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Stochastic resonance in medicine

Authors:
Ivan Domuschiev at Multiprofile Transport Hospital - Plovdiv City, Bulgaria
Ivan Domuschiev
  • Multiprofile Transport Hospital - Plovdiv City, Bulgaria
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Abstract

In general, random noise is harmful and unwanted, but especially in the case of stochastic resonance, it is useful. Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon in which the addition of random noise to a nonlinear system can result in improved signal detection, amplifying weak signals and enhancing the system's response to inputs. This counterintuitive effect has been studied extensively in various fields, including physics, engineering, and neuroscience. While it might seem counterintuitive that adding noise could improve signal strength, it has been demonstrated in multiple fields, including biology and medicine. In the context of medicine, stochastic resonance has potential applications in several areas: 1. Sensory System Enhancement: Stochastic resonance has been explored as a mechanism to enhance sensory perception, particularly in cases where sensory processing is impaired. For example, studies have investigated the use of controlled noise to improve tactile sensation in individuals with impaired touch perception. 2. Pain Management: Stochastic resonance has been studied for its potential application in pain management. Research has examined the use of controlled stochastic resonance to modulate pain perception, potentially offering non-pharmacological approaches to pain relief. 3. Gait and Movement Disorders: In the field of rehabilitation medicine, stochastic resonance has been investigated as a potential tool for improving gait and movement in individuals with neurological conditions. The application of stochastic resonance principles to movement therapy may offer novel approaches to rehabilitation and motor function enhancement. 4. Neurostimulation and Brain Function: Stochastic resonance has implications for neurostimulation techniques, with potential applications in enhancing brain function, cognitive processes, and sensory-motor integration. This has relevance in the development of neuromodulation therapies for conditions such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and stroke rehabilitation. 5. Enhancing Visual Perception: Some studies suggest that stochastic resonance may improve visual perception, particularly in cases of low contrast or low spatial frequency stimuli. 6. Signal Processing in Medical Imaging: Stochastic resonance principles have been considered for signal processing in medical imaging techniques. The addition of controlled noise may offer a method to enhance the detection and processing of weak signals in imaging modalities such as MRI and PET scans. The analysis of the effectiveness of therapeutic impact in the field of body balance disorders, reeducation of locomotion in people with partial spinal cord injury, motor motility and changes in hormonal concentrations was carried out. Stochastic resonance therapy can reduce or eliminate dysfunction in many disease entities, however, further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of the therapy. (15) One study shows that for smaller cells stochastic resonance can improve signal detection considerably. (16) M.D. McDonnell and D. Abbott (18) "challenge neuroscientists and biologists, both computational and experimental, to embrace a very broad definition of stochastic resonance in terms of signal-processing “noise benefits”, and to devise experiments aimed at verifying that random variability can play a functional role in the brain, nervous system, or other areas of biology." It's worth noting that the application of stochastic resonance in medicine is an area of ongoing research and exploration, with potential for novel insights and therapeutic approaches. As technology and understanding advance, the practical applications of stochastic resonance in medicine may continue to evolve, offering innovative solutions in various domains of healthcare and medical research. Stochastic resonance (SR) has potential applications in improving the sensitivity of medical devices for diagnosis and treatment. For instance, SR-based techniques are being explored to develop devices that stimulate sensory and motor functions. Vibrating insoles for diabetic neuropathy or stroke patients are a possible application of this technology. The use of SR in medicine is still under research, but it holds promise for enhancing the effectiveness of various medical devices. In medicine, stochastic resonance has applications in a variety of areas. One particularly notable example is in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Patients with Parkinson's have a reduced ability to perceive sensory stimuli, which can impair their ability to perform motor tasks. By introducing a small amount of noise to the stimuli, researchers have found that patients with Parkinson's are better able to detect the signals and execute the task, leading to more accurate diagnoses and potentially more effective therapies. Stochastic resonance is also being explored as a potential strategy for improving hearing. In individuals with hearing loss, neural pathways become desensitized due to reduced signal input. By introducing a small amount of noise to the auditory system, researchers hope to "prime" the neural pathways and make them more responsive to subsequent signals. In the field of neuroscience, stochastic resonance is being studied as a potential tool for treating depression. In one study, participants with treatment-resistant depression received transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while also being exposed to stochastic resonance. The addition of noise led to a more pronounced response to the TMS treatment, suggesting that stochastic resonance may enhance the efficacy of existing therapies. Overall, the role of stochastic resonance in medicine is still being explored, but the early results are encouraging. The facts show that stochastic resonance will find in the future an increasingly wide application in various fields of medicine and other sciences.
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xt
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physi
c
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e
n
g
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ee
rin
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n
d
n
e
uros
c
i
e
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ce
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hil
e
it mi
g
ht s
ee
m
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ount
e
rintuitiv
e
th
a
t
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in
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nois
e c
oul
d
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e
si
g
n
a
l str
e
n
g
th
,
it h
a
s
bee
n
de
monstr
a
t
ed
in multipl
e f
i
e
l
d
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g b
iolo
g
y
a
n
d
m
ed
i
c
in
e
.
I
n th
e c
ont
e
xt o
f
m
ed
i
c
in
e
,
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
h
a
s pot
e
nti
a
l
a
ppli
ca
tions in s
e
v
e
r
a
l
a
r
ea
s
:
1.
Se
nsory
S
yst
e
m
E
nh
a
n
ce
m
e
nt
:
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
h
a
s
bee
n
e
xplor
ed a
s
a
m
ec
h
a
nism to
e
nh
a
n
ce
s
e
nsory p
e
r
ce
ption
,
p
a
rti
c
ul
a
rly in
ca
s
e
s wh
e
r
e
s
e
nsory pro
ce
ssin
g
is imp
a
ir
ed
.
F
or
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
stu
d
i
e
s h
a
v
e
inv
e
sti
ga
t
ed
th
e
us
e
o
f c
ontroll
ed
nois
e
to improv
e
t
ac
til
e
s
e
ns
a
tion in in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls with imp
a
ir
ed
tou
c
h p
e
r
ce
ption
.
2.
Pa
in
Ma
n
age
m
e
nt
:
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
h
a
s
bee
n stu
d
i
ed f
or its pot
e
nti
a
l
a
ppli
ca
tion in p
a
in m
a
n
age
m
e
nt
.
Re
s
ea
r
c
h h
a
s
e
x
a
min
ed
th
e
us
e
o
f c
ontroll
ed
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
to mo
d
ul
a
t
e
p
a
in p
e
r
ce
ption
,
pot
e
nti
a
lly o
ffe
rin
g
non
-
ph
a
rm
ac
olo
g
i
ca
l
a
ppro
ac
h
e
s to p
a
in r
e
li
ef
.
3.
Ga
it
a
n
d M
ov
e
m
e
nt
D
isor
de
rs
:
I
n th
e f
i
e
l
d
o
f
r
e
h
ab
ilit
a
tion m
ed
i
c
in
e
,
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
h
a
s
bee
n inv
e
sti
ga
t
ed a
s
a
pot
e
nti
a
l
tool
f
or improvin
g ga
it
a
n
d
mov
e
m
e
nt in in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls with n
e
urolo
g
i
ca
l
c
on
d
itions
.
T
h
e a
ppli
ca
tion
o
f
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
prin
c
ipl
e
s to mov
e
m
e
nt th
e
r
a
py m
a
y o
ffe
r nov
e
l
a
ppro
ac
h
e
s to
r
e
h
ab
ilit
a
tion
a
n
d
motor
f
un
c
tion
e
nh
a
n
ce
m
e
nt
.
4.
Ne
urostimul
a
tion
a
n
d B
r
a
in
F
un
c
tion
:
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
h
a
s impli
ca
tions
f
or n
e
urostimul
a
tion t
ec
hniqu
e
s
,
with pot
e
nti
a
l
a
ppli
ca
tions in
e
nh
a
n
c
in
g b
r
a
in
f
un
c
tion
,
c
o
g
nitiv
e
pro
ce
ss
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
e
nsory
-
motor int
eg
r
a
tion
.
T
his h
a
s r
e
l
e
v
a
n
ce
in th
e de
v
e
lopm
e
nt o
f
n
e
uromo
d
ul
a
tion th
e
r
a
pi
e
s
f
or
c
on
d
itions su
c
h
a
s
Pa
rkinson
'
s
d
is
ea
s
e
,
e
pil
e
psy
,
a
n
d
strok
e
r
e
h
ab
ilit
a
tion
.
5.
E
nh
a
n
c
in
g V
isu
a
l
Pe
r
ce
ption
:
S
om
e
stu
d
i
e
s su
gge
st th
a
t sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
m
a
y improv
e
visu
a
l p
e
r
ce
ption
,
p
a
rti
c
ul
a
rly in
ca
s
e
s o
f
low
c
ontr
a
st or low sp
a
ti
a
l
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y stimuli
.
6.
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
ro
ce
ssin
g
in
Med
i
ca
l
I
m
ag
in
g
:
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
prin
c
ipl
e
s h
a
v
e bee
n
c
onsi
de
r
ed f
or si
g
n
a
l pro
ce
ssin
g
in m
ed
i
ca
l im
ag
in
g
t
ec
hniqu
e
s
.
T
h
e add
ition o
f c
ontroll
ed
nois
e
m
a
y o
ffe
r
a
m
e
tho
d
to
e
nh
a
n
ce
th
e de
t
ec
tion
a
n
d
pro
ce
ssin
g
o
f
w
ea
k si
g
n
a
ls in im
ag
in
g
mo
da
liti
e
s su
c
h
a
s
MRI a
n
d PET
s
ca
ns
.
T
h
e a
n
a
lysis o
f
th
e effec
tiv
e
n
e
ss o
f
th
e
r
a
p
e
uti
c
imp
ac
t in th
e f
i
e
l
d
o
f b
o
d
y
ba
l
a
n
ce d
isor
de
rs
,
r
eed
u
ca
tion o
f
lo
c
omotion in p
e
opl
e
with p
a
rti
a
l spin
a
l
c
or
d
injury
,
motor motility
a
n
d c
h
a
n
ge
s in
hormon
a
l
c
on
ce
ntr
a
tions w
a
s
ca
rri
ed
out
.
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
th
e
r
a
py
ca
n r
ed
u
ce
or
e
limin
a
t
e
d
ys
f
un
c
tion in m
a
ny
d
is
ea
s
e e
ntiti
e
s
,
how
e
v
e
r
,
f
urth
e
r stu
d
i
e
s
a
r
e
n
eeded
to
a
ss
e
ss th
e
effec
tiv
e
n
e
ss o
f
th
e
th
e
r
a
py
. (15)
O
n
e
stu
d
y shows th
a
t
f
or sm
a
ll
e
r
ce
lls sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce ca
n improv
e
si
g
n
a
l
de
t
ec
tion
c
onsi
de
r
ab
ly
. (16)
M
.
D
.
McD
onn
e
ll
a
n
d D
.
Abb
ott
(18)
"
c
h
a
ll
e
n
ge
n
e
uros
c
i
e
ntists
a
n
d b
iolo
g
ists
,
b
oth
c
omput
a
tion
a
l
a
n
d e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
a
l
,
to
e
m
b
r
ace a
v
e
ry
b
ro
ad def
inition o
f
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
in
t
e
rms o
f
si
g
n
a
l
-
pro
ce
ssin
g
“
nois
e be
n
ef
its
”
,
a
n
d
to
de
vis
e e
xp
e
rim
e
nts
a
im
ed a
t v
e
ri
f
yin
g
th
a
t
r
a
n
d
om v
a
ri
ab
ility
ca
n pl
a
y
a f
un
c
tion
a
l rol
e
in th
e b
r
a
in
,
n
e
rvous syst
e
m
,
or oth
e
r
a
r
ea
s o
f
b
iolo
g
y
.
"
I
t
'
s worth notin
g
th
a
t th
e a
ppli
ca
tion o
f
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
in m
ed
i
c
in
e
is
a
n
a
r
ea
o
f
on
g
oin
g
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
a
n
d e
xplor
a
tion
,
with pot
e
nti
a
l
f
or nov
e
l insi
g
hts
a
n
d
th
e
r
a
p
e
uti
c a
ppro
ac
h
e
s
.
A
s
t
ec
hnolo
g
y
a
n
d
un
de
rst
a
n
d
in
g ad
v
a
n
ce
,
th
e
pr
ac
ti
ca
l
a
ppli
ca
tions o
f
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
in
m
ed
i
c
in
e
m
a
y
c
ontinu
e
to
e
volv
e
,
o
ffe
rin
g
innov
a
tiv
e
solutions in v
a
rious
d
om
a
ins o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
a
n
d
m
ed
i
ca
l r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
.
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
(
SR
)
h
a
s pot
e
nti
a
l
a
ppli
ca
tions in improvin
g
th
e
s
e
nsitivity o
f
m
ed
i
ca
l
de
vi
ce
s
f
or
d
i
ag
nosis
a
n
d
tr
ea
tm
e
nt
.
F
or inst
a
n
ce
,
SR
-
ba
s
ed
t
ec
hniqu
e
s
a
r
e be
in
g e
xplor
ed
to
de
v
e
lop
de
vi
ce
s th
a
t stimul
a
t
e
s
e
nsory
a
n
d
motor
f
un
c
tions
.
V
i
b
r
a
tin
g
insol
e
s
f
or
d
i
abe
ti
c
n
e
urop
a
thy or strok
e
p
a
ti
e
nts
a
r
e a
possi
b
l
e
a
ppli
ca
tion o
f
this t
ec
hnolo
g
y
.
T
h
e
us
e
o
f SR
in m
ed
i
c
in
e
is still un
de
r r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
,
b
ut it hol
d
s promis
e f
or
e
nh
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
effec
tiv
e
n
e
ss o
f
v
a
rious m
ed
i
ca
l
de
vi
ce
s
.
I
n m
ed
i
c
in
e
,
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
h
a
s
a
ppli
ca
tions in
a
v
a
ri
e
ty o
f a
r
ea
s
.
O
n
e
p
a
rti
c
ul
a
rly not
ab
l
e
e
x
a
mpl
e
is in th
e d
i
ag
nosis o
f Pa
rkinson
'
s
d
is
ea
s
e
.
Pa
ti
e
nts with
Pa
rkinson
'
s h
a
v
e a
r
ed
u
ced
ab
ility to p
e
r
ce
iv
e
s
e
nsory stimuli
,
whi
c
h
ca
n imp
a
ir th
e
ir
ab
ility to p
e
r
f
orm motor t
a
sks
.
B
y
intro
d
u
c
in
g a
sm
a
ll
a
mount o
f
nois
e
to th
e
stimuli
,
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
rs h
a
v
e f
oun
d
th
a
t p
a
ti
e
nts with
Pa
rkinson
'
s
a
r
e be
tt
e
r
ab
l
e
to
de
t
ec
t th
e
si
g
n
a
ls
a
n
d e
x
ec
ut
e
th
e
t
a
sk
,
l
ead
in
g
to mor
e acc
ur
a
t
e
d
i
ag
nos
e
s
a
n
d
pot
e
nti
a
lly mor
e effec
tiv
e
th
e
r
a
pi
e
s
.
S
to
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
is
a
lso
be
in
g e
xplor
ed a
s
a
pot
e
nti
a
l str
a
t
eg
y
f
or improvin
g
h
ea
rin
g
.
I
n
in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls with h
ea
rin
g
loss
,
n
e
ur
a
l p
a
thw
a
ys
bec
om
e de
s
e
nsitiz
ed d
u
e
to r
ed
u
ced
si
g
n
a
l input
.
B
y intro
d
u
c
in
g a
sm
a
ll
a
mount o
f
nois
e
to th
e a
u
d
itory syst
e
m
,
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
rs hop
e
to
"
prim
e
"
th
e
n
e
ur
a
l p
a
thw
a
ys
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
th
e
m mor
e
r
e
sponsiv
e
to su
b
s
e
qu
e
nt si
g
n
a
ls
.
I
n th
e f
i
e
l
d
o
f
n
e
uros
c
i
e
n
ce
,
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
is
be
in
g
stu
d
i
ed a
s
a
pot
e
nti
a
l tool
f
or tr
ea
tin
g
de
pr
e
ssion
.
I
n on
e
stu
d
y
,
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
nts with tr
ea
tm
e
nt
-
r
e
sist
a
nt
de
pr
e
ssion r
ece
iv
ed
tr
a
ns
c
r
a
ni
a
l
m
ag
n
e
ti
c
stimul
a
tion
(
TMS
)
whil
e a
lso
be
in
g e
xpos
ed
to sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e add
ition o
f
nois
e
l
ed
to
a
mor
e
pronoun
ced
r
e
spons
e
to th
e TMS
tr
ea
tm
e
nt
,
su
gge
stin
g
th
a
t sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
m
a
y
e
nh
a
n
ce
th
e eff
i
cac
y o
f e
xistin
g
th
e
r
a
pi
e
s
.
O
v
e
r
a
ll
,
th
e
rol
e
o
f
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
in m
ed
i
c
in
e
is still
be
in
g e
xplor
ed
,
b
ut th
e ea
rly r
e
sults
a
r
e e
n
c
our
ag
in
g
.
T
h
e fac
ts show th
a
t sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
will
f
in
d
in th
e f
utur
e a
n in
c
r
ea
sin
g
ly wi
de a
ppli
ca
tion in
v
a
rious
f
i
e
l
d
s o
f
m
ed
i
c
in
e a
n
d
oth
e
r s
c
i
e
n
ce
s
.
Refe
r
e
n
ce
s
1.
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h
e
rz
ade
h
C
h
a
m
M
,
M
ohs
e
ni
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Ba
n
d
p
e
i
MA
,
Ba
hr
a
miz
ade
h
M
,
Ka
l
ba
si
S
,
B
i
g
l
a
ri
a
n
A
.
T
h
e
effec
ts o
f
vi
b
ro
-
m
ed
i
ca
l insol
e
on s
e
ns
a
tion
a
n
d
pl
a
nt
a
r pr
e
ssur
e d
istri
b
ution in
d
i
abe
ti
c
p
a
ti
e
nts
with mil
d
-
to
-
mo
de
r
a
t
e
p
e
riph
e
r
a
l n
e
urop
a
thy
.
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lin
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ec
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A
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okw
e EO
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Ta
u
be W
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Be
in
e
rt
K
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A C
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a
rison o
f
th
e Effec
ts o
f S
to
c
h
a
sti
c Re
son
a
n
ce
T
h
e
r
a
py
,
W
hol
e
-
B
o
d
y
V
i
b
r
a
tion
,
a
n
d Ba
l
a
n
ce T
r
a
inin
g
on
Pa
in
Pe
r
ce
ption
a
n
d Se
nsorimotor
F
un
c
tion in
Pa
ti
e
nts
W
ith
C
hroni
c N
onsp
ec
i
f
i
c Nec
k
Pa
in
:
P
roto
c
ol
f
or
a Ra
n
d
omiz
ed C
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l
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a
n
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Pe
try
c
k
a
,
M
.;
Leb
i
ed
owsk
a
,
A
.;
S
tol
ec
k
a
-
Wa
rz
ec
h
a
,
A
.;
S
zumski
,
A
.;
B
łońsk
a
-
Fa
j
f
rowsk
a
,
B
.
T
h
e I
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f S
to
c
h
a
sti
c Re
son
a
n
ce W
hol
e
-
B
o
d
y
V
i
b
r
a
tion on
W
om
e
n ov
e
r
50
Yea
rs o
f Age
—
P
r
e
limin
a
ry
S
tu
d
i
e
s
Ba
s
ed
on
Pa
ti
e
nts
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E
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Tae
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Ja
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f
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c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce
whol
e
-
b
o
d
y vi
b
r
a
tion on
s
e
nsorimotor
f
un
c
tion in
e
l
de
rly in
d
ivi
d
u
a
ls
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m
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ti
c
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a
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e
s
ba
l
a
n
ce
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c
hil
d
r
e
n with
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a
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T
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n
ce
o
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ps
e
r
a
t
e
,
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l o
f V
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ok
,
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e
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r
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d
t
b
l
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s
c
h
e
r
,
U
sin
g
sto
c
h
a
sti
c
r
e
son
a
n
ce a
n
d
str
e
n
g
th tr
a
inin
g a
s p
a
rt o
f a
r
e
h
ab
ilit
a
tion pro
g
r
a
mm
e f
or
r
ec
urr
e
nt low
bac
k p
a
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,
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