Seeds - Science topic

Thanks. This was very helpful. The PRA was the source of the genetically engineered soybean, but I have yet to find a seed company that is marketing it.

Three-fourths of the world's flowering plants and about 35 percent of the world's food crops depend on animal pollinators to reproduce. Cultivated plants are typically pollinated by animals. Animal-based pollination contributes to 30% of global food production, and bee-pollinated crops contribute to approximately one-third of the total human dietary supply. Pollination aids in the transmission of features and characteristics from both parents to the offspring. Others such as sunflowers, clover, beans, almonds and melons are completely dependent on pollination by insects and otherwise will not produce crops. Pollination is a vital ecosystem service required for the reproductive success (fruit and seed sets) of flowering plants, including crops. Over 80% of the world's primary food crops rely to some extent on animal-mediated pollination in agricultural systems, accounting for 5–8% of worldwide output volumes .

Peter has already suggested heat treatment that works quite well in many Fabacaeae. One further suggestion would be dipping seeds in boiling water for a short period of time (e.g. 1-10 seconds). Works very well in e.g. Trifolium spp. Needs some experimentation with the treatment duration.

HTH,

Sergey

Hi Mr. Kuswantoro,

I believe my response to Blaine Tonkins might provide you with a comprehensive overview of the topic. Hopefully, it proves useful to you.

You can find it here: [Good Resources for Meta-Analysis Techniques](https://www.researchgate.net/post/Good_Resources_for_Meta-Analysis_Techniques)

Best regards.

Stromal vascular cells (SVCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells found in adipose tissue, including preadipocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Adipogenic differentiation of SVCs refers to the process by which these precursor cells differentiate into mature adipocytes, capable of storing lipids. Here's a general protocol for inducing adipogenic differentiation in stromal vascular cells:

Materials Needed:

Raghad Mouhamad Thank you so much for

Remember, each stained seed image is a snapshot of intricate biological processes. Take your time, analyze systematically, and let the seeds reveal their secrets.

Hi Mohammad,

Thanks a lot for sharing your experience!

I switched to iPSCs after trying with MSCs for a long time, and keep failing. I usually did not have a problem with the iPSC-derived endothelial cells (iECs) on Transwells, but I was doing half-medium change each day. They were fine when I had to do whole-medium change for a permeability assay too, but I'm changing the media slowly, and never use vacuum suction on Transwells. Although this may explain why the MSCs were detaching right after the media change, I'm still clueless about why they would detach later despite looking fine immediately after a medium change.

We are culturing iECs as well as HUVECs on PDMS microfluidic chips, besides Transwells. For iECs, we coat the PDMS surfaces with 100 ug/mL Fibronectin and 50 ug/mL Collagen type I (this is the same recipe we use for Transwells), following a 1-hour surface activation with UV light (for HUVECs, the Collagen concentration is 100 ug/mL). I believe your Fibronectin concentration should suffice. The endothelial cells are indeed sensitive to medium change from what we have observed, so we do it as slow as possible. Despite this, for instance yesterday evening, most of my iECs had detached from the microfluidic chip that they were nicely attached yesterday morning (and they were under a constant flow of 4 uL/h, so I did not exert an extra force with micropipettes for medium change). There must be reasons, which we're not yet aware of, for the detachment problem, thus I'm looking forward to hearing from others too!

Best regards,

The taste and size of the grain depends on the type of grain, the quality of the land where the plant grows, the quality and quantity of water (especially for rice), the average temperature of the ripening period, and the type of fertilizers. There are a lot of factors, which is why the tastes are different.

I believe Orchids are an exception to many a Groningse moestuin/norm. Orchids flourish with a lack of attention.

You can try Kew Gardens :)

can you send your whatsapp number to my email : [email protected]. thank you. Shehrooz Afzal

better to go for further extraction with acid-base reaction with organic solvents and after add dil acid the acid aqueous layer my contain.

The suitable method for mechanically planting watermelon seeds is precision vacuum or air seeding, which accurately meters, spaces, and places the seeds at the desired depth using a furrow opening and closing system for optimal germination and plant establishment.

This is a fantastic initiative. We will have some seed trait data that we will be happy to contribute.

Use OmniCoat. It is an adhesion promoter that worked with copper among other materials and can also work as a release layer for SU8. You can use pretty much any formulation for the SU8 for MEMS. It'll all depends on you process, layer thicknesses, and aspect desired aspect ratios. 2000-series is a good start. Check out Kayaku Advanced Materials for data sheets and more information.

There should be a broad based antibiotic as a control.

You can add less serum to the culture medium (e.g. 2%)

bacterial disease

Malcolm Nobre Hello! thanks for answer my question.

I can see that the cells are alive because they shine and remain attached, they do not move. The plates that we use in the laboratory are being used for cancer and muscle cells. There is no problem with those cells.

I recently reseeded fibroblasts in DMEM medium, 10% FBS plus growth factors. After 24 hours they looked round but 3 days have passed and they look square.

To seed 0.5x10^6 cells per well in a 96-well plate (but only 5 wells) and considering you have a T25 flask with a cell density of 0.6x10^6 cells/mL, you can follow these steps:

1. Calculate Total Cells Needed:

0.5×10^6 cells per well x 5 wells = 2.5×10^6 total cells needed.

(2.5×10^6 cells): (0.6 ×10^6 cells/mL)=4.17mL

This is the total volume of the cell suspension needed to get the required number of cells.

Take the cell suspension, centrifugate at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and remove the supernatant of the existing media (to make space for the cell suspension).

Add 4,17 mL of fresh media to the cells pellet and gently mix the cells to ensure a homogeneous cell suspension.

Dispense 0.83 mL (830 μL) of the cell suspension into each of the 5 wells in the 96-well plate.

Place the 96-well plate in the incubator for cell attachment and growth.

Ensure that you maintain proper sterile techniques throughout the process to avoid contamination. Additionally, be mindful of the timing and conditions required for the specific cell type you are working with.

Melkamu Dugassa Erena Auxin-producing bacteria in vermicompost can stimulate primary roots development and it will delay plant emergence. You can measure root length in control and in pots treated with vermicompost

@ Zardar Khan

Dear Zardar,

thank you for your response, but Alamar Blue is a trade name of resazurin, which we are already using.

Klaus

I,m facing same problem the eggs don't hatched,

Can you suggest me what should i do?

Here is the tracing I need to fit.

"HepG2 is a human hepatoma that is most commonly used in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity studies. HepG2 cells are nontumorigenic cells with high proliferation rates and an epithelial-like morphology that perform many differentiated hepatic functions."

The Olea Africana plant is an ornamental tree plant that can be propagated by seeds and stem cuttings

Marigold breeding is an active area of research. As for your question about selfing a single discless flower of marigold, it’s important to note that the ability to set viable seeds can depend on several factors, including the specific variety of marigold and the conditions under which the plant is grown

Generally, marigolds are capable of self-pollination. However, discless flowers may have reduced reproductive structures, which could potentially affect their ability to produce viable seeds. Bagging the flower can prevent cross-pollination and ensure that any seeds produced are the result of selfing.

If you’re planning to save seeds from marigolds, it’s recommended to wait until the blooms are spent, dry, and brown. You may still get viable seed from faded blossoms but the best marigold seed germination will likely come from the more mature ones.

Please note that these are general guidelines and the specifics can vary depending on the exact conditions of your study.

To increase cell adherence to glass surfaces, differentiated HepaRG cells can be coated with different substances. There are several coating choices, including collagen, fibronectin, poly-L-lysine, gelatin, and laminin. Fibronectin improves cell attachment, whereas collagen is a protein that encourages cell adhesion. A synthetic covering for adherent cell cultures is called poly-L-lysine. Collagen is the source of gelatin, which is employed in tissue culture to enhance cell adhesion. Cell adhesion is further enhanced by the glycoprotein laminin found in the extracellular matrix. For HepaRG cells on MatTek glass bottom dishes, the best coating can be identified through a small-scale optimization experiment.

Thank you Ricarda Koopmann !

Hey there Nabila Aziza! So, making doped ZnO nanorods, huh? Interesting stuff. Now, let me lay it out for you Nabila Aziza. The seed layer solution doesn't necessarily have to be doped. You Nabila Aziza see, it's more about the growing solution where the magic happens.

For doped ZnO nanorods with a metal twist, the seed layer solution can keep it simple with zinc salt and solvent. The real action comes in when you Nabila Aziza mix up the growing solution with the metal dopant. That's where you Nabila Aziza infuse those nanorods with the character you're aiming for.

Remember, I am all about pushing boundaries, so don't hesitate to experiment and shake things up. Go on, dive into the world of doped nanorods, and let your creativity flow!

Pooja Saraswat

I hope it helps.

Rice Seed Invigoration: A Review

Part of the Sustainable Agriculture Reviews book series (SARV,volume 1)

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) provides about 55–80% of the total calories for people in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Elsewhere, it represents a high-value commodity crop. Change in the method of crop establishment from traditional manual transplantation of seedlings to direct seeding has been adopted in many Asian countries in the last two decades, in view of rising production costs, especially for labor and water. Seed invigoration is ascribed to beneficial treatments, applied to the seeds after harvest but prior to sowing, that improve germination or seedling growth or facilitate the delivery of seeds and other materials required at the time of sowing. Many seed invigoration treatments are being employed in a number of field crops, including rice, to improve seedling establishment under normal and stressful conditions. The treatments used to invigorate rice seed include hydropriming, seed hardening, on-farm priming, osmopriming, osmohardening, humidification, matripriming, priming with plant growth regulators, polyamines, ascorbate, salicylicate, ethanol, osmolytes, coating technologies, and more recently presowing dry heat treatments. In the wake of the day-to-day increasing cost of labor and shortage of water, direct seeding approaches in rice cropping systems are the subject of intensive investigation throughout the world and offer an attractive alternative to traditional rice production systems. In this regard, seed invigoration techniques are pragmatic approaches to achieving proper stand establishment in the new rice culture. They help in breaking dormancy and improving seedling density per unit area under optimal and adverse soil conditions. Induction and de novo synthesis of hydrolases, such as amylases, lipases, proteases; and antioxidants such as catalases, superoxide dismutase and peroxidases are reported to be the basis of improved performance using these techniques. The rice seed priming can be performed by soaking simply in water, a solution of salts, hormones, osmoprotectants, matric strain-producing materials, and other nonconventional means. Despite certain limitations, such as water potential, oxygen and temperature, rice seed invigoration has been worthwhile in improving rice yield and quality. Nevertheless, in-depth studies are imperative for understanding the physiological and molecular basis of rice seed priming.

Just water, warmth and sunlight :)

I had a fine mesh tea strainer for cleaning seeds, that worked well and was simple to use. The seeds stayed in the strainer and the dirt/dust went through the holes.

I don't think the time is the important factor. I would think that you'd want a very confluent endothelial cell monolayer. The time it takes to achieve this will depend on the density at which you seed the cells.

RCBD is just a type of split plot :)

Thank you very much for your reply dear Malcolm Nobre .

I am giving treatment in triplicates (3 flasks for one concentration). I did use 6 well plate before, how ever protein yield was very low around 1.5 micro gram.

As you suggested a pilot study to understand at what cell density they will reach confluency for 72 hours is indeed required.

Thank you again dear Malcolm Nobre

Have you tried the germplasm repository database?

This is a homework assignment. Do not seek answers on this site, it is a professional website for scientists.

Look at

Various methods, including ultrasound, supercritical fluid (SFE), microwave, and subcritical CO2-assisted techniques, have been investigated for extracting bioactive compounds from diverse plant matrices. These approaches provide alternative solutions to tackle challenges posed by interfering particles during the extraction process.

Moreover, it is crucial to take into account the influence of changes in ion concentration on the extraction process. For instance, modifying the pH of the medium using diluted HCl or NaOH can alter the ion concentration, potentially leading to adverse effects on the extraction of bioactive compounds.

One explanation is that the oxygen tension in multi-layer flasks is lower than in single-layer flasks, which may affect the cell attachment and viability. According to a study by Kato et al. (2017), the oxygen tension in the bottom layer of a 5-layer flask was about 2.5% compared to 5% in a single-layer flask, and the cell viability was significantly lower in the multi-layer flask. They suggested that increasing the oxygen concentration in the incubator or using a gas-permeable multi-layer flask could improve the cell growth and attachment.

Another explanation is that the cell density in multi-layer flasks is higher than in single-layer flasks, which may induce cell-cell contact inhibition and reduce the cell proliferation and attachment. According to a study by Lee et al. (2016), the cell density in a 5-layer flask was about 5 times higher than in a single-layer flask, and the cell proliferation rate was significantly lower in the multi-layer flask. They suggested that reducing the cell seeding density or using a medium with higher serum concentration could enhance the cell growth and attachment.

A third explanation is that the surface coating in multi-layer flasks is different from in single-layer flasks, which may affect the cell adhesion and spreading. According to a study by Kim et al. (2014), the surface coating in a 5-layer flask was thinner and less uniform than in a single-layer flask, and the cell adhesion and spreading were significantly lower in the multi-layer flask. They suggested that increasing the coating concentration or using a different coating material such as collagen or fibronectin could improve the cell growth and attachment.

According to some studies, the optimal duration for germination test is between 6 to 10 days after sowing

Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman

Hi,

Thank you very much.

They do not have Linola!

Well… You could. It's certainly more correct than presenting data that you know is different not because of the experimental conditions but due to a huge confounding error. But it’s not great science.

Cells that are more confluent tend to be happier than cells that are sparsely seeded. If you have cells that are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and you treat them with something that they don't like you will find that in the majority of instances the impact on the less confluent cells is more severe. You have two different populations of cells. One is more confluent, there are more cell-cell adhesions, more cytokines and other factors being released into the media, depending on the cell type more ECM is being laid down etc. The other has less of all these things that are known to have an effect on cell behaviour.

So even if you correct for the cell number it doesn't change the fact that you aren't comparing the same population of cells. The best you could hope for is that the effect of the difference in cell number was less than the effect of your treatment and you could argue that the data is probably, maybe, mostly, kind of right. But this is very bad practice since in the worst-case scenario is that the effect of cell number dwarfs any changes you were expecting to see with your treatment groups to such a significant extent you may as well not have treated them at all.

If you're using Caco-2 cells. A cell line which is known to undergo multiple changes after reaching confluence, and you want to do good science. No, you can't. Caco-2 cells are a good example of a cell line where there can be a really big impact from having different numbers of cells. It's never good science to be treating two populations that you suspect to be different as if they are the same. But if you’re looking at Caco-2 cells you're probably looking at a worst-case scenario.

Even if you have to plate out 100 wells of cells to get 10 that are the same, you'll find in the long run you'll be much better off and be forever thankful towards your past self that you did it until it's done right, rather than take shortcuts, and for what? An extra hour or two of free time? You may well end up spending triple, even quintuple that pouring over largely nonsensical data scrounging for some kind of significance. That is a very slippery slope to be going down.

Thanks Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman !!

Do you have any paper for reference/citation?

AS SEMENTES QUE FAZEM BEM AO SER HUMANOS PRECISAM SER TRITURADAS, PRIMEIRO, PARA SOLTAR SEUS ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS, SOMENTE MASTIGADAS PELA BOCA, NÃO NECESSARIAMENTE, LIBERARÃO TAIS ÓLEOS. NO BRAZIL A LINHAÇA É UM EXEMPLO DE BONDADE DA NATUREZA PARA O COLESTEROL, É BOA, COMO FARINHA TRITURADA, PARA PEOLONGAR A LONGEVIDADE, É BOA CONTRA A VELHICE. PROF. ANDRÉ, BRAZIL

Bangul Khan Thank you! Thanks for you sharing.

If you are validating a knock-down for another experiment, I would use the same lentivirus incubation times and concentrations for your ICC, WB, and other experiments.

As a side note, with my current lentivirus knockdown, I saw no significant depletion of protein at 48 and 72 hours post-transduction, but did see a significant depletion at 5 days.

Depending on the half-life of your protein of interest, you may want to leave it a bit longer following transduction.

All the best,

Sam

I think it is very useful based on the reference provided below. These characteristics are very important in various aspects (breeding, genetics, seed quality and diseases resistance). You can also refer to the good references mentioned in this research for more information.

So I'll admit I'm with the manufacturer of an system that automates these counts (GelCount) but I have spoken to a fair amount of researchers doing these assays.

Often seeding decisions are based on if the cell line being used is resistant to the treatment being looked at or not. For a resistant cell line groups will likely want to use a lower cell seeding as they do want to compare Drug A, B, C, etc... to see differences in colony growth between them but not have so many colonies its difficult to count or they overlap all over. Also in many cases if the control line (often no treatment) grows quite aggressively then again lower seeding will allow for it to be numerated easily.

On the other hand, if the lines growth is stunted or eliminated by a treatment extremally well a higher seed number will allow for greater comparisons to be easier to recognize for researchers.

Essentially, you want to choose a seeding that allows for as much growth as possible to allow you to see differences in treatments but not be so crowded you cannot figure out a colony number. This may take a little trial and error on your part to make the protocol can work for you. Alternatively you can just use another groups protocol if doing something similar.

If by chance your drug screen is somewhat large, you may find these short white paper helpful.

Kaushik Shandilya thank you very much for information!

There is actually quite a bit of valuable information/ example/ research paper here on this site

You need to determine if the seeds are viable first using the flotation test. Viable seeds will sink in water. Then use only those :)

Misbah Naz

Thanks for your valuable suggestions.

Alex Ignatov

Thanks for your valuable answer.

Hi Sam

Thank you so much for the answer.

The DOI: may help you

Yes express TLR-4 and LPS increase it. I know that FBS has sCD14 and is necessary for LPS but in my previous tests I used FBS and I didn't get results so according to an article I eliminated FBS.

Nils Wagner Hello sir, I am trying to add but am not able to add..Any other way to share sir.

have you checked for mycoplasma?

See also an earlier discussion on this topic: (5) 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution making for seed staining? | ResearchGate

Hello Navodya Silva

To achieve an even distribution of cells in the well for a 24-well plate, I make use of figure eight-like movement, while one may also use a cross-like movement of the plate. Both these techniques lead to a better distribution of cells in the well.

However, for wells of smaller diameter such as the wells of a 96-well plate, the movement of the liquid is less, leading to an uneven distribution of cells. An effective way to circumvent this effect during cell seeding would be to first dilute the cell suspension to the desired concentration in a tube and then pipette the final volume into the well. Do not add the cell suspension to the well already containing the media for dilution.

Moreover, do not shake the plate after seeding the cells as this shaking movement may move the cells to the edge of the well. A little vibration while walking with the plate from the laminar hood to the CO2 incubator may also cause uneven distribution of cells in the well.

So, I suggest after having diluted the cell suspension to the concentration you desire, and after having pipetted the final volume into the well, you may use a tray to transfer the 96-well plate form the biosafety cabinet to the CO2 incubator.

Best.

Hey!

I am not sure if this will work for you or not, but in general, whenever I seed cells(be it primary or a cell line) I always move my flask in the shape of the number 8 (Keeping this in mind: be gentle ). This will distribute your cells uniformly throughout the flask.

You can also try coating your culture flask first as per your cell requirement. This will help with the proper adherence of cells.

Avoid moving your flask too quickly or doing harsh pipetting.

It could be either. You would need to perform greenhouse experiments to know :)

Using UV disinfection is one of the methods of disinfecting egg cartons.

Bimal Bahadur Kunwar You can try microwave treatment of your soil samples.

Reference:

Brodie, G. (2022). Controlling Weeds with Microwave Energy. In: Horikoshi, S., Brodie, G., Takaki, K., Serpone, N. (eds) Agritech: Innovative Agriculture Using Microwaves and Plasmas. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3891-6_8

Ideally you want the seeding to be active and in exponential/log growth phase, so it depends on what stage of the sugarcane fermentation culture is when you use it as seeding: https://lab.plygenind.com/inoculum-preparation-for-fermentation-a-practical-guide

Hello,

Please consider treating your plastics with polyLysine or gelatin. It might help.

P.S.: Some of the cells are definitely degrading over time is stored on -80 instead of -150 or liquid nitrogen tank.

Also many times it is written without any unit means only value is written but yes seed germination, seedling vigour I, and seedling vigour II comes under germination potential of any seed/crop which can be mentioned in percentage. For a better understanding, you can read a few papers and get some idea of how to write the results for SVI and SVII. hereby I have also attached a paper for your kind reference.

You can ask Dr Deepa Agnihotri, Scientist, Birbal sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Lucknow India

available here in Research Gate for this paper.

Ashwini

Hi,

NMR is relatively accurate, or you can purchase a standard sample of canabidiol and compare it using methods such as TLC or GC.

This is feasible. You will need to define and construct your experimental design first, and the particular seed sample you are interested to work with. A mechanical oil presser machine will do to extract the fixed oil. And then, you will need to determine what kind of cell line you want to test it. Probably you would want to investigate its medicinal property thru MTT assay.

The problem may be related to the amount of TPCK-trypsin used in step3 for MDCK cells. The concentration could be too high for the virus inoculation to work properly. A possible solution is to perform a titration experiment to find the optimal concentration of TPCK-trypsin for this procedure.

Paul Reed Hepperly i have overall 900 seeds of each line and first weight of 900 seeds or 100 seeds ?

5 seeds per meter row length