Waves - Science topic

Hello everyone. I need a wave cahnnel for offshore wind turbine design. Can hydraulics experts help me in designing the wave channel with quotations links?

I am doing a literature review on acoustic properties of layered media and I am struggling to find articles, resources etc to add to the review. Does anyone know of any seminal papers in this field that I should be reviewing?

We assume that the answer to the question of whether the quantum wave function Ψ is a scalar, a vector or not is that it is none of these.

Ψ is an abstract mathematical operator that has no physical meaning in itself.

The currently accepted procedure for describing Ψ in a given isolated quantum system is to construct the time-dependent Schrödinger SE equation for that particular system and then solve it by the method of separation of variables.

The importance of Ψ is that it conveys the phase of the system in x-t space and therefore can explain its wave properties such as interference, diffraction, degeneracy, etc.

We propose a simple alternative to solve for Ψ^2 (and not Ψ itself) which has a physical meaning of quantum particle energy per unit volume (or probability of finding the particle in unit volume of space unified x-t), then in a final solution last step to find Ψ as the square root of Ψ^2.

It is clear that the proposed technique completely neglects SE as if it never existed and proceeds to solve the Ψ^2 quantum system via a well-established probability diffusion equation.

How these waves form in such a superthermal plasma environment

I know I'm crossing a minefield in investigating this question.

There are at least two incompatible theories:

classical EM theory, where wave energy is continuous and

QM quantum theory, where the energy of EM waves is essentially discrete or quantized in photons.

So it depends on the theory we use to analyze this problem, not on the frequency of the wave.

If we follow QM theory, the answer is definitely no because the photon must have a positive momentum and therefore a positive frequency.

On the other hand, if we follow the classical theory of electromagnetic fields, the answer is yes but the photon itself is not defined.

The instrument provided data of the IR spectrum is in %T vs wave number. But the peak is in the 3600 to 2600 cm-1 shows more than 100% transmittance. What are the probable reasons behind it? How can I solve it? The IR was done in ATR. Thank you.

We have elastic scattering excitation function data in tabular form and want to obtain partial wave scattering phase shift data for each partial wave say l=0, 1, 2....whats the process to do so and is their any code available to do so

I tested DNA structure (5uM dissolved in 50 mM Tris) using JASCO-1500 but found no peak at wavelength 220-350. The results look like a wave shape throughout the wavelength...

I am writing a project on electronic structure with a molecular approach and a surface approach (plane waves). I have knowledge of the molecular part, but I am having difficulties describing the project for plane waves. I intend to use Gaussian for molecular structure and Quantum Espresso for plane waves.

I have the methodology for the molecular part and would like to know how to describe the same items for plane waves. Could someone please help me?

Below, I am placing the methodology for the molecular part:

Construction of systems and structural studies Reactivity index calculations (for the molecular part, Condensed Fukui Indices to Atoms are used) Reactivity index calculations (plane waves ???)

Opto-electronic properties (for the molecular area TD-DFT)

In particular, the aim is to evaluate data associated with the energy and spatial distribution of frontier orbitals, local and global density of states, reactivity indices, optical properties of the materials composing the chemical species, in order to establish simple rules for the preparation of materials with optimized properties.

Adsorption study

It is intended to evaluate adsorption processes of chemical species and reactions with the systems of interest through two different approaches: i) calculations of molecular electronic structure and ii) calculations of surface electronic structure.

Calculations of electronic structure Optimization of geometry of adsorbed systems will be performed in a DFT (and/or Hartree-Fock) approach with Grimme corrections to better describe interactions between unbound systems.

And how does the calculation of electronic structure for the surface work?

What is a super vacuum? Is the earth in a vacuum? And what is dark energy?

It has not been proven until today and nature has always applied and proven exceptions and violations in the accepted theories many times in the past. That these were merely human formalisms and experimental artifacts and exploiting the limits of technology, and physical limits and laws are constantly being broken and bent in nature. Hereby we will attempt to show theoretically why and how there is and experimentally evidence in our universe of vacuum space, either in its theoretically idealized absolute form, thus free space or the partial vacuum that characterizes the vacuum of QED or QCD. And its zero-point energy and oscillations may actually be the greatest proof in nature for super energy.

It is possible without violating causation. that the apparent effect of "nothing" of vacuum space may be evidence for it

superluminocity and all this time it was hidden right in front of us. We are here trying to answer a fundamental question of physics, why the vacuum is basically space to us looks like nothing on the assumption that "nothing" exists in nature, and why a hypothetical superluminous vibration, a particle the size of Planck creates apparent nothingness in our spacetime. The novelty of the research here infers that free space is dark energy and that superluminous energy.

Stam Nicolis added a reply:

(1) Depends what is meant by ``super vacuum''. The words must, first, be defined, before questions can be asked. As it stands, it doesn't mean anything.

(2) To a good approximation the earth is moving around the Sun in a vacuum, i.e. its motion can be described by Newtonian mechanics, where the only bodies are the Earth and the Sun and the force between them is Newton's force of gravitation.

(3) Dark energy is the property of space and time that describes the fact that the Universe isn't, simply, expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. To detect its effects it's necessary to measure the motion of bodies outside our galaxy.

To understand all this it's necessary to study classical mechanics-that leads to understanding the answer to the second question-and general relativity-in order to understand the answer to the third

László Attila Horváth added a reply:

Dear Abbas Kashani ,

The graviton - which creates or capture elementary X-rays and gamma rays- , by itself, it can be considered almost like a super vacuum.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:

What are rather numerous, and really strange, “vacuums” in mainstream physics, and what are two real vacuums is explained in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force.

The first vacuum is the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), which is the actualization of the Logos set elements “Space” and “Time” [what are “Logos” set, “Space” and “Time” see first pages in 1-st or 2-nd links] at creation and existence of a concrete informational system “Matter”,

- i.e. this vacuum is a logical possibility for/of Matter’s existence and evolving, and so is by definition nothing else than some fundamentally “empty container” , i.e. is “real/absolute” vacuum.

The second vacuum, which can be indeed rationally called “physical vacuum”, is the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the Matter’s spacetime above;

- while all matter in Matter, i.e. all particles, fields, stars, galaxies, etc., are only disturbances in the lattice, that were/are created at impacts on some the lattice’s FLE. At that it looks as rather rational scientifically to assume, that such vacuum really existed – that was the initial version of the lattice that was created/formed at the “inflation epoch”, more see the SS&VT initial cosmological model in section “Cosmology” in 2-nd link.

After this initial lattice version was created, in the lattice a huge portion of energy was pumped uniformly globally [and non-uniformly locally], what resulted in Matter’s “matter” creation, which we observe now.

Since all disturbances always and constantly move in the lattice with 4D speeds of light, now can be only some “local physical vacuums”, etc.;

- though that is really quite inessential – the notion “physical vacuum” is completely useless and even wrong, since the really scientifically defined FLE lattice is completely enough at description n and analysis of everything that exists and happens in Matter. The introduced in mainstream physics “vacuums” really are nothing else than some transcendent/mystic/fantastic mental constructions that exist in mainstream physics because of in the mainstream all fundamental phenomena/notions, including “Matter”, “Space/space”, “Time/time” are fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational,

- while these, and not only, really fundamental phenomena/notions can be, and are, really rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the SS&VT philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- the SS&VT physical model is based on which.

More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_quantized_vacuum_And_what_is_the_role_of_gravity_in_nature_And_what_is_the_relationship_between_dark_energy_and_quantum_gravi are relevant in this case also.

Abderrahman el Boukili added a reply:

Super vacuum, in my view, is just the vacuum itself, that is, the channel through which the universe of particles and anti-particles intersects.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

For all practical purposes, the Earth is moving through a vacuum as it orbits the Sun, as there is so little of anything in any given place that only the most sensitive instruments could tell that there was anything there. But there are microscopic pieces of stuff that used to be inside asteroids or comets, and pieces of atoms blown out of the Sun as the Solar Wind, and cosmic rays that manage to get through the Sun's "heliosphere" and run into anything that happens to be in their way. So though the essentially empty space around the Earth would qualify as a vacuum by any historical standard, it isn't an absolutely perfect vacuum. And I suppose a "super vacuum" would be a region where there isn't anything at all, including not only matter, but also any form of energy (which has a mass equivalence of sorts, per Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity); and if so, then "super vacuums" do not exist.

Harri Shore added a reply:

The concepts you're exploring—super vacuum, dark energy, and the nature of the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—touch on some of the most profound and speculative areas in modern physics. Let's break down these concepts to provide clarity and context for your inquiry.

Super Vacuum

The term "super vacuum" is not widely used in mainstream physics literature but could be interpreted to mean an idealized vacuum state that is more "empty" than what is typically considered achievable, even beyond the vacuum state described by quantum field theories. In standard quantum field theories, a vacuum is not truly empty but seethes with virtual particles and fluctuates due to quantum uncertainties, known as zero-point energy.

Is the Earth in a Vacuum?

The Earth is not in a vacuum but is surrounded by its atmosphere, a thin layer of gases that envelops the planet. However, outer space, which begins just beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is often described as a vacuum. This is because outer space contains far fewer particles than the Earth's atmosphere, making it a near-vacuum by comparison. It's important to note that even the vacuum of outer space is not completely empty but contains low densities of particles, electromagnetic fields, and cosmic radiation.

Dark Energy

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. It is one of the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology, making up about 68% of the universe's total energy content according to current observations. The exact nature of dark energy is still unknown, but it is thought to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion rate of the universe since its discovery in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovae.

Vacuum Energy and Superluminosity

Vacuum energy refers to the energy that exists in space due to fluctuations of the quantum fields, even in the absence of any particles or radiation. It is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which allows for the temporary creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from "nothing."

The concept of superluminosity or superluminal phenomena (faster-than-light phenomena) is speculative and not supported by current mainstream physics, as it would violate the principle of causality, a cornerstone of the theory of relativity. However, there have been theoretical explorations of conditions under which apparent superluminal effects could occur without violating causality, such as in the context of quantum tunneling or warp drives in general relativity.

Vacuum Space as Evidence of Superluminous Energy

Your hypothesis suggests that vacuum space or "nothingness" might be evidence of a superluminous energy or vibration at the Planck scale that creates the apparent emptiness of space. This is a speculative notion that would require new theoretical frameworks beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. It also implies that dark energy, the force behind the universe's accelerated expansion, could be related to this superluminous vacuum energy.

While current physical theories and experimental evidence do not support the existence of superluminous phenomena or energies, the history of science shows that our understanding of the universe is constantly evolving. Theoretical proposals that challenge existing paradigms are valuable for pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and prompting new avenues of experimental and theoretical investigation. However, any new theory that proposes mechanisms beyond established physics must be rigorously tested and validated against empirical evidence.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

1. A vacuum is a region of space with no matter; a super vacuum could be defined in one of two ways, depending on whether it is a concept, or a description of current technology. In the first instance, it with be a region of space with neither matter nor energy (in which case, unless an extremely small region, it does not exist, because any part of space big enough to see without a microscope would at least have light of some sort passing through it (e.g., at least the Cosmic Background Radiation). In the second instance, it could be used to describe a "laboratory" vacuum which has far less matter in it than any previously created laboratory vacuum.

2. The Earth is in a region that is essentially a vacuum, because most of the space between the planets has practically nothing in it at any given time. However, there are cosmic rays and the Solar Wind everywhere, so though merely pieces of atoms, there is some stuff everywhere in space; but the amount is so small that for all "practical" purposes, it is a vacuum.

3. Dark energy is a fiction created by cosmologists to explain why, despite having too little mass for the gravity of that mass to fight the tendency of empty space to expand (per Einstein's General Theory of Gravity), the geometry of the Observable Universe is "flat", which would require something to add up to 100% of the "critical mass" of the Universe, and since visible and unobservable ("dark") matter makes up at most 27% of the critical mass, cosmologists created the concept of dark energy to make up the remaining 73%. However, there is no need to presume that the Universe is flat. Just as the Earth is a globe but looks essentially flat (on the average, and particularly at sea) because you can't see enough of it to see its real shape, the Universe is actually what is called "hyperbolic" in shape, which is exactly what you would expect if its mass is less than the "critical" mass. However, almost all cosmologists are convinced by various characteristics of the Observable Universe that the "real" Universe is at least 1000's and perhaps 10 to the 1000's of times bigger than what we can see, what we can see is too small to see its real shape, so it just looks "flat". Since by definition we can't see anything but the "Observable" Universe, we will never be able to see the true shape of the Universe; so "dark energy" will remain a "useful" fiction for calculation purposes for the foreseeable (if not infinite) future; but I am certain that we will never figure out what it is, because it doesn't exist. (Having been both a mathematician and a professional astronomer, I can assure you that even when something like "dark energy" doesn't exist in real life, creating a mathematical model that includes it, in order to make the math work right, is considered perfectly OK by professional mathematicians.)

Sergio Perez Felipe added a reply:

Introduction The ‘Theory of Everything’ is a hypothetical theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. There is a possible solution to the origin of gravity force, postulating it as angular piece of this theory, this solution erases gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and unifies it with strong nuclear force. Let’s analyze the forces that occur in the universe transforming string theory. It allows to explain many physical behaviors that without its existence would be practically impossible to understand, even so, these strings have not been able to be discovered and are only that, a theory that serves as an important support to the world of physics. One of the best known theoretical applications about them is how their vibration can provoke the creation of matter, but this is not about theories already written, we are going to place these strings in a simpler way to answer some doubts in subatomic world. This theory uses 4 dimensions in space and a behavior as one dimension in strings with superconducting capacities. Like an elastic band between V-shaped sticks where the elastic band slides down, the strong nuclear force, forces these strings to bend to fall dawn.

It’s not directly related to electromagnetism. . Actors . String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by onedimensional objects called strings. Each string that we cross would be the minimum distance that can be traversed during a displacement. We can note two important qualities of strings: Distance to the most distant object detected by the human being is more than 30 billion light years, that means there are beams of light which are able to travel that distance without decreasing its speed (they modify only its wavelength). Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period, as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it. If strings exist, they act as a superconductor of matter with a resistance near 0. In order to generate waves it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves behave like ocean waves which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as one-dimensional structure for its study. Strings, at same time, could be one or zero-dimensional, like points under extreme bound forces, think about them as something tenser than any cable that holds the heaviest bridge in the world. The new framework we have drawn would be a set of extremely tense strings, with a practically infinite matter conduction capacity. Remember we are moving into universe at a stimated speed of 600km/sc. Strong Nuclear Force Strong nuclear force is another variable. This force allows the atomic nucleus to remain together, being the strongest of the so-called fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). Gluon is in charge of this interaction, it has a scope not greater than 10 to the power of -15 meters, preventing matter to separate by a constant attraction force between quarks of maximum 10.000 N (F). This real picture illustrates the three dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties. The volume of the box is 2,4 by 2,4 by 3,6 fm.Contrary to the concept of an empty vacuum, this induces chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate into this example is billions of billions frames per second (FPS). Superconducting String Theory (SST): Fundamentals: superconductor of matter interacting with a force that makes that matter hold together, but, how can they interact with each other? The most simple is to think about two V-shaped sticks (simulating the strings), and an elastic band that tight them at the most opened side (it would simulate the gluon, with size 10 to the power of -15 meters). If sticks are sufficiently lubricated and tense, what does the elastic band do? It will slide to the thinnest side. More elastic bands, more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them, so next bands will slide even faster (equally, more mass causes more attraction). We are talking about unknown limits in known world, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen in materials. Suddenly, we have erased one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity force doesn’t really exist, exists the strong nuclear force interacting with strings. this theory ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’. Calculations: Apply formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law). Simulation is in horizontal direction. Friction is imperceptible and acceleration down the plane is matched with gravity acceleration in our planet. Vertical force is not gravity force, it is gluon force, which values ares estimated, so we keep force 10.000 N (F1) and mass 0,0002 eV/c2 (m2). It can be considered vertical angle, but it’s depreciable.Dark energy and universe’s expansion. The behaviuor of the strings implies to have any kind of polaritation to expand, at least, strong enough to avoid get closer and restablish its structure after any contraction. This strength propagates over long distances.Gravitational constant (G = 6,67408 × 10−11 m3 kg-1s -2) and its problem to measure with high accuracy since it can be related to the density exposed. Schrödinger equation, to describe how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time, similar to Newton's second law. Planck's length (1,616229 × 10-35 m) which can indicate the distance between strings. Gluon size and its larger size far from earth. Black holes.and .....

Sergio Perez Felipe added a reply:

You can try my theory, is 50% strong force, 50% quantum vacuum.

It's really easy, it simplifies many ideas because I don't use dimensions and I use simple maths to explain all fundamental forces.

In relativity (GTR, STR) we hear of masslessness. What is the meaning of it with respect to really (not merely measurementally) existent particles / waves?

I am of the opinion that, while propagating, naturally, wavicles have mass, and there is no situation where they are absolutely at rest or at rest mass. But we know that there are zero rest masses in physics. These are in my opinion masses obtained when the moving wavicle is relatively at rest. Thus, the energy here is supposed to be at a relative zero.

But such a relative rest is obtainable only with respect to a few movements (under consideration at a given relativistic situation); and always there will be some other physical processes around and within, with respect to which the zero rest mass wavicle already contextually taken as in zero rest mass is not at zero rest mass and zero energy.

If the relatively achieved zero rest mass and/or non-zero mass may always be conceived as the real mass, then nothing has a constant and permanent "own mass". In that case, any specific contextual mass must be fixed for contexts only, and the only thing that may be spoken of its mass is "finite", "non-zero and non-infinite".

This is a thing I have been thinking of giving as a realistic example for a method that I had developed in my 2018 book, in order to characterize the various, most general, accessible values attributable to processes. This is what I have called the maximal-medial-minimal (MMM) method of determining cosmological, physical, and other forms of access values of existent processes.

But I forgot to write down the said example. Recently I wrote it down as an example for discussing it in another book. But I realize that I can write a detailed section of a chapter about it.

The MMM method is based on determining the space, time, matter-energy content, etc. of anything, including the whole cosmos, as being of infinite or finite or zero value of any quantity. I have shown in the said book that this can be developed not only into a method in the philosophy of physics but also in the most general foundational notions and principles of all sciences.

why am I getting high evolution on the fe-co electrodeposited films with higher scan rate(50mV/S) in KOH electrolyte? what could be the reason. im using square wave pulse voltammetry

What is a super vacuum? Is the earth in a vacuum? And what is dark energy?

It has not been proven until today and nature has always applied and proven exceptions and violations in the accepted theories many times in the past. That these were merely human formalisms and experimental artifacts and exploiting the limits of technology, and physical limits and laws are constantly being broken and bent in nature. Hereby we will attempt to show theoretically why and how there is and experimentally evidence in our universe of vacuum space, either in its theoretically idealized absolute form, thus free space or the partial vacuum that characterizes the vacuum of QED or QCD. And its zero-point energy and oscillations may actually be the greatest proof in nature for super energy.

It is possible without violating causation. that the apparent effect of "nothing" of vacuum space may be evidence for it

superluminocity and all this time it was hidden right in front of us. We are here trying to answer a fundamental question of physics, why the vacuum is basically space to us looks like nothing on the assumption that "nothing" exists in nature, and why a hypothetical superluminous vibration, a particle the size of Planck creates apparent nothingness in our spacetime. The novelty of the research here infers that free space is dark energy and that superluminous energy.

Stam Nicolis added a reply:

(1) Depends what is meant by ``super vacuum''. The words must, first, be defined, before questions can be asked. As it stands, it doesn't mean anything.

(2) To a good approximation the earth is moving around the Sun in a vacuum, i.e. its motion can be described by Newtonian mechanics, where the only bodies are the Earth and the Sun and the force between them is Newton's force of gravitation.

(3) Dark energy is the property of space and time that describes the fact that the Universe isn't, simply, expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. To detect its effects it's necessary to measure the motion of bodies outside our galaxy.

To understand all this it's necessary to study classical mechanics-that leads to understanding the answer to the second question-and general relativity-in order to understand the answer to the third

László Attila Horváth added a reply:

Dear Abbas Kashani ,

The graviton - which creates or capture elementary X-rays and gamma rays- , by itself, it can be considered almost like a super vacuum.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:

What are rather numerous, and really strange, “vacuums” in mainstream physics, and what are two real vacuums is explained in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force.

The first vacuum is the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), which is the actualization of the Logos set elements “Space” and “Time” [what are “Logos” set, “Space” and “Time” see first pages in 1-st or 2-nd links] at creation and existence of a concrete informational system “Matter”,

- i.e. this vacuum is a logical possibility for/of Matter’s existence and evolving, and so is by definition nothing else than some fundamentally “empty container” , i.e. is “real/absolute” vacuum.

The second vacuum, which can be indeed rationally called “physical vacuum”, is the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the Matter’s spacetime above;

- while all matter in Matter, i.e. all particles, fields, stars, galaxies, etc., are only disturbances in the lattice, that were/are created at impacts on some the lattice’s FLE. At that it looks as rather rational scientifically to assume, that such vacuum really existed – that was the initial version of the lattice that was created/formed at the “inflation epoch”, more see the SS&VT initial cosmological model in section “Cosmology” in 2-nd link.

After this initial lattice version was created, in the lattice a huge portion of energy was pumped uniformly globally [and non-uniformly locally], what resulted in Matter’s “matter” creation, which we observe now.

Since all disturbances always and constantly move in the lattice with 4D speeds of light, now can be only some “local physical vacuums”, etc.;

- though that is really quite inessential – the notion “physical vacuum” is completely useless and even wrong, since the really scientifically defined FLE lattice is completely enough at description n and analysis of everything that exists and happens in Matter. The introduced in mainstream physics “vacuums” really are nothing else than some transcendent/mystic/fantastic mental constructions that exist in mainstream physics because of in the mainstream all fundamental phenomena/notions, including “Matter”, “Space/space”, “Time/time” are fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational,

- while these, and not only, really fundamental phenomena/notions can be, and are, really rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the SS&VT philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- the SS&VT physical model is based on which.

More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_quantized_vacuum_And_what_is_the_role_of_gravity_in_nature_And_what_is_the_relationship_between_dark_energy_and_quantum_gravi are relevant in this case also.

Abderrahman el Boukili added a reply:

Super vacuum, in my view, is just the vacuum itself, that is, the channel through which the universe of particles and anti-particles intersects.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

For all practical purposes, the Earth is moving through a vacuum as it orbits the Sun, as there is so little of anything in any given place that only the most sensitive instruments could tell that there was anything there. But there are microscopic pieces of stuff that used to be inside asteroids or comets, and pieces of atoms blown out of the Sun as the Solar Wind, and cosmic rays that manage to get through the Sun's "heliosphere" and run into anything that happens to be in their way. So though the essentially empty space around the Earth would qualify as a vacuum by any historical standard, it isn't an absolutely perfect vacuum. And I suppose a "super vacuum" would be a region where there isn't anything at all, including not only matter, but also any form of energy (which has a mass equivalence of sorts, per Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity); and if so, then "super vacuums" do not exist.

Harri Shore added a reply:

The concepts you're exploring—super vacuum, dark energy, and the nature of the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—touch on some of the most profound and speculative areas in modern physics. Let's break down these concepts to provide clarity and context for your inquiry.

Super Vacuum

The term "super vacuum" is not widely used in mainstream physics literature but could be interpreted to mean an idealized vacuum state that is more "empty" than what is typically considered achievable, even beyond the vacuum state described by quantum field theories. In standard quantum field theories, a vacuum is not truly empty but seethes with virtual particles and fluctuates due to quantum uncertainties, known as zero-point energy.

Is the Earth in a Vacuum?

The Earth is not in a vacuum but is surrounded by its atmosphere, a thin layer of gases that envelops the planet. However, outer space, which begins just beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is often described as a vacuum. This is because outer space contains far fewer particles than the Earth's atmosphere, making it a near-vacuum by comparison. It's important to note that even the vacuum of outer space is not completely empty but contains low densities of particles, electromagnetic fields, and cosmic radiation.

Dark Energy

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. It is one of the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology, making up about 68% of the universe's total energy content according to current observations. The exact nature of dark energy is still unknown, but it is thought to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion rate of the universe since its discovery in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovae.

Vacuum Energy and Superluminosity

Vacuum energy refers to the energy that exists in space due to fluctuations of the quantum fields, even in the absence of any particles or radiation. It is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which allows for the temporary creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from "nothing."

The concept of superluminosity or superluminal phenomena (faster-than-light phenomena) is speculative and not supported by current mainstream physics, as it would violate the principle of causality, a cornerstone of the theory of relativity. However, there have been theoretical explorations of conditions under which apparent superluminal effects could occur without violating causality, such as in the context of quantum tunneling or warp drives in general relativity.

Vacuum Space as Evidence of Superluminous Energy

Your hypothesis suggests that vacuum space or "nothingness" might be evidence of a superluminous energy or vibration at the Planck scale that creates the apparent emptiness of space. This is a speculative notion that would require new theoretical frameworks beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. It also implies that dark energy, the force behind the universe's accelerated expansion, could be related to this superluminous vacuum energy.

While current physical theories and experimental evidence do not support the existence of superluminous phenomena or energies, the history of science shows that our understanding of the universe is constantly evolving. Theoretical proposals that challenge existing paradigms are valuable for pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and prompting new avenues of experimental and theoretical investigation. However, any new theory that proposes mechanisms beyond established physics must be rigorously tested and validated against empirical evidence.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

1. A vacuum is a region of space with no matter; a super vacuum could be defined in one of two ways, depending on whether it is a concept, or a description of current technology. In the first instance, it with be a region of space with neither matter nor energy (in which case, unless an extremely small region, it does not exist, because any part of space big enough to see without a microscope would at least have light of some sort passing through it (e.g., at least the Cosmic Background Radiation). In the second instance, it could be used to describe a "laboratory" vacuum which has far less matter in it than any previously created laboratory vacuum.

2. The Earth is in a region that is essentially a vacuum, because most of the space between the planets has practically nothing in it at any given time. However, there are cosmic rays and the Solar Wind everywhere, so though merely pieces of atoms, there is some stuff everywhere in space; but the amount is so small that for all "practical" purposes, it is a vacuum.

3. Dark energy is a fiction created by cosmologists to explain why, despite having too little mass for the gravity of that mass to fight the tendency of empty space to expand (per Einstein's General Theory of Gravity), the geometry of the Observable Universe is "flat", which would require something to add up to 100% of the "critical mass" of the Universe, and since visible and unobservable ("dark") matter makes up at most 27% of the critical mass, cosmologists created the concept of dark energy to make up the remaining 73%. However, there is no need to presume that the Universe is flat. Just as the Earth is a globe but looks essentially flat (on the average, and particularly at sea) because you can't see enough of it to see its real shape, the Universe is actually what is called "hyperbolic" in shape, which is exactly what you would expect if its mass is less than the "critical" mass. However, almost all cosmologists are convinced by various characteristics of the Observable Universe that the "real" Universe is at least 1000's and perhaps 10 to the 1000's of times bigger than what we can see, what we can see is too small to see its real shape, so it just looks "flat". Since by definition we can't see anything but the "Observable" Universe, we will never be able to see the true shape of the Universe; so "dark energy" will remain a "useful" fiction for calculation purposes for the foreseeable (if not infinite) future; but I am certain that we will never figure out what it is, because it doesn't exist. (Having been both a mathematician and a professional astronomer, I can assure you that even when something like "dark energy" doesn't exist in real life, creating a mathematical model that includes it, in order to make the math work right, is considered perfectly OK by professional mathematicians.)

Abbas Kashani added a reply:

Introduction The ‘Theory of Everything’ is a hypothetical theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. There is a possible solution to the origin of gravity force, postulating it as angular piece of this theory, this solution erases gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and unifies it with strong nuclear force. Let’s analyze the forces that occur in the universe transforming string theory. It allows to explain many physical behaviors that without its existence would be practically impossible to understand, even so, these strings have not been able to be discovered and are only that, a theory that serves as an important support to the world of physics. One of the best known theoretical applications about them is how their vibration can provoke the creation of matter, but this is not about theories already written, we are going to place these strings in a simpler way to answer some doubts in subatomic world. This theory uses 4 dimensions in space and a behavior as one dimension in strings with superconducting capacities. Like an elastic band between V-shaped sticks where the elastic band slides down, the strong nuclear force, forces these strings to bend to fall dawn.

It’s not directly related to electromagnetism. . Actors . String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by onedimensional objects called strings. Each string that we cross would be the minimum distance that can be traversed during a displacement. We can note two important qualities of strings: Distance to the most distant object detected by the human being is more than 30 billion light years, that means there are beams of light which are able to travel that distance without decreasing its speed (they modify only its wavelength). Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period, as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it. If strings exist, they act as a superconductor of matter with a resistance near 0. In order to generate waves it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves behave like ocean waves which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as one-dimensional structure for its study. Strings, at same time, could be one or zero-dimensional, like points under extreme bound forces, think about them as something tenser than any cable that holds the heaviest bridge in the world. The new framework we have drawn would be a set of extremely tense strings, with a practically infinite matter conduction capacity. Remember we are moving into universe at a stimated speed of 600km/sc. Strong Nuclear Force Strong nuclear force is another variable. This force allows the atomic nucleus to remain together, being the strongest of the so-called fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). Gluon is in charge of this interaction, it has a scope not greater than 10 to the power of -15 meters, preventing matter to separate by a constant attraction force between quarks of maximum 10.000 N (F). This real picture illustrates the three dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties. The volume of the box is 2,4 by 2,4 by 3,6 fm.Contrary to the concept of an empty vacuum, this induces chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate into this example is billions of billions frames per second (FPS). Superconducting String Theory (SST): Fundamentals: superconductor of matter interacting with a force that makes that matter hold together, but, how can they interact with each other? The most simple is to think about two V-shaped sticks (simulating the strings), and an elastic band that tight them at the most opened side (it would simulate the gluon, with size 10 to the power of -15 meters). If sticks are sufficiently lubricated and tense, what does the elastic band do? It will slide to the thinnest side. More elastic bands, more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them, so next bands will slide even faster (equally, more mass causes more attraction). We are talking about unknown limits in known world, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen in materials. Suddenly, we have erased one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity force doesn’t really exist, exists the strong nuclear force interacting with strings. this theory ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’. Calculations: Apply formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law). Simulation is in horizontal direction. Friction is imperceptible and acceleration down the plane is matched with gravity acceleration in our planet. Vertical force is not gravity force, it is gluon force, which values ares estimated, so we keep force 10.000 N (F1) and mass 0,0002 eV/c2 (m2). It can be considered vertical angle, but it’s depreciable.Dark energy and universe’s expansion. The behaviuor of the strings implies to have any kind of polaritation to expand, at least, strong enough to avoid get closer and restablish its structure after any contraction. This strength propagates over long distances.Gravitational constant (G = 6,67408 × 10−11 m3 kg-1s -2) and its problem to measure with high accuracy since it can be related to the density exposed. Schrödinger equation, to describe how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time, similar to Newton's second law. Planck's length (1,616229 × 10-35 m) which can indicate the distance between strings. Gluon size and its larger size far from earth. Black holes.and .....

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Mohammed H.Ali added a reply

Until date, there is no conclusive evidence to support this claim. Throughout history, nature has consistently shown exceptions and violations to widely accepted beliefs. These human formalisms and experimental objects are just abusing the constraints of technology. In nature, physical limits and rules are continuously being surpassed and manipulated.

I find the unit of a second occurs as a natural basis in my wave solution of the planets. I find that interesting because the second comes from historically (Since Ancient Times) dividing the earth rotation by 24, 60, and 60 again (24 hours, 60 min/hour, 60 sec/min). But I find it also involves the Moon and the proton. For the Moon

(KE_moon/KE_earth)(EarthDay)=1 second

The Earth day, of course, is the Earth rotation period. The Moon seems to be a Natural yardstick in my equations that makes everything work. For instance the Sun is radius 400 in terms of the Moon, and the Moon is 400 times further from the Sun than the Earth, and this allows for a perfect eclipse.

The Moon is anomalous and has been a mystery in astronomy for some time, it is considered very large for the moon of a terrestrial planet. It has a very low mass for its size, even NASA scientists say it is as if it is hollow. It has a near perfectly circular orbit, and it makes life possible on Earth because it holds the Earth at its tilt to the Sun preventing temperature extremes and allowing for the seasons. Other planets have their tilt always changing, even going completely on their side at times. It is as if someone or something put the Moon there for a reason. If so it may be that the perfect dimensions of it that allow for my QM solution to work may have somehow been designed into it by someone or something, forces unknown. Mystery.

What I have have done here is to work out the basics, a sort of foundation upon which to build. Now that that is laid, I have a lot more to do. First on my list is to derive the solution of the wave equation for gravity directly. Here I used the Bohr solution which Bohr just wrote down when he suggested the atom was quantized discretely. His solution was later derived from the wave equation. But I know what I have done is right (using the Moon) because page 11 section 5.0 shows the planetary Planck constant is right from the delocalization time for the Earth orbit from the standard solution of a gaussian wave packet using the moon orbital radius to find the Earth year.

I need to write out the wave equation because my guess is there are two waves on either side of the asteroid belt; one for the terrestrial planets, the other for the gas giants, because I need to combine these two wave functions to get their interference patterns which should be at the asteroid belt. I would then need, and I don't know where to get it, but the right math software to plot the interference patterns so their images can be studied for when and where asteroids could be ejected from the belt, and possibly go on a collision course with the Earth. This seems to me to be an overwhelming task, and I am not sure that it is the right approach.

I am new to Quantum Mechanics, so I am solving the wave equation for the first time in the application to gravity as opposed to the electric forces, and I am confident I can do that because they are both inverse square laws, and for the hydrogen atom the solution has been well established. However, there is something different going on with the planets than with atoms because with atoms you have protons orbited by electrons and that is in the solution, but with planets you have planets orbiting the Sun and the masses of the planets are different than each other where with electrons they are all the same size, mass, and charge, but it can be done because the solution instead has for say the Earth orbiting the Sun, or any other planet orbiting the Sun, the Moon of the Earth as the common mass in the solution, so while that makes it possible, the solution method will diverge from the atom with that factor as the function of the system. I don't know when I am going to find the time to do this.

I am excited to get to this because maybe I can find out why everything is based on the Moon, and why it is there when many scientists have said it shouldn't be, and why it determines the unit of a second that we happened to coincidentally develop, which came from the Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia with their choice of base 60 counting. Obviously, if the Moon has so low a mass for its size and it is hollow, then to not collapse, it would have an artificial structure beneath supporting it. This was suggested by a couple Russian scientists, that it is a spacecraft that came here long ago and was put into orbit around Earth. That gets at why there is life on Earth and who are what might be responsible for it because life on Earth depends on the Moon orbiting it.

The idea is based on these observations:

•Maxwell I, derived from Biot Savard law and divergece math identities is an analoque to the Einstein field equation relating curvature to mass-energy, i.e they both quantify the magnitude of force/force effect

• Einstein equations hypothesize an underlying gravitational field from which equations of motion detive. Same with Maxwell but with photons

•They both predict ot have plane wave solutions (EM waves and gravitational waves).

Note: While EM waves have been a basis fr commercial implementation, GR grav waves have only bern proposed for scientific utility and canot be produced in the lab.

But is this a final remark or can it be researched more to provide a valid answer?

What is a super vacuum? Is the earth in a vacuum? And what is dark energy?

It has not been proven until today and nature has always applied and proven exceptions and violations in the accepted theories many times in the past. That these were merely human formalisms and experimental artifacts and exploiting the limits of technology, and physical limits and laws are constantly being broken and bent in nature. Hereby we will attempt to show theoretically why and how there is and experimentally evidence in our universe of vacuum space, either in its theoretically idealized absolute form, thus free space or the partial vacuum that characterizes the vacuum of QED or QCD. And its zero-point energy and oscillations may actually be the greatest proof in nature for super energy.

It is possible without violating causation. that the apparent effect of "nothing" of vacuum space may be evidence for it

superluminocity and all this time it was hidden right in front of us. We are here trying to answer a fundamental question of physics, why the vacuum is basically space to us looks like nothing on the assumption that "nothing" exists in nature, and why a hypothetical superluminous vibration, a particle the size of Planck creates apparent nothingness in our spacetime. The novelty of the research here infers that free space is dark energy and that superluminous energy.

Stam Nicolis added a reply:

(1) Depends what is meant by ``super vacuum''. The words must, first, be defined, before questions can be asked. As it stands, it doesn't mean anything.

(2) To a good approximation the earth is moving around the Sun in a vacuum, i.e. its motion can be described by Newtonian mechanics, where the only bodies are the Earth and the Sun and the force between them is Newton's force of gravitation.

(3) Dark energy is the property of space and time that describes the fact that the Universe isn't, simply, expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. To detect its effects it's necessary to measure the motion of bodies outside our galaxy.

To understand all this it's necessary to study classical mechanics-that leads to understanding the answer to the second question-and general relativity-in order to understand the answer to the third

László Attila Horváth added a reply:

Dear Abbas Kashani ,

The graviton - which creates or capture elementary X-rays and gamma rays- , by itself, it can be considered almost like a super vacuum.

Sergey Shevchenko added a reply:

What are rather numerous, and really strange, “vacuums” in mainstream physics, and what are two real vacuums is explained in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model , 3 main papers are

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force.

The first vacuum is the Matter’s fundamentally absolute, fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), which is the actualization of the Logos set elements “Space” and “Time” [what are “Logos” set, “Space” and “Time” see first pages in 1-st or 2-nd links] at creation and existence of a concrete informational system “Matter”,

- i.e. this vacuum is a logical possibility for/of Matter’s existence and evolving, and so is by definition nothing else than some fundamentally “empty container” , i.e. is “real/absolute” vacuum.

The second vacuum, which can be indeed rationally called “physical vacuum”, is the Matter’s ultimate base – the (at least) [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary elementary logical structures – (at least) [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the Matter’s spacetime above;

- while all matter in Matter, i.e. all particles, fields, stars, galaxies, etc., are only disturbances in the lattice, that were/are created at impacts on some the lattice’s FLE. At that it looks as rather rational scientifically to assume, that such vacuum really existed – that was the initial version of the lattice that was created/formed at the “inflation epoch”, more see the SS&VT initial cosmological model in section “Cosmology” in 2-nd link.

After this initial lattice version was created, in the lattice a huge portion of energy was pumped uniformly globally [and non-uniformly locally], what resulted in Matter’s “matter” creation, which we observe now.

Since all disturbances always and constantly move in the lattice with 4D speeds of light, now can be only some “local physical vacuums”, etc.;

- though that is really quite inessential – the notion “physical vacuum” is completely useless and even wrong, since the really scientifically defined FLE lattice is completely enough at description n and analysis of everything that exists and happens in Matter. The introduced in mainstream physics “vacuums” really are nothing else than some transcendent/mystic/fantastic mental constructions that exist in mainstream physics because of in the mainstream all fundamental phenomena/notions, including “Matter”, “Space/space”, “Time/time” are fundamentally transcendent/uncertain/irrational,

- while these, and not only, really fundamental phenomena/notions can be, and are, really rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the SS&VT philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see

- the SS&VT physical model is based on which.

More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_concept_of_quantized_vacuum_And_what_is_the_role_of_gravity_in_nature_And_what_is_the_relationship_between_dark_energy_and_quantum_gravi are relevant in this case also.

Abderrahman el Boukili added a reply:

Super vacuum, in my view, is just the vacuum itself, that is, the channel through which the universe of particles and anti-particles intersects.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

For all practical purposes, the Earth is moving through a vacuum as it orbits the Sun, as there is so little of anything in any given place that only the most sensitive instruments could tell that there was anything there. But there are microscopic pieces of stuff that used to be inside asteroids or comets, and pieces of atoms blown out of the Sun as the Solar Wind, and cosmic rays that manage to get through the Sun's "heliosphere" and run into anything that happens to be in their way. So though the essentially empty space around the Earth would qualify as a vacuum by any historical standard, it isn't an absolutely perfect vacuum. And I suppose a "super vacuum" would be a region where there isn't anything at all, including not only matter, but also any form of energy (which has a mass equivalence of sorts, per Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity); and if so, then "super vacuums" do not exist.

Harri Shore added a reply:

The concepts you're exploring—super vacuum, dark energy, and the nature of the vacuum in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—touch on some of the most profound and speculative areas in modern physics. Let's break down these concepts to provide clarity and context for your inquiry.

Super Vacuum

The term "super vacuum" is not widely used in mainstream physics literature but could be interpreted to mean an idealized vacuum state that is more "empty" than what is typically considered achievable, even beyond the vacuum state described by quantum field theories. In standard quantum field theories, a vacuum is not truly empty but seethes with virtual particles and fluctuates due to quantum uncertainties, known as zero-point energy.

Is the Earth in a Vacuum?

The Earth is not in a vacuum but is surrounded by its atmosphere, a thin layer of gases that envelops the planet. However, outer space, which begins just beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is often described as a vacuum. This is because outer space contains far fewer particles than the Earth's atmosphere, making it a near-vacuum by comparison. It's important to note that even the vacuum of outer space is not completely empty but contains low densities of particles, electromagnetic fields, and cosmic radiation.

Dark Energy

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. It is one of the greatest mysteries in modern cosmology, making up about 68% of the universe's total energy content according to current observations. The exact nature of dark energy is still unknown, but it is thought to be responsible for the observed acceleration in the expansion rate of the universe since its discovery in the late 1990s through observations of distant supernovae.

Vacuum Energy and Superluminosity

Vacuum energy refers to the energy that exists in space due to fluctuations of the quantum fields, even in the absence of any particles or radiation. It is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which allows for the temporary creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from "nothing."

The concept of superluminosity or superluminal phenomena (faster-than-light phenomena) is speculative and not supported by current mainstream physics, as it would violate the principle of causality, a cornerstone of the theory of relativity. However, there have been theoretical explorations of conditions under which apparent superluminal effects could occur without violating causality, such as in the context of quantum tunneling or warp drives in general relativity.

Vacuum Space as Evidence of Superluminous Energy

Your hypothesis suggests that vacuum space or "nothingness" might be evidence of a superluminous energy or vibration at the Planck scale that creates the apparent emptiness of space. This is a speculative notion that would require new theoretical frameworks beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. It also implies that dark energy, the force behind the universe's accelerated expansion, could be related to this superluminous vacuum energy.

While current physical theories and experimental evidence do not support the existence of superluminous phenomena or energies, the history of science shows that our understanding of the universe is constantly evolving. Theoretical proposals that challenge existing paradigms are valuable for pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and prompting new avenues of experimental and theoretical investigation. However, any new theory that proposes mechanisms beyond established physics must be rigorously tested and validated against empirical evidence.

Courtney Seligman added a reply:

1. A vacuum is a region of space with no matter; a super vacuum could be defined in one of two ways, depending on whether it is a concept, or a description of current technology. In the first instance, it with be a region of space with neither matter nor energy (in which case, unless an extremely small region, it does not exist, because any part of space big enough to see without a microscope would at least have light of some sort passing through it (e.g., at least the Cosmic Background Radiation). In the second instance, it could be used to describe a "laboratory" vacuum which has far less matter in it than any previously created laboratory vacuum.

2. The Earth is in a region that is essentially a vacuum, because most of the space between the planets has practically nothing in it at any given time. However, there are cosmic rays and the Solar Wind everywhere, so though merely pieces of atoms, there is some stuff everywhere in space; but the amount is so small that for all "practical" purposes, it is a vacuum.

3. Dark energy is a fiction created by cosmologists to explain why, despite having too little mass for the gravity of that mass to fight the tendency of empty space to expand (per Einstein's General Theory of Gravity), the geometry of the Observable Universe is "flat", which would require something to add up to 100% of the "critical mass" of the Universe, and since visible and unobservable ("dark") matter makes up at most 27% of the critical mass, cosmologists created the concept of dark energy to make up the remaining 73%. However, there is no need to presume that the Universe is flat. Just as the Earth is a globe but looks essentially flat (on the average, and particularly at sea) because you can't see enough of it to see its real shape, the Universe is actually what is called "hyperbolic" in shape, which is exactly what you would expect if its mass is less than the "critical" mass. However, almost all cosmologists are convinced by various characteristics of the Observable Universe that the "real" Universe is at least 1000's and perhaps 10 to the 1000's of times bigger than what we can see, what we can see is too small to see its real shape, so it just looks "flat". Since by definition we can't see anything but the "Observable" Universe, we will never be able to see the true shape of the Universe; so "dark energy" will remain a "useful" fiction for calculation purposes for the foreseeable (if not infinite) future; but I am certain that we will never figure out what it is, because it doesn't exist. (Having been both a mathematician and a professional astronomer, I can assure you that even when something like "dark energy" doesn't exist in real life, creating a mathematical model that includes it, in order to make the math work right, is considered perfectly OK by professional mathematicians.)

Abbas Kashani added a reply:

Introduction The ‘Theory of Everything’ is a hypothetical theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. There is a possible solution to the origin of gravity force, postulating it as angular piece of this theory, this solution erases gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature and unifies it with strong nuclear force. Let’s analyze the forces that occur in the universe transforming string theory. It allows to explain many physical behaviors that without its existence would be practically impossible to understand, even so, these strings have not been able to be discovered and are only that, a theory that serves as an important support to the world of physics. One of the best known theoretical applications about them is how their vibration can provoke the creation of matter, but this is not about theories already written, we are going to place these strings in a simpler way to answer some doubts in subatomic world. This theory uses 4 dimensions in space and a behavior as one dimension in strings with superconducting capacities. Like an elastic band between V-shaped sticks where the elastic band slides down, the strong nuclear force, forces these strings to bend to fall dawn.

It’s not directly related to electromagnetism. . Actors . String Theory String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by onedimensional objects called strings. Each string that we cross would be the minimum distance that can be traversed during a displacement. We can note two important qualities of strings: Distance to the most distant object detected by the human being is more than 30 billion light years, that means there are beams of light which are able to travel that distance without decreasing its speed (they modify only its wavelength). Like light, an object can move into space for a practically unlimited period, as long as it doesn’t find a force to stop it. If strings exist, they act as a superconductor of matter with a resistance near 0. In order to generate waves it’s easier into a strongly linked structure. Gravitational waves behave like ocean waves which are similar to an uptight net, these tensions can be decomposed as one-dimensional structure for its study. Strings, at same time, could be one or zero-dimensional, like points under extreme bound forces, think about them as something tenser than any cable that holds the heaviest bridge in the world. The new framework we have drawn would be a set of extremely tense strings, with a practically infinite matter conduction capacity. Remember we are moving into universe at a stimated speed of 600km/sc. Strong Nuclear Force Strong nuclear force is another variable. This force allows the atomic nucleus to remain together, being the strongest of the so-called fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear). Gluon is in charge of this interaction, it has a scope not greater than 10 to the power of -15 meters, preventing matter to separate by a constant attraction force between quarks of maximum 10.000 N (F). This real picture illustrates the three dimensional structure of gluon-field configurations, describing the vacuum properties. The volume of the box is 2,4 by 2,4 by 3,6 fm.Contrary to the concept of an empty vacuum, this induces chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields in its lowest energy state. The frame rate into this example is billions of billions frames per second (FPS). Superconducting String Theory (SST): Fundamentals: superconductor of matter interacting with a force that makes that matter hold together, but, how can they interact with each other? The most simple is to think about two V-shaped sticks (simulating the strings), and an elastic band that tight them at the most opened side (it would simulate the gluon, with size 10 to the power of -15 meters). If sticks are sufficiently lubricated and tense, what does the elastic band do? It will slide to the thinnest side. More elastic bands, more force will be exerted on the sticks to join them, so next bands will slide even faster (equally, more mass causes more attraction). We are talking about unknown limits in known world, such as infinite conduction or tensions never seen in materials. Suddenly, we have erased one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity force doesn’t really exist, exists the strong nuclear force interacting with strings. this theory ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’. Calculations: Apply formulas from inclined planes (Newton’s second law). Simulation is in horizontal direction. Friction is imperceptible and acceleration down the plane is matched with gravity acceleration in our planet. Vertical force is not gravity force, it is gluon force, which values ares estimated, so we keep force 10.000 N (F1) and mass 0,0002 eV/c2 (m2). It can be considered vertical angle, but it’s depreciable.Dark energy and universe’s expansion. The behaviuor of the strings implies to have any kind of polaritation to expand, at least, strong enough to avoid get closer and restablish its structure after any contraction. This strength propagates over long distances.Gravitational constant (G = 6,67408 × 10−11 m3 kg-1s -2) and its problem to measure with high accuracy since it can be related to the density exposed. Schrödinger equation, to describe how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time, similar to Newton's second law. Planck's length (1,616229 × 10-35 m) which can indicate the distance between strings. Gluon size and its larger size far from earth. Black holes.and .....

In the field of Elasto-Dynamic, the answers or solution procedures for problems in the book entitled "Wave Motion in Elastic Solids" by "Karl F. Graff" is needed.

The first three chapters include "Wave and Vibration in Strings", "Logintiudnal Waves in Thin Rods" and "Flexural Waves in Thin Rods".

Deep Biotech is considered a part of deep tech because it involves complex scientific research, innovation, and advanced engineering, often leading to breakthroughs that can revolutionize multiple industries and address some of society's most pressing challenges.

source: google: connection between biotechnology and deep tech

The next big surge of innovation powered by emerging technologies and the approach of deep tech entrepreneurs. Its economic, business, and social impact will be felt everywhere because deep tech ventures aim to solve many of our most complex problems.

The great wave encompasses artificial intelligence (AI), synthetic biology, nanotechnologies, and quantum computing, among other advanced technologies. But even more significant are the convergences of technologies and of approaches that will accelerate and redefine innovation for decades to come.

As technological advances move from the lab to the marketplace, and as companies form to pursue commercial applications, we see a number of similarities in how and why they are being developed—and a powerful ecosystem is taking shape to drive their development. We witnessed the power of that ecosystem in the year just ended, as Moderna and the team of BioNTech and Pfizer separately took two COVID-19 vaccines from genomic sequence to market in less than a year. Although these companies did remarkable work at unheard-of speed, they benefited from the work of many others, including governments, academia, venture capital, and big business. All of these are critical players in the coming wave.

source: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2021/deep-tech-innovation

Hi all pls i am working on a topic detecting faults on HVDC system using travelling waves .I tried using discrete wavlet transform toolbox on matlab to decompose the signal to enable the location of the time of arrival of the wave.The issue is its been very difficult due to the transient and nature of dc current .Pls if there is any advice on how this can be done i would appreciate ?

Hello fellow scientists,

I am working on a new experiment which includes building a low-cost gravitational wave detector. I will be covering all of the costs, but I am looking for a group of people who might be interested in participating in this experiment from your own lab. This experiment is likely to have a null result, but it is certainly worth completing the experiment. Let me give you some background.

I recently published my peer-reviewed research which demonstrated an obvious anisotropy of electromagnetic propagation though a vacuum. While there are some minor similarities between my experiment and the Michelson-Morley Experiment (MME), there are significant differences. The greatest difference is that I use radio waves instead of light waves for the experiment and I am looking at changes in wavelength while the frequency remains the same. The experiment demonstrated an obvious anisotropic difference and is in direct contradiction of the MME.

The MME was looking for the aether. As such, there appears to be a concept that one must be associated with the other. However, the results of my research have not led me to a specific logical argument that suggests the anisotropy demonstrated in my experiment is an obvious demonstration of aether. As such, I have been looking for an experiment that might be able to provide clear evidence of the aether or not.

Consequently, I am in the early stages of designing a new experiment. With the use of a Lecher line, I will attempt to detect gravitational waves by looking for wavelength changes that occur when the gravitational wave interacts with the radio wave. If these waves are traveling though the aether, then they should interact as they collide and there should be a resultant brief change in the wavelength that could be recognized with the Lecher line and measurement instrumentation.

LIGO has been measuring gravity waves for years now and is receiving detections about once per week. As such, the data from this experiment can be compared to the data from the LIGO measurements to determine if such detections were also measured by the Lecher line.

As I stated, I am in the early stages of designing this experiment. As such, I would benefit from a vigorous scientific discourse regarding this experiment. Alternative ideas and designs would also be greatly appreciated. Furthermore, I am looking to find a few people who would want to connect online weekly as a team to support the experiment. Some specific talents such as those with advanced math skills who can model this experiment would be appreciated. Electrical engineering background is also appreciated. I have one person who has already expressed an interest and has started some basic design.

As this experiment is based upon, and complementary to, my prior research results, this experiment will be designed with the basic premise that c is variable and that there will be a change in wavelength of a signal when there is a change in the velocity of c. I have attached a copy of the peer reviewed paper to this discussion.

I look forward to this interesting discussion.

Mr. Rene Steinhauer

It is clear idea to present light waves and gravity waves to be waves of Aether media. What is difference? We can find the right answer to this question. Think about generation of gravity waves by means of electromagnetic processes.

I performed P and S wave velocity tests for cylinderical limestone and dolomite core samples for dry, staturated (for natural and acid solution treated samples). I expected the P and S wave velosity will decrease for saturated natural and acid solution treated samples but the result was the reverese.

It is mentioned in A Biography Albert Einstein by Alice Calaprice & Trevor Lipscombe, JAICO, 2023, p.35: "If light is a wave, what does it travel through?...... Light, surely, had to travel through something. This unknown "something" was what physicists back then called the ether. Many theories were proposed for the ether, but none of them stood up to experimental tests...... Einstein, in 1905, showed that the ether hypothesis simply wasn't needed."

But, recent confirmation by the physicists of the existence of background hum of the universe has confirmed that light wave travels through ether (Akash Tattwa). According to Eastern Philosophy sound is the subtlest and minutest particle, technically known as tanmatra, of ether (Akash Tattwa). According to His Holiness Maharaj Sahab (1861-1907), 3rd Spiritual Head of Radhasoami Faith describes that, 'Akash, accordingly, serves the purpose of vehicle of higher forces in the economy of creation'.

Thus, it is clear that light wave definitely travels through ether (Akash Tattwa) and Einstein's views on this need corrections. It is also imperative to conduct extensive research work on ether (Akash Tattwa) keeping Eastern Philosophy in Frontline.

I find our solar system is a solution of Schrödinger wave equation that describes the atom as an orbital system with a base unit of 1 second and in terms of the Moon orbiting the Earth, the n=3 orbit of the solar system’s habitable planet. The Moon is key, it is suggested to have a solar system with an advanced habitable planet, the planet needs a moon that is the right size and distance from the planet such that it perfectly eclipses the star it orbits. It is known that our Moon makes life possible because it holds the Earth at its tilt to its orbit allowing for the seasons and thus prevents extreme hot, or cold. A product of this theory is that life may be a Natural property of the universe and it is shown our theory has a deep connection to hydrocarbons, the backbones of life chemistry.

At the end we model the asteroid belt into the theory, which could be useful because we might be able to use the model to predict the probability of when and where an asteroid could be ejected from the belt and go on a collision course with the Earth.

All my SDS Gels are having wave like thing and no prominent bands. I checked the pH of the buffers and they were optimum.

The quantum and classical Liouville equations for free particles are identical. So, why is there quantum wave packet spreading; or, conversely, why is there NOT classical wave packet spreading? Please give a clear, mathematical answer, not one couched in vague, philosophical terms. By the Liouville equation, I mean the classical equation d(rho)/dt = -p/2m d(rho)/dq + dV/dq d(rho)/dp (partial derivatives; rho = probability density distribution of p and q), or its quantum equivalent. SEB

Dear Researchers,

I was trying to simulate a planer acoustic wave Asin(wt) in compressible flow with "w" frequency and "A" amplitude and was interested to see how this wave interacts with turbulence field in the middle of a pipe, using CFD method. But I am almost failed to recover the exact waveform at outlet microphone. The wave almost diffused in the meanflow. But in real physics, we know that maybe some scattering can be happen to wave while hitting vortices of turbulence flow but at the end we still hear the sound i think?

Can you suggest me a numerical scheme that safely propagate the wave through turbulence without too much dissipation or dissolution of acoustic wave? (I am not sure if I wrote my question clearly)

I have an idea related to Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces In RIS technology, waves are reflected. Can we do the opposite? I mean that we collect or attract these waves instead of reflecting them. This will benefit us in many things. It depends on Snell’s law of light reflection, but it is possible to do the opposite through a smart lens to collect light waves if we want to preserve information. Important and confidential. For example, we can use this lens and then use systems for converting signals and converting them into electrical ones and encrypting them. This is more similar to the way RIS works in terms of the working principle, meaning this smart surface consists of groups of parts of small cells through which we control the reflection of waves. This smart lens is the same thing if When we do it, we will use a technology like this, and it is not like a receiver that receives waves. It will be like that, but it will be in a different way because it will collect all the waves, not just pick up a signal, for example, or just receive it. Am I thinking correctly ? and should I continue working on this idea?

As observed on Mercury, such large amplitude standing whistler waves cause changes in the magnetic field that are almost identical to the increase in the magnetic field in the shock ramp. However, we usually say that such sinusoidal waves are linear and shocks are non-linear. What is the essential difference between the two is an interesting question.

The Wheeler–DeWitt equation* It has some amazing properties [1]. It is timeless and it is describing a world of only space.

Timelessness and vanishing trajectories and spacetime

The full quantum state of gravity and matter depends on the three-dimensional metric only, but is invariant under three-dimensional coordinate transformations. It does not contain any external time parameter t [1]. The reason for this ‘timeless’ nature is obvious.

In general relativity, a four-dimensional spacetime is the analogue to a particle trajectory in mechanics. After quantization, the trajectory vanishes, and so does spacetime. What remains is space, and the configuration of space is the space of all three-geometries.

The timelessness of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation is not simply the same as that arising from a universal wave function [1]. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation comes from the attempt to canonically quantize gravity. Because of the gauge-redundancy of gravity, "time evolution" takes one state into the same state.

Singular ontology of space in Quantum loop gravity

An equation of this form also occurs in loop quantum gravity and Rovelli arrives in similar conclusions. Rovelli combines some relativist concepts of "relative present" and extented to justify this. But he does not go far enough to suggest what this timelessness means

Time and laws

Einstein’s theory of general relativity has introduced a dynamical spacetime into physics and has thus dramatically changed our attitude towards the formulation of fundamental laws. On the other hand, one expects that the consistent unification of general relativity with quantum theory will lead to a completely new type of understanding of time as well as the type of possible laws in physics, because time dependence is a main aspect as fundamental physical laws refer to dependences on space and time

Implications for our understanding of time

The Wheeler-DeWitt theory challenges our conventional understanding of time as a linear and absolute concept. It suggests that time may be an emergent property of the universe, rather than a fundamental aspect. This has implications for how we view the past, present, and future, and may lead to new theories and understandings of the nature of time.

* The Wheeler-DeWitt equation is a mathematical equation formulated by physicists John Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt in the 1960s. It is a key component of the Wheeler-DeWitt theory, which attempts to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity. The equation describes the wave function of the universe and is used to study the concept of timelessness in the universe.

The Wheeler-DeWitt theory is a theoretical framework and has not been proven through empirical evidence [2]. However, it has been extensively studied and has provided insights into the fundamental nature of the universe. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation is based on the idea that time is not a fundamental aspect of the universe, but rather emerges from the interactions between matter and energy. This means that the equation does not have a time variable, indicating that timelessness may be a fundamental aspect of the universe [2].

Currently, the Wheeler-DeWitt equation cannot be solved in its entirety. This is because it is a complex equation that involves both quantum mechanics and general relativity, which have not yet been fully reconciled. However, scientists have been able to make progress in understanding the equation through numerical simulations and approximations. (Reference:

1. On the Concept of Law in Physics

CLAUS KIEFE

2. https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/wheeler-dewitt-and-timelessness.779866

According to the mindsets of a patient and the nature of his disease, that patient must have a particular organic electric wave or frequency in his body. And when a person takes a homeopathic medicine in a healthy body, a special wave or frequency is definitely created in that person's body.

Now, if the electrical waves or frequencies of various homeopathic medicines from the animal's body can be recorded in the computer through an advanced technology, then it will not be difficult to select the right medicine with the similar frequency as the patient's electrical waves or frequencies. This task can easily be performed with the help of AI or algorithm technology. And if this can be done, then homeopathy will become the best medical system in the world. Please let us know your thought. thank you

How to make buildings resistant to earthquakes?

And then we can discuss again. First of all, we can take effective measures to fix the faults, for example, with concrete poles that have reinforced concrete, i.e. put round bars inside the concrete, and inside the fields that we dug with wells and water solution and We strongly injected salt into the faults and the earth's energy was removed. We can use the concrete that has a network of round bars that are covered with strong concrete. We can continue to sew the faults and make the faults resistant. Of course, this work requires both accurate topographical maps and maps of the ground where the faults have been precisely identified, which are the exact faults, whether they are main faults or minor and small faults, under what conditions in the geomorphological and topographical maps and Where is the GAS map located and where are the cities next to this fault map? Of course, seismological engineers should cooperate with geologists, mineralogists and environmentalists.

2- And also in the proposal, I should mention that it is important for the people of cities and villages to be aware of the map of the faults and where each person's building is located and to know exactly how far it is from the fault. Because in the science of seismology, if it is 100 meters or 200 meters away from the center of the earthquake or fault, the destruction of the building is more. Because earthquake waves are (SPL) earthquakes which are surface waves cause the destruction of buildings, and if the building is 100 meters or 200 meters away, due to the wave that is small at first, then it gets stronger and then finally, this wave decreases, and according to seismological calculations, if the building is 100 meters away from the epicenter, the intensity of destruction is greater. So we have to inform people.

3- In tall buildings, we must inform people that they should never be in the stairs or elevators during an earthquake. Because during an earthquake, the first place to be destroyed is the staircase and the elevator, and also during an earthquake, the building's electricity is cut off and the people who are inside the elevator are stuck. is more Or in the open bathroom and toilet is better. Or inside the closet is better. For example, during the Bam earthquake in Kerman, a mother and daughter survived for 3 days and nights in a closet.

How to make buildings resistant to earthquakes?

​

..

I want to determine the effect of radome on plane wave in CST. I want to show the effectiveness of designed radome by Fresnel's coefficient. If any one know How to find Fresnel's transmission coefficient using CST MWS?

Thanks

For the photons which began to travel in the universe since the big bang there must exist a space. Would this space has been created by a fundamental wave which propagates at the same speed, c? And if so, what do we call this possible wave, let's say creator of space?

I want to simulate lamb wave propagation in 3D thin cracked plate using transient analysis in ansys apdl. I have selected some nodes to apply time dependent loading function.There is not any error. but after solution I can not see propagation of wave and loading only affect on the selected nodes not the whole plate. can anyone help me.thanks in advance

Time dilation has absurd predictions. So, it may be an illusion. Is it possible that this mistake has its roots far back in 1887, when Michelson did his famous tests? The interpretations of these tests assumed that the mirrors in the equipment define the vector sum of ether wind v and wave vector c. This was a reasoning based on particles, and the mirrors have relevance only in relation to c (but not to v), and the wave model is in conflict. So, time dilation appears to be an illusion, and the Lorentz transform not needed.

Einstein gave support to this idea by postulating that observers in different (but constant) motions all see the same light speed, but Einstein's idea is also absurd.

In longitudinal studies examining change in cognition over time, commonly outcome measures are composite scores formed by combining a number of individual mental tests. Typical examples are cognitive domain scores (memory, executive function etc). For a cross-sectional study, composite scores are commonly calculated by first standardizing individual test scores as Z-scores (ie adjusting for age, sex and education) and then forming a composite of these as either their sum or average. This composite can then be standardized by transforming to whatever distribution is desired (e.g. z, T, IQ scores etc). Since the variances of the test scores are equal, this method results in equal importance being given to each of the tests in the resulting composite domain score.

When forming composite scores at later occasions in a longitudinal study, it is desirable for the composite scores to be strictly comparable across time points. This can be achieved by applying exactly the same formulae to the raw test scores at later waves that were used at baseline to form the baseline composite score. (In other words, the baseline sample is used as the normative, or reference, group for the calculation of standard scores at later waves.)

However, a consequence of using this method is that for the composite scores at later waves, there is no assurance that equal importance is given to each of the component tests. For example, in aging studies, it is well known that different tests that might be accepted markers of the same cognitive domain are affected differently by age, and test scores standardised in this way no longer can provide a guarantee of equal variances at later waves.

Of course one could use structural equation modelling and apply a latent growth model, with corresponding loadings constrained to be equal at different time points. But if, in fact, variances of the different tests do vary differently across time, the modification indices could indicate that those equality constraints should be relaxed. If that were done, then the latent cognition factors would have slightly different construct validities at different occasions. A larger problem could be that the selection of tests, commonly regarded as neuropsychologists as belonging to a particular cognitive domain, do not conform to a single factor model. (This is particularly true of markers of executive function.)

I want to design an antenna for surface heating not for deep heating of material. So what kind of antennas are suitable for surface heating? Please suggest. Will the use of slow wave structure be beneficial for reducing the velocity of wave propagation or are there some other better options?

Is it true that Schrödinger's equation is only valid for infinite free space?

The untold story of SE, as I understand it, is that the wave function ψ can only live in a vacuum and infinite space.

By infinite space we mean that x extends from -∞ to +∞ so the boundary conditions applied to SE should all be zero.

The question arises: are there other limitations to the habitation space of ψ?

hii connection,

can anyone tell me how to plot light line in the Dispersion curves of the slow wave structure in CST

There are many weird ideas in physics that make it work. Some weird definitions

Spin- something between a number and a physical quantity

Electrons - between a wave and a particle

Charge - a trait of matter that cannot be separated from elementary matter or from its mass trait or defined physically as mass is, just by implication of having a similar role to mass

Is it true that Schrödinger's equation is only valid for infinite free space?

The untold story of SE, as I understand it, is that the wave function ψ can only live in a vacuum and infinite space.

By infinite space we mean that x extends from -∞ to +∞ so the boundary conditions applied to SE should all be zero.

The question arises: are there other limitations to the habitation space of ψ?

mpi.mod is the error

#funwave

#linux

#gfortran

..

Why electric field lines are perpendicular to electric field and orientation of electric and magnetic waves in electromagnetic waves?

Yes = Obvious

No = Unsustainable

Maybe = WTFU

Subject: Proposal for Discussion: Exploring Connections Between Borwein Integrals and the Fine Structure Constant

Dear ResearchGate Community,

I trust this message finds you well. My name is Dr. Dario Delgado, an electrochemist with a keen interest in particle physics. I have been pondering the enigma of the fine structure constant, a numerical curiosity at 1/137, and would like to share some speculative thoughts that might spark an interesting discussion and potentially contribute to the ongoing exploration of fundamental physics.

I acknowledge that these thoughts may seem speculative, but in the world of quantum physics, where explanations are often counterintuitive, exploring unconventional avenues can lead to groundbreaking insights. I welcome your thoughts, critiques, and suggestions on these musings and would be delighted to engage in a collaborative discussion.

Thank you for your time, and I look forward to the collective exploration of these ideas.

Best regards,

Dr. Dario Delgado

Borweins' article is found here for free: https://carmamaths.org/resources/db90/pdfs/db90-119.00.pdf

This video explains the Integral quite well:

https://youtu.be/851U557j6HE?si=FNty-iZNZ9Yb3-34

Original text:

I have watched several seminars on particle physics, and it caught my attention the following, the fine structure constant, a number that is 1/137; being of interest the 137 as one can inverse the result of an equation. A representative model should consider:

1) the fine structure constant must be a next layer of physics that is for example anything in between the standard model and the string model (believe to be the most fundamental equation for a theory of everything).

2) It has to be the result of an equation that yields 137 as a limit, for example an integral that gives as a result anything close to 137 (the number is quite close to that, it is believed).

3) Looking at the Feynman Diagrams, there are interactions that are represented by the vertices of these Diagrams, the more vertices the less likelihood for them to happen, each interaction/Vertice is represented by a multiplication of variables, and there are multiple interactions that can explain an interaction, say the collision of electrons when photons are exchanged but these photons can undergo other processes with what they call virtual particles.

4) in Physics, sometimes esoteric mathematics are sought to be a sign for explaining particle physics phenomena, one could propose an equation that yield a number that is close to what one seeks and then propose a hypothesis, then iterate until a suitable model is gotten.

5) Looking at the Borwein Integrals, from the article titled "some remarkable properties of Sinc and related integrals", it is free of access by the way, I couldn't help to notice that multiplication of Sinc integrals when combined with Cos, break at about 113, the equality to Phi. Now, Sines are normally used to represent waves, that is if the string theory has some ground, strings would vibrate as sines, the multiple combination of these sines could be the underlying physics of the fine structure constant, that my hypothesis.

There is no current explanation of that constant, although it is believed that such as explanation would be the next step from the well known "the standard model". I just wanted to share my thoughts, they might seem a bit off but, quantum physics is quite off anyways and explanations are often counter intuitive. this could be a line of research for theorist in particle physics.

Hi,

I have to plot the wave function at the both valence band and conduction band. I have generated the PARCHG file using vasp. There are 10 columns in this file. What actually they represent? Which columns are needed for this purpose? I was not success to plot this file in VESTA. Could anyone please tell me how to plot with details? Thank you.

Is incoming solar radiation long wave and what happens to the incoming solar radiation after it is absorbed by the Earth's surface and given off as heat?

Ocean Engineering: Requires knowledge on quantum-physics and thermodynamics on top of wave-hydrodynamics in order to capture quantum Hall effect?

Whether Equator remains to be Earth’s edge (boundary); and not polar-regions?

And that too, the source of such topologically twisted waves (supposed to be located farther from equator, similar to Poincare-gravity wave in the stratosphere) still remain to be delineated?

Behavior of Fluids in Earth’s Oceans: How about the dispersion relation of waves along the equator?

Whether thermodynamics will be able to answer, whether, why equatorial Kelvin waves flow in the absence of getting dissipated – along the lines of edge current’s immunity in a topologically-protected (getting deformed without being broken) earth?

Why does Kelvin wave exist @ equator; and why not @ polar-regimes?

Why does earth’s rotation not deflect the flow of fluids ‘uniformly’ across the equator and polar regions?

Why do we end up with earth’s fluids to swirl in varying directions in southern-hemisphere [counter clockwise] and northern hemisphere [clockwise] (resulting from Coriolis force as the planet spins)?

Why does Kelvin wave always travel eastward; and why not west?

How exactly Kelvin waves influence El Nino; and any potential link with climate-change?

How exactly the twisting oceanic waves influence weather patterns on earth?

How exactly the magnitude of equatorial ripples get associated with Coastal Kelvin waves?

Kelvin waves – at the equator, instead of pushing up against a coastline, if Kelvin waves keep colliding with water from the opposite hemisphere, how do they maintain waves that flow eastward and which flow thousands of kilometers long in the absence of any dispersion?

Anyone could you please let me know how to calculate RCS of parameterized plane wave for the designed antenna using CST software ?

Thanks in advance.

this question is closed.

Dear Colleagues, Community

can anyone help me for my Problem. I have a design of a microstrip line from Ansys HFSS and i did import it to cst studio and i want to define the ports in cst studio with the discrete port between 50-450 Ghz to get the S-parameters at the end. And i see that i get wrong results for the S11 and S21, i dont know why because I already used the wave guide-port both sides and that was also wrong. here below are some photos.

Is the ME antenna far field radiation is similar to the conventional electric antenna？When the distance is larger than 2L²/lamda（wave length of EM wave）

the magnetic field

I'm doing some kinetics studies, and my reaction always shows a strange behavior, it increases over time the yield of products, reduces and than increases again, like a wave. I'm currently using 30% h202 for this reaction, but I never saw such behavior before. Does anyone have an idea of what this could be?

Can someone explain why my wave file looks strange? Also, why are the waves scattering in the inlet and outlet parts?

How is shortwave radiation converted to long wave radiation and why atmosphere is transparent to short waves and opaque to long waves?

I have used exponential damper in model but didnnot worked .At the end of run analysis,I got warning message.

wave guides

How does energy from the convection zone travel through the radiative zone and what is a form of energy that travels as waves from the Sun to the earth?

There are two different waves of the gravitational field (GF):

1. Gravitational field transverse wave. What it reflects is the disturbance of the surrounding GF, and the transmission speed of this disturbance is equal to the slow light speed c. For example, the motion of the sun disturbs the GF generated by the center of the galaxy, causing transverse waves of GF around the sun.

2. Gravitational field longitudinal wave. It is generated by the gravitational source itself, and GF will transfer energy quickly, and this speed is much greater than the speed of light c.

When the gravitational source changes (position, mass), this change will first be reflected on the longitudinal wave of GF, and distant objects will feel the change of GF soon. At the same time, the disturbance of the gravitational source to other surrounding GFs will propagate to the surroundings at a slow speed c in the form of transverse waves.

To make an inappropriate analogy: when you throw a stone into a calm lake, you will observe slow water waves spreading around, which is the disturbance of the stone to the water surface, thus generating water waves. But in addition to water waves, there are sound waves in the water. The speed of the sound waves is much faster than that of the water waves, and the sound waves in the water arrive long before the slow water waves reach the shore.

A brief summary: the longitudinal wave of GF is produced by the gravitational source itself, and the transverse wave of GF is produced by the disturbance of the gravitational source to other surrounding GFs.

Newtonian gravity studies "sound waves in water", the longitudinal waves of GF.

Einstein GR studies the "water wave", that is, the transverse wave of GF.

I hope that you can understand the whole gravity from my simple narrative. You can also download my two papers on gravity here:

Kind regards,

Tony

We assume that the statistical matrix definition of the quantum wave function Ψ differentiates the allowed wave functions from the forbidden wave functions.

Moreover, the allowed wave functions and the forbidden wave functions given by the statistics of nature coincide with those of Schrodiger PDE.

The question arises: which is the most complete or contains the most information about the quantum system?

Dear ResearchGate members,

On one hand, there is a theory giving the reflection/transmission coefficients when acoustic planes waves propagating in a medium (rho0, c0) reach a finite thickness object (rho1, c1) with normal incidence. Such theory basically gives the thicknesses (n*lambda1/2) at which the object is theoretically acoustically transparent - of course, the width of the reduced reflection depends on the impedance mismatch between the 2 media – and the thicknesses ([2n-1]*lambda1/4) at which the object is fully reflective.

On the other hand, there is also theory giving the variation of the reflection coefficient depending on the incident angle of acoustic plane waves at the interface between two semi-infinite media (rho0, c0; rho1, c1). Over a critical angle (depending on the impedance mismatch between the two media), the reflection is theoretically total.

Now, here is my question: What is the behavior of the acoustic waves when the two phenomena are considered at the same time? If the plane waves reach a surface with an incident angle, and the reflective medium is finite in thickness (acoustic mirror)?

By experience and through simulations, it appears that over the critical angle, the reflection is not total, even with a mirror thickness for which the reflection is theoretically total.

Thanks a lot in advance.

I have a finite array of unit cells, completely backed with PEC. When I try to illuminate it with incident plane wave, I get strong scattered waves from the PEC, apart from scattering at desired directions. But the PEC at the back of the metasurface is supposed to block transmission of the incident wave. Still I get strong far field scattering.

I used both open boundary and FE-BI boundaries for the whole metasurface array for this this purpose with no positive results.

Kindly help me.

If I want to assign anisotropic properties to rocks in the surrounding area of the tunnel when I carry out 2D-seismic wave forward simulation based on the elastic wave equation to explore the impact of shear source on seismic waves, how can I achieve this in Python? Is it reasonable to use np.random.rand() to randomly distribute the density, P-wave velocity, and S-wave velocity of the medium in this region?

Covid19 caught us by surprise. The previous comparable event had happened 100 years earlier and it had been named the Spanish flu, and it probably killed more people than World War I. The 1919 lessons learnt by health policy makers such as the US cities and European governments had been long forgotten.

This time, it's 2023, and the Covid years, which are not over, have left a clear memory. We have no excuse, not to go prepared.

What about behavioural economists, looking at the exchange of value, time, tasks, anything, in human groups?

What can they tell us, of practical and explanatory interest for the next wave of Covid, or ahead of a similar event?

Behavioural economics scenarios and the pandemic

Can I suggest to look back at the micro-problem replicated a large number of times worldwide, where each household had to self-manage meals, schooling the children, etc. Trade-offs happened at high frequency between the members of the household, seen as agents in a behavioral nano-economy of the house...

What do you consider worthwhile for planning the next wave each household likely to have to isolate for while, at least now and then?

Let me share the assessment and model developed for the case of Covid19 "household lockdown":

REF

[1] Agent Based Model for Covid 19 Transmission: -field approach based on context of interaction, July 2020,R. Di Francesco, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24583.83364

[2] "Nanoeconomics of Households in Lockdown Using Agent Models during COVID-19," Sustainability, by Javier Cifuentes-Faura & Renaud Di Francesco, 2022, vol. 14(4), pages 1, February.

[3] Microeconomics of intertemporal choice in zero-space during Covid-19: a behavioral economics perspective. by Cifuentes-Faura, J., Di Francesco, R., J Health Econ 23, 559–563 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01403-z

The Sagnac effect is a very well-known phenomenon applied also in Laser Gyros and GPS.

This paper shows that the Sagnac effect can be derived only with absolute simultaneity in the LAB frame https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.09537.pdf

A moving detector, installed in a spinning closed loop, detects non-simultaneous EM waves emitted in opposite directions along the loop.

Sagnac's ingenious experiment in 1913 used a complicated set of mirrors with a beam splitter and an interferometer, set in rotation, to detect the non-simultaneous arrival of the EMwaves of a known same wavelength along opposite paths (bouncing on the same mirrors).

The value found by Sagnac, in terms of the variation of the phase at the rotating interferometer, corresponds to the following tested formula:

(1) Δϕ=4πAω / λc

The interval of time between the arrivals of the beams is easily obtained:

(2) Δt=4Aω /​c²

In term of the instantaneous speed v of the interferometer and L the length of the path,

(3) Δt=2Lv/​c²

verified for a generic loop of length L [1].

Eq.(3) is a first-order approximation of

(4) Δt=2 γ²vL/​c² the time measured by a stationary observer, from classical mechanics

(5) Δt=2γvL/​c² time measured by a comoving observer with the interferometer needs the application of the twin effect hence relativity.

Considering the contribution to the variation of the time for one wave alone

(6) Δt= γvL/​c²

This is also the generic additional light-time of a wave to reach a moving target positioned at a distance L from the source when the wave was emitted.

It means that by varying the position of the target between emission and absorption, light has to cross a different path lengths than L, hence the time to connect the same objects at constant speed differs by γvL/​c²

The measured of SOL by a moving observer, if he assumes that the path of light to connect the clocks remains L, would become SOL+ = DS/Dt = L/(L/c-vL/​c² ) = c/(1-v/c).

Eq. (6) shows evidence of the term vγx/c² in time transformations of LT (equivalent Lorentz version)

t'=γ^-1t - vx'/c²

x'=γ(x-vt)

hence vx'/c² =v *γ(x-vt)/c²

vγx/c² - vtγ/c²

that term is due to the variation of the light-time due to the motion of the object in the frame where light is isotropic. In this case, one frame is preferred in the problem.

The same term enters directly in Einstein's version of LT

t'=γt - γvx/c²

Einstein considers the clocks in the new frame to be out of sync, necessary to make the frames equivalent. Such a term is demonstrated to be a light-time variation hence it is not possible to be an offset between clocks.

The Sagnac effect discriminates between the LE and SR, showing a way to find experimentally γvx/c² to be a light time variation. if SOL is isotropic in one frame it cannot be the same in relative moving frames.

[1] Ruyong Wang et al, “Modified Sagnac experiment for measuring travel-time difference between counter-propagating light beams in a uniformly moving fiber”, Physics Letters A 312 (2003) 7-10, DOI:10.1016/S0375-9601(03)00575-9. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/44141186.pdf

I know AMC resonant frequency at phase 0 ! I read many paper, some AMC S11 are near 0 dB some are below -10 dB. I want to know which is correct ?

My point of view is near 0 dB, because AMC is for reflecting the wave in phase. That the reason why antenna gain rise !

Is AMC only for gain increasing ?

How is the polarization of an em wave change when propagating through fog or rain? Say the wave is initially vertically polarized, how will rain and fog change its polarization?

Electromagnetic rays emitted from mobile phone towers