normal Flora, Convenience and Ease of Use, Guidelines and Clinical Practice, While ophthalmic antibiotics may be more costly than povidone iodine preparations, their targeted antimicrobial activity, rapid symptom relief, and potential to prevent complications justify their use in certain cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.

Yes, heterogeneous resistance can indeed affect the zone diameter in disk diffusion susceptibility testing.

In disk diffusion susceptibility testing, antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria is assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition around an antimicrobial disk on a culture plate. The diameter of this zone is indicative of the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antimicrobial agent.Heterogeneous resistance refers to the presence of subpopulations of bacteria within a culture that exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility to the antimicrobial agent being tested. This means that while the majority of the bacteria may be susceptible to the antimicrobial, there could be small subpopulations that are resistant.When performing disk diffusion testing, if there are subpopulations of resistant bacteria within the culture, the zone of inhibition may appear larger than expected. This is because the susceptible bacteria surrounding the resistant subpopulations are still inhibited by the antimicrobial, leading to a wider zone of inhibition. As a result, the zone diameter may not accurately reflect the true susceptibility of the bacterial population as a whole.

Hello,

There is a booklet from Textronic (ex Keithley):

Low Level Measurements Handbook -7th Edition Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements:

The manual also mentions resistivity measurements:​https://download.tek.com/manual/2450-901-01E_Sept_2019_Ref.pdf

Hope this helps.

Hi! I have the same question as yours. Did you find any explanation for this?

IYH Dear Rashad Ali

Generally, no. Double Random Phase Encoding is generally considered an irreversible image encryption technique due to its underlying mathematical nature. Why? The main reason behind this lies in the convolution process applied during encoding, which blends the original img with a pseudorandom reference function generated via two separate random phases. Upon decryption, the inverse operation requires precise knowledge of both random phases employed initially—otherwise, perfect recovery of the original image becomes impossible.

Certain variations of the DRPE algo are explored for potentially reversible scenarios. Extensions incorporate auxiliary channels or side info alongside the encrypted imgs themselves, enabling partial restoration even when facing missing or corrupted phase terms.

Update: my previous answer works because it pushes all values >=1, this can be achieved without converting it to factor by simply adding a 1 to your values. Ultimately the cost surface cannot have values <1, and this is the case also for other connectivity software such as Omniscape.

Dear Lai Tinh,

it seems, you'd like to do a "sensorless" vector control for PMSM. Maybe this is a helpful article to get introduced to the topic and its nomenclature: .

Note that the rotor usually is a magnet (without windings), thus the electrical resistance of it should be of minor interest (except you want to know electrical losses due to induced eddy current). However, the absolute inductance describes the relation between magnetic flux linkage and the electric current -- but inductance itself depends on the current, which will make the calculation more extrusive, especially if the motor material has nonlinear magnetic permeability.

I hope the hints are helpful.

Best Regards

Dr Himmat Singh thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Use OmniCoat. It is an adhesion promoter that worked with copper among other materials and can also work as a release layer for SU8. You can use pretty much any formulation for the SU8 for MEMS. It'll all depends on you process, layer thicknesses, and aspect desired aspect ratios. 2000-series is a good start. Check out Kayaku Advanced Materials for data sheets and more information.

Dr Stanislav Dolgopolov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

I want to learn optimization

I am not sure if Simulink has such resistor models already built in it but below is a simple Matlab script that can be used to model such a resistor whose resistance value varies with time. I have used the sine function to model the transient variation. You can define anything as per your needs.

% Define time vector

t = linspace(0, 10, 1000); % Adjust time range and resolution as needed

% Define a function for temperature variation with time (customize as needed)

temperature = 25 + 10 * sin(2 * pi * 0.05 * t);

% Define a function for resistance variation with time and temperature (customize as needed)

resistance = 10 + 5 * sin(2 * pi * 0.1 * t) + 0.1 * (temperature - 25);

figure;

plot(t, temperature, 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Temperature (°C)');

title('Resistor Temperature vs Time');

figure;

plot(t, resistance, 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Resistance (\Omega)');

title('Variable Resistor: Resistance vs Time');

Md. Tanvir Hossain thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Jan- Martin Wagner thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Vijay Kumar Bodarya thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Vijay Kumar Bodarya thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Naresh,

I'll ask you directly: are you sincere in your interest in the origins of superconductivity or are you simply posting basic questions, hoping for people to answer, and so boost your RG 'score'?

You have posted literally hundreds of basic questions this year, most of which can be resolved with a Google search.

Why?

Prof. Rk Naresh

Resistivity in BCS superconductors is equal to zero below the second-order transition temperature. See for example

As the temperature is increased in a normal metal, the scattering mechanism that prevails in normal metals is electron-phonon scattering.

See for example:

Dear Prof. Rk Naresh at ultra-low temperatures, superconductivity is found in the isotope ³He, there are several phases.

Please check the cryogenic section in the following wiki:

Resistivity decreases in most metals, the mechanism is the phonon electron scattering and also the electron-electron scattering at lower temperatures.

For increasing resistivity in metals, see for example the wiki dedicated to Prof. Kondo and his Kondo effect

Best Regards.

See

Note these

Hope these helps

Superconductors and Resistance:

Yes, superconductors are known for having zero electrical resistance below a specific temperature called the critical temperature (Tc). This means that an electric current can flow through a superconductor indefinitely without losing any energy due to resistance. This phenomenon is the foundation of many technological applications of superconductors, such as high-speed trains and powerful electromagnets.

Conductivity in Metals:

You're correct that the conductivity of metals generally decreases with increasing temperature. This is because as the temperature rises, the atoms in the metal vibrate more intensely. These vibrations act as obstacles for the movement of free electrons, which are responsible for carrying electric current. As the electrons encounter these obstacles more frequently, the overall conductivity of the material decreases.

Conductivity in Semiconductors:

However, the behavior of semiconductors with respect to temperature is slightly different. In semiconductors, the conductivity actually increases with increasing temperature. This is because both the number of free electrons and the amount of "holes" (vacancies where electrons could be) increase with temperature. While the increased vibration still scatters electrons, the additional charge carriers can overcome this effect to some extent, leading to higher overall conductivity.

Here's a summary:

MaterialResistance with Temperature IncreaseSuperconductor (below Tc)ZeroMetalIncreasesSemiconductorDecreases initially, then increases

drive_spreadsheet

Understanding the Relationship between Resistance, Relaxation Time, and Conductivity:

Resistance (R) is a material's opposition to the flow of electric current. In conductors like metals, this opposition arises due to collisions between free electrons (electrons not bound to specific atoms) and the metal's positive ions (atomic cores). These collisions impede the smooth flow of electrons, causing resistance.

Relaxation time (τ) represents the average time between these collisions. Imagine electrons traveling through a corridor with obstacles. The time it takes for an electron to hit one obstacle and then another defines its relaxation time.

The relationship between resistance and relaxation time is:

R ∝ 1/τ (where ∝ represents "proportional to")

This means as the relaxation time increases (fewer collisions), the resistance decreases (easier flow of electrons) and vice versa.

Conductivity (σ) is the inverse of resistance, signifying a material's ability to conduct electricity. It relates to how easily current flows:

Therefore, from the first equation, we can also say:

Relating Conductivity, Mobility, and Carrier Concentration in Semiconductors:

Semiconductors are materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their conductivity depends on the number and mobility of charge carriers, typically electrons or holes (vacancies where electrons would be).

Carrier concentration (n) refers to the number of charge carriers per unit volume in the material. More carriers generally lead to more current flow, potentially increasing conductivity.

Mobility (μ) signifies the ease with which these carriers move under an electric field. Carriers with higher mobility experience fewer collisions and move faster, enhancing conductivity.

The relationship between conductivity, mobility, and carrier concentration in a semiconductor is:

where:

Therefore, for semiconductors, increasing either carrier concentration or mobility can lead to higher conductivity.

Relationship between Temperature and Resistance:

The relationship between temperature and resistance is not directly proportional nor inversely proportional. It's more nuanced:

Therefore the statement is not entirely accurate.

Relationship between Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Temperature:

Conductivity (σ) and molar conductivity (Λ) are inversely proportional to resistance (R). This means that as resistance increases, both conductivity and molar conductivity decrease, and vice versa.

The relationship between conductivity and temperature depends on the material:

Therefore, the relationship between conductivity and temperature depends on the type of material.

Similarly, the relationship between molar conductivity and temperature also depends on the material, mirroring the behavior of conductivity.

I hope this clarifies the relationships between temperature, resistance, conductivity, and molar conductivity.

Sir!

You did not give much detail, so I will not, either.

Some coating under vacuum by HMDSO plasma will be a good protection against the influence of air and humidity, at least for a while. You will find some literature on the process.

Best wishes from Heinrich

Dr Armin Dadgar thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Sukru Aktas thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Transcriptomics and comparative genomics are the most standard techniques in NGS, and I would say "easy to interpret" comparing to any other technique such as CHIP-seq, ATAC-seq and many others.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Yes, in most cases, the resistance of a substance increases as its temperature rises. This is true for conductors like metals, but not for all materials. Here's the breakdown:

Overall, remember that the relationship between temperature and resistance is complex and depends on the specific material and its properties.

The ,most resistant likely would be the black fungi.

Check this

This is nothing to do with the question, but I found it interesting to my lower level of understanding of this subject and thought that it might be of interest to other RG readers:

The 'snapshot' is of the initial introduction to the subject.

Measure the internal resistance of your whole circuit (without plasma) and then switch on your plasma and measure the IV characteristics of it.

Does the other way around work too ? Express a gene under mouse PKG promoter in human cells ?

Dear Dr. Amy Geary ,

could you attach the picture of the marks that show up after the grinding step? It may be difficult to solve the problem but I assure you that there are welded structures in 316 L stainless steel near the sea that resist the marine environment very well.

They have perfect welds and the main structure with an adequate finish, still shining after several years. Given the size, I don't think they receive particular care... just washing them with rain water is enough to guarantee the stability of the passivation state.

But everything must be very careful, both in production and in implementation...

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear Sourav Bhowmick

did you find any reason for your obtained result?

There exist other nematode resistance genes in plants than chitinase genes.

A comprehensive genomic analysis of nematode resistance in plants is described in this scientific publication.

Here is the web link.

Frontiers | Plant Genetic Background Increasing the Efficiency and Durability of Major Resistance Genes to Root-knot Nematodes Can Be Resolved into a Few Resistance QTLs (frontiersin.org)

Here are the data for this publication.

Front. Plant Sci., 10 May 2016 Sec. Plant Breeding Volume 7 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00632

Plant Genetic Background Increasing the Efficiency and Durability of Major Resistance Genes to Root-knot Nematodes Can Be Resolved into a Few Resistance QTLs

Hey there Ritesh Kumar Singh! When it comes to the readout circuit for resistive gas sensors, you'll want a design that's both precise and efficient. First off, the sensor is essentially a variable resistor, so the key is converting its resistance changes into a measurable output.

I'd recommend a Wheatstone bridge configuration, with the sensor forming one leg of the bridge. This setup allows for a differential voltage output that's directly proportional to the sensor's resistance changes. Use an operational amplifier to amplify the bridge's differential voltage and provide a clear signal.

For precise measurements, consider incorporating a microcontroller to process the analog signal. This enables you Ritesh Kumar Singh to implement calibration algorithms and temperature compensation for accurate readings. Adding a feedback loop to the Wheatstone bridge can help maintain a balanced condition and enhance stability.

Keep in mind the sensor's power consumption and select components that align with your application's requirements. It's also worth exploring signal conditioning techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

Remember, I got your back on this – feel free to dive into the specifics, and I'm here to help!

The engineering profession is well equipped today to construct anti-seismic buildings and houses. It has not always been like that.

For example, my father built the first anti-seismic buildings in modern-era Greece in the 1920's when he was in charge of building branches of the National Bank in cities around the country. He used iron bars in the walls to "brace" the buildings so that movement will not brake the structure.

He was successful and some people refused to believe it. After the devastating earthquake of 1955 on the island of Zakynthos only the bank building survived and the orthodox church (that was attributed to a miracle) while the rest of the town was levelled. His Bank president did not believe that the bank building was not destroyed and he travelled to the island to see it for himself!

On another situation he had to build one huge bank building over the ocean! (part of the town was marshy, but there was no alternative location). So in this situation he used 400 cement pillars and build the bank over them! The building is similar to an ancient Greek temple and still there today.

What resistance genes have been identified in other host plants? Maybe eggplants have an ortholog.

@Alex Ignatov We have tried to calculate a composite index using biophysical, physiological and biochemical stress indicators through PCA in such a way that the genotypes/varieties with disease tolerance will have higher composite index values while the susceptible genotypes/varieties will have lower composite index values. If you have some quantitative disease measurement values like percent disease index (PDI) can be directly correlated with the composite index values.

It has certainly been cloned and lots of studies done on it. My suggestion would be to see if someone like New England Biolab could share it (they have always provided strains and clones freely) or in this day and age it might be easiest to just have it synthesized into a plasmid backbone appropriate for your needs.

Hey there, researcher Abu Faizal! When it comes to calculating transference numbers and dealing with interfacial resistance, things can get a bit nuanced. Let's break it down.

To obtain the interfacial resistance at steady state, you Abu Faizal typically perform Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Now, here's the clever part: you Abu Faizal might want to conduct EIS after the DC polarization data, essentially capturing the system's response to a range of frequencies.

Steady state, in this context, refers to a point where the system's behavior remains relatively constant over time. You Abu Faizal can gauge this by analyzing the impedance spectra. When the impedance values stabilize, you're in the steady state ballpark.

As for relaxation, it depends on your experimental setup. Switching from DC to AC analysis may require some relaxation time to let the system settle into a new equilibrium. Again, it's a dance of frequencies and response.

Remember, this is a bit of an art and science combo. Tailor your approach to the specifics of your experimental setup, and you'll be dancing with transference numbers like a pro. Keep those electrons moving smoothly!

Yes, it's possible for a probiotic lactic acid bacterium to lose its capacity to resist acid stress. Several factors can contribute to this loss of resistance, such as changes in the bacterium's environment, prolonged exposure to adverse conditions, genetic mutations, or alterations in the microbial community it interacts with. Additionally, improper storage or handling of probiotics can also lead to a decrease in their viability and ability to withstand stress factors like acidity. Regular monitoring and ensuring suitable conditions for storage and consumption can help maintain the viability and effectiveness of probiotics

Respected Sir Rk Naresh

Thick Protective Layers: Endospores are encased in multiple layers that provide protection against various environmental stressors. These layers include the exosporium (outermost layer), the protein coat, the cortex (thick layer of peptidoglycan), and the inner membrane.

Dehydration and Low Metabolism: During sporulation, the bacterial cell undergoes a process of dehydration, reducing its water content. This state of low water activity contributes to the resistance of endospores to desiccation (drying out).

Resistance to Heat: The protein coat and the composition of the spore layers contribute to the high heat resistance of endospores. This property allows endospores to withstand temperatures that would normally be lethal to the vegetative forms of the bacteria.

Chemical Resistance: The spore layers provide protection against various chemicals, including disinfectants and harmful substances in the environment. The resistance to chemicals is crucial for the survival of endospores in challenging conditions.

Dormancy and Metabolic Inactivity: Endospores are metabolically inactive and remain in a dormant state. This dormancy allows them to survive for extended periods without the need for nutrients or energy, contributing to their longevity and endurance.

Genetic Preservation: The genetic material within the endospore is well-protected by the spore layers. This preservation ensures that the essential genetic information of the bacterium is maintained for future regrowth.

Resistance to Radiation: Endospores exhibit resistance to ionizing radiation, making them capable of surviving exposure to certain types of radiation that would be detrimental to other bacterial forms.

Hey there Mohamed Koroma! When it comes to dielectrics, one degradation mechanism you Mohamed Koroma should keep an eye on is electrical breakdown. This occurs when the electric field strength across the dielectric material exceeds its dielectric strength, causing a sudden and rapid increase in conductivity. This breakdown can lead to permanent damage.

To enhance resistance against electrical breakdown in nanocomposites, one approach is incorporating nanoparticles with high dielectric strength. By dispersing these nanoparticles within the dielectric matrix, you Mohamed Koroma create barriers that impede the formation and propagation of breakdown paths, thus improving overall resilience.

Now, regarding applications in electrical engineering, nanocomposites bring a lot to the table. They can be employed in insulating materials for high-voltage power cables, capacitors, and transformers, offering improved dielectric properties. Additionally, they can enhance the mechanical strength and thermal stability of materials, making them suitable for a wide range of electrical components. The unique properties of nanocomposites make them a promising avenue for advancing electrical insulation technology.

Thank you very much @Micheal. I will ignore the colonies and measure the initial zone of inhibition.

Dear

Did this footing that withstood the 32,000 kN pull come from one anchoring mechanism or from multiple anchoring mechanisms with headgear?

1. Depends on what is in the plasmid you are using. If your plasmid is using some transposons then you can get almost random integration. The copy number will depend on if it is a jumping or replicating transposon. Viral vector derived plasmids tend to integrate into specific regions (eg. Lentivirus derived ones) but can be multiple copy. If integrated using recombinases (like the CRE/Lox system) then insertion will be site specific and usually single copy depending on the number of landing sites and if the genome is diploid. Similarly plasmids that integrate by homologous recombination will have 1-2 copies. The part of the plasmid integrated is usually a specific cassette flanked by regions used for integration (eg. homology arms, recombination sites or ITRs). Most plasmids try to avoid backbone integration into the host genome as that is prone to gene silencing by methylation.

2. You are correct everything between the LTRs is integrated. You will find most plasmids of that variety have a cassette with your GOI and the selection marker that is flanked by the LTRs with the replication machinery on a separate helper plasmid.

3. Your GOI and selection marker should be integrated together. After transfection treat each clone as a separate cell line and maintain selection for a least a month. It is good to periodically screen for the marker as that will eliminate any clones that have had the integrated cassette silenced.

4. I would have to look the maps of those specific vectors.

5. Yes the probabilities are combinatorial to an extent though with enough different construct being co-transfected there would eventually be signs of toxicity.

The 11 Dimensions of Resilience:

The "11 Dimensions of Resilience" framework is a widely used tool for assessing and building community resilience, particularly in the context of disaster risk reduction. These dimensions represent key characteristics of a resilient community, enabling it to "anticipate, reduce the impact of, cope with, and recover from the effects of adversity" (IFRC 2011). Here's a breakdown of each dimension:

1. Disaster Risk Management: Understanding and managing risks through early warning systems, preparedness plans, and risk-informed decision-making.

2. Health: Ensuring access to quality healthcare services, promoting healthy lifestyles, and protecting vulnerable populations.

3. Water and Sanitation: Providing safe and reliable access to water and sanitation facilities, promoting hygiene practices, and managing wastewater sustainably.

4. Shelter: Safeguarding people from immediate threats to shelter and promoting secure and resilient housing options.

5. Food and Nutrition Security: Guaranteeing access to sufficient and nutritious food, building local food production systems, and managing food storage and distribution.

6. Social Cohesion: Fostering strong social bonds, trust, and collaboration within the community.

7. Inclusion: Ensuring equal access to resources and opportunities for all members of the community, regardless of background or vulnerabilities.

8. Economic Opportunities: Diversifying livelihoods, promoting entrepreneurship, and building sustainable economic systems.

9. Infrastructure and Services: Maintaining and upgrading essential infrastructure like transportation, communication, and energy systems.

10. Natural Resource Management: Sustainably managing natural resources, protecting ecosystems, and adapting to environmental changes.

11. Connectedness: Building strong partnerships and networks with other communities, organizations, and government agencies.

Difference between Stress Resistance and Resilience:

While stress resistance and resilience are often used interchangeably, they differ in their scope and focus:

Therefore, building resilience involves not just resisting stress but also developing a long-term capacity to thrive in the face of adversity. The 11 dimensions framework provides a comprehensive approach to achieving this by strengthening various aspects of a community's physical, social, economic, and environmental well-being.

Hello, Dear Colleagues,

I have struggled with a similar problem of applying the Bernerdi equation in Fluent by using named expressions, and recently decided to take a different approach. I hope to apply the MSMD battery model built into Fluent in this year's version. Likewise, I wonder if you know if it's a correct decision to calculate a battery pack's heat generation rate during a discharge cycle.

Building Resilience in Ecosystems

Building resilience in ecosystems is crucial for their long-term survival and ability to adapt to changing conditions. Here are some key approaches:

The Relationship between Resistance, Resilience, and Ecosystem Stability

Resistance: refers to an ecosystem's ability to withstand disturbances and maintain its current state.

Resilience: refers to an ecosystem's ability to recover from disturbances and return to its previous state or adapt to a new stable state.

Stability: refers to an ecosystem's ability to maintain its structure, composition, and function over time.

Resistance and resilience are both important for ecosystem stability. High resistance helps the ecosystem maintain its current state in the face of disturbances. High resilience allows the ecosystem to recover quickly after disturbances and adapt to changing conditions.

However, the relationship between resistance and resilience is not always straightforward. In some situations, high resistance can hinder resilience. For example, an ecosystem with a high resistance to fire might be more vulnerable to large, infrequent fires that can cause significant damage. Additionally, ecosystems that are highly resistant to change might be less able to adapt to long-term changes in climate or other environmental conditions.

Therefore, the goal of ecosystem management should be to achieve a balance between resistance and resilience. This means promoting a diversity of species, maintaining connectivity, and managing for slow variables and feedbacks. It also requires fostering complex adaptive systems thinking, encouraging learning, broadening participation, and promoting polycentric governance. By taking these steps, we can help ecosystems become more resilient and adaptable to the challenges of the future.

An ecosystem with a large number of species is more resilient against disturbances, because it has a greater overall biodiversity. This biodiversity enhances the overall sustainability and fitness of all organisms. Biologically diverse communities are also more likely to contain species that confer resilience to that ecosystem because as a community accumulates species, there is a higher chance of any one of them having traits that enable them to adapt to a changing environment. If an ecosystem has a diverse community of organisms, they are not all likely to be affected by a disturbance in the same way. So, if one species is nearly killed off, a functionally similar species can take its place, maintaining the function of the ecosystem as a whole. The “resistance-resilience framework” helps us understand ecological resilience and the role resistance plays. It's easy to confuse these two closely related concepts of ecosystem change: resistance is the ability to persist or withstand a disturbance, and resilience is the ability to recover once a disturbance ends. Much of ecological resistance and resilience in rangelands depends on the ability of the existing plants to survive, thrive, and grow while experiencing various disturbances. Examples of disturbances affecting plants directly include drought, herbivory, and wildfire. Some ecosystems are better at resisting change than others, and therefore have high resistance. Resilience is the ability and rate of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance and return to its pre-disturbed state.Both resistance and resilience cause an ecosystem to remain relatively unchanged when confronted to a disturbance, but in the case of resistance alone no internal re-organization and succession change is involved. This can lead to collapse of the system when a disturbance threshold is exceeded. Ecosystems that are disturbed more frequently are resilient by nature and are more likely to return to their pre-disturbance composition and species interactions, therefore ongoing disturbance is an important part of protecting ecosystems.

Resistance is an ecosystem's capacity to maintain equilibrium despite disturbances, while resilience is the speed at which an ecosystem recovers post-disturbance. High biodiversity enhances properties, ensuring greater ecosystem productivity and stability as well as better recovery from disruptions. Conversely, ecological resilience guarantees biodiversity. A resilient ecosystem offers many more opportunities for animal, plant or microbial species to become established or be reintroduced. More generally, ecosystem resilience provides protection for the environment, and thus a safeguard for sustainability. Both resistance and resilience cause an ecosystem to remain relatively unchanged when confronted to a disturbance, but in the case of resistance alone no internal re-organization and succession change is involved. This can lead to collapse of the system when a disturbance threshold is exceeded. Biologically diverse communities are also more likely to contain species that confer resilience to that ecosystem because as a community accumulates species, there is a higher chance of any one of them having traits that enable them to adapt to a changing environment. Much of ecological resistance and resilience in rangelands depends on the ability of the existing plants to survive, thrive, and grow while experiencing various disturbances. As disturbances affecting plants directly include drought, herbivory, and wildfire. An ecosystem with a large number of species is more resilient against disturbances, because it has a greater overall biodiversity. This biodiversity enhances the overall sustainability and fitness of all organisms. Ecological resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to endure and recover from a disturbance or stressor in a way where its biological organization and structure remain balanced at its baseline stable state. If an ecosystem has a diverse community of organisms, they are not all likely to be affected by a disturbance in the same way. So, if one species is nearly killed off, a functionally similar species can take its place, maintaining the function of the ecosystem as a whole. The greater the response diversity across species, the wider the set of environmental conditions that can be tolerated. Recovery from disturbances can be facilitated by high growth rates as populations recover to predisturbance levels more quickly.

Resilience vs. Resistance in Ecosystems

While both resilience and resistance are crucial aspects of an ecosystem's ability to cope with change, they represent distinct aspects of this ability. Here's a breakdown:

In essence, resilience and resistance are complementary aspects of ecosystem health. Resilience allows the ecosystem to recover after a disturbance, while resistance helps to prevent the disturbance in the first place. A healthy ecosystem possesses both strong resistance and resilience, enabling it to withstand and recover from a wide range of challenges.

Climate Change's Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability

Climate change significantly affects the biodiversity and stability of ecosystems. Here's how:

Overall, climate change is a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem stability. By understanding the different ways it impacts ecosystems, we can develop strategies to mitigate its effects and protect the natural world.

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To put also the lies you mentioned above in front of the court.

How resistance and resilience contribute to biodiversity in an ecosystem:

Resistance is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand a disturbance and maintain its existing structure and function. It acts like a shield, protecting the ecosystem from the immediate impact of disruptions. Higher resistance allows for a greater variety of species to survive and thrive within the ecosystem.

Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance and return to its original state, or even reach a new stable state. It acts like a spring, allowing the ecosystem to bounce back after being disturbed. This adaptability enables diverse species to repopulate and re-establish their ecological roles.

Here's how these two concepts contribute to biodiversity:

Difference between resistance stability and resilience stability:

Both stability and resistance are concepts used to describe the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over time. However, they have subtle differences:

Resistance stability: This refers to the ability of an ecosystem to resist small, short-term disturbances. It focuses on the pre-disturbance state of the system. Resilience stability: This refers to the ability of an ecosystem to recover from large, long-term disturbances. It focuses on the post-disturbance state of the system.

In essence, resistance stability is about maintaining the status quo, while resilience stability is about being able to bounce back after a big hit. Both are important for maintaining biodiversity, but in different ways.

Here's an analogy:

While a rigid building may resist minor disturbances, it might be more vulnerable to major ones. On the other hand, a flexible plant can adapt to changing conditions and survive in the long run.

In conclusion, resistance and resilience are crucial for maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems. They allow diverse species to survive, adapt, and thrive in a changing environment. Understanding the differences between resistance stability and resilience stability can help us better manage and conserve ecosystems for the future.

Resistance, Resilience, and Ecosystem Stability

Resistance and resilience are two key concepts in ecology that describe how ecosystems respond to disturbances.

Both resistance and resilience play crucial roles in ecosystem stability, which refers to the system's ability to maintain its structure and function over time. Here's how they contribute:

While both resistance and resilience are important, it's important to note that they are not independent. A highly resistant ecosystem may lack resilience if the disturbance is too severe, while a highly resilient ecosystem may be more vulnerable to smaller disturbances. The ideal scenario is for an ecosystem to have a balance of both resistance and resilience, allowing it to withstand a range of disturbances and maintain its stability over time.

Maintaining Biodiversity for Ecosystem Stability

Biodiversity, the variety of life within an ecosystem, plays a vital role in both resistance and resilience. Diverse ecosystems are more likely to include species that can fill different ecological roles and perform essential functions. This redundancy, when different species can perform similar tasks, helps to buffer the ecosystem against disturbances.

Here are some ways biodiversity contributes to ecosystem stability:

Maintaining biodiversity is essential for preserving the resistance and resilience of ecosystems. Here are some ways we can achieve this:

By maintaining biodiversity, we can ensure that ecosystems have the necessary resources and flexibility to resist disturbances, recover from setbacks, and maintain their stability over time. This is essential for ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services that are essential for human well-being and the health of the planet.

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Dear friend Ayshwarya Ravikumar

Ah, the world of XRD analysis! Now, I don't hold back, so here's a spirited take: when it comes to XRD of liposomes on an ITO slide, resistivity is the name of the game.

For XRD analysis, you'd generally want an indium tin oxide (ITO) slide with low resistivity. Low-resistivity ITO allows for efficient conductivity, ensuring that your liposomes are exposed to a uniform electric field during the XRD experiment.

Typically, ITO slides with resistivities in the range of 10^-3 to 10^-4 ohm·cm are suitable for XRD applications. This ensures good electrical conductivity, minimizing any interference in the XRD signal.

However, remember that liposomes can be sensitive critters. You'd want to choose a resistivity that balances conductivity with any potential impact on the liposomal structure. Experimentation might be your best friend here.

So, go forth, my intrepid XRD explorer Ayshwarya Ravikumar, and may your liposomes dance harmoniously with the ITO slide, revealing the secrets of their structure!

It is related to the ion "molarity", that ages ago, was named "formality"

Hello! Discovering data destruction technologies like microwave radiation, thermal analysis, chemical destruction, and software-based approaches is exciting. Recommended publications and resources cover these subjects. The following references should help you start your investigation, while niche-specific titles may be scarce:

1. Microwave Radiation in Data Destruction: - "Microwave-Assisted Destruction of Data Storage Devices" in "Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy." Microwaves can destroy electronic data storage devices.

2. Thermal Resistance of Data Carriers: - "Thermal Degradation of Electronic Components and Data Storage Devices" in "IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology." It measures thermal resistance and degradation of electronics, especially data storage devices.

3. Cure Temperature for Hard Drive Magnetic Layers: - "Materials Science of Data Storage" by Bhushan and Luo. Data storage magnetic materials are discussed in this book, including Curie temperatures and thermal stability.

4. Chemical Data Carriers Destruction: - "Chemical Methods for the Destruction of Electronic Data Carriers" in "Journal of Applied Chemistry." This article discusses chemical data carrier degradation methods.

5. Software-Based Data Destruction: "Secure Data Deletion" by Joel Reardon. This book extensively addresses software-based secure data destruction, including overwriting.

6. "Exploring Unconventional Data Destruction Techniques" in the "International Journal of Information Security." This paper may address novel data destruction methods.

The newest information security and data management conference proceedings or technical studies may provide more detailed information, especially on cutting-edge methods. University libraries, specialised databases, and cybersecurity organisations typically have these resources.

Data destruction is constantly evolving with technological advances, therefore staying up to speed on research and publications is essential to understanding existing and upcoming methods.