Board on Physics and Astronomy's scientific contributions
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Publications (33)
The past decade has delivered remarkable discoveries in the study of exoplanets. Hand-in-hand with these advances, a theoretical understanding of the myriad of processes that dictate the formation and evolution of planets has matured, spurred on by the avalanche of unexpected discoveries. Appreciation of the factors that make a planet hospitable to...
The laser has revolutionized many areas of science and society, providing bright and versatile light sources that transform the ways we investigate science and enables trillions of dollars of commerce. Now a second laser revolution is underway with pulsed petawatt-class lasers (1 petawatt: 1 million billion watts) that deliver nearly 100 times the...
New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics (NWNH), the report of the 2010 decadal survey of astronomy and astrophysics, put forward a vision for a decade of transformative exploration at the frontiers of astrophysics. This vision included mapping the first stars and galaxies as they emerge from the collapse of dark matter and cold clump...
Active remote sensing is the principal tool used to study and to predict short- and long-term changes in the environment of Earth - the atmosphere, the oceans and the land surfaces - as well as the near space environment of Earth. All of these measurements are essential to understanding terrestrial weather, climate change, space weather hazards, an...
Evaluation of the Implementation of WFIRST in the Context of New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics assesses whether the proposed Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets (AFTA) design reference mission described in the April 30, 2013 report of the AFTA Science Definition Team (SDT), WFIRST-2.4, is responsive to the overall strategy to...
The field of condensed matter and materials research has played a key role in meeting our nation's needs in a number of areas, including energy, health, and climate change. Harvesting the Fruits of Inquiry highlights a few of the societal benefits that have flowed from research in this field. This report communicates the role that condensed matter...
The Committee to Assess the Current Status and Future Direction of High Magnetic Field Science in the United States was convened by the National Research Council in response to a request by the National Science Foundation. This report answers three questions: (1) What is the current state of high-field magnet science, engineering, and technology in...
Adapting to a Changing World was commissioned by the National Science Foundation to examine the present status of undergraduate physics education, including the state of physics education research, and, most importantly, to develop a series of recommendations for improving physics education that draws from the knowledge we have about learning and e...
In the fall of 2010, the Office of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Secretary for Science asked for a National Research Council (NRC) committee to investigate the prospects for generating power using inertial confinement fusion (ICF) concepts, acknowledging that a key test of viability for this concept-ignition -could be demonstrated at the...
The principal goals of the study were to articulate the scientific rationale and objectives of the field and then to take a long-term strategic view of U.S. nuclear science in the global context for setting future directions for the field. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter provides a long-term assessment of an outlook for nuclear physi...
The scientific and technological progress in inertial confinement fusion has been substantial during the past decade. However, many of the technologies needed for an integrated inertial fusion energy system are still at an early stage of technological maturity. For all approaches to inertial fusion energy there remain critical scientific and engine...
NASA proposed to make a hardware contribution to the European Space Agency's (ESA's) Euclid mission in exchange for U.S. membership on the Euclid Science Team and science data access. The Euclid mission will employ a space telescope that will make potentially important contributions to probing dark energy and to the measurement of cosmological para...
According to the big bang theory, our Universe began in a state of unimaginably high energy and density, contained in a space of subatomic dimensions. At that time, unlike today, the fundamental forces of nature were presumably unified and the particles present were interacting at energies not attainable by present-day accelerators. Underground lab...
Every 10 years the National Research Council releases a survey of astronomy and astrophysics outlining priorities for the coming decade. The most recent survey, titled New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, provides overall priorities and recommendations for the field as a whole based on a broad and comprehensive examination of sci...
Driven by discoveries, and enabled by leaps in technology and imagination, our understanding of the universe has changed dramatically during the course of the last few decades. The fields of astronomy and astrophysics are making new connections to physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science. Based on a broad and comprehensive survey of scient...
Helium has long been the subject of public policy deliberation and management, largely because of its many strategic uses and its unusual source-it is a derived product of natural gas and its market has several anomalous characteristics. Shortly after sources of helium were discovered at the beginning of the last century, the U.S. government recogn...
Radio observations of the cosmos are gathered by geoscientists using complex earth-orbiting satellites and ground-based equipment, and by radio astronomers using large ground-based radio telescopes. Signals from natural radio emissions are extremely weak, and the equipment used to measure them is becoming ever-more sophisticated and sensitive. The...
Traditionally, the natural sciences have been divided into two branches: the biological sciences and the physical sciences. Today, an increasing number of scientists are addressing problems lying at the intersection of the two. These problems are most often biological in nature, but examining them through the lens of the physical sciences can yield...
For much of the past 60 years, the U.S. research community dominated the discovery of new crystalline materials and the growth of large single crystals, placing the country at the forefront of fundamental advances in condensed-matter sciences and fueling the development of many of the new technologies at the core of U.S. economic growth. The opport...
This book presents a scientific assessment of free-electron-laser technology for naval applications. The charge from the Office of Naval Research was to assess whether the desired performance capabilities are achievable or whether fundamental limitations will prevent them from being realized. The present study identifies the highest-priority scient...
ITER presents the United States and its international partners with the opportunity to explore new and exciting frontiers of plasma science while bringing the promise of fusion energy closer to reality. The ITER project has garnered the commitment and will draw on the scientific potential of seven international partners, China, the European Union,...
Scientists have long desired to create synthetic systems that function with the precision and efficiency of biological systems. Using new techniques, researchers are now uncovering principles that could allow the creation of synthetic materials that can perform tasks as precise as biological systems. To assess the current work and future promise of...
The development of transistors, the integrated circuit, liquid-crystal displays, and even DVD players can be traced back to fundamental research pioneered in the field of condensed-matter and materials physics (CMPP). The United States has been a leader in the field, but that status is now in jeopardy. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics, part o...
As part of its current physics decadal survey, Physics 2010, the NRC was asked by the DOE, NSF, and NASA to carry out an assessment of and outlook for the broad field of plasma science and engineering over the next several years. The study was to focus on progress in plasma research, identify the most compelling new scientific opportunities, evalua...
"Beyond Einstein science" is a term that applies to a set of new scientific challenges at the intersection of physics and astrophysics. Observations of the cosmos now have the potential to extend our basic physical laws beyond where 20th-century research left them. Such observations can provide stringent new tests of Einstein's general theory of re...
While a number of remarkable discoveries in astronomy and astrophysics have taken place over the past 20 years, many important questions remain. Continued progress in these fields will require NASA's leadership. To help determine if NASA can meet this challenge, Congress, in the 2005 NASA Authorization Act, directed the agency to have "[t]he perfor...
As part of the Physics 2010 decadal survey project, the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation requested that the National Research Council assess the opportunities, over roughly the next decade, in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science and technology. In particular, the National Research Council was asked to cover the stat...
Over ten years ago, U.S. nuclear scientists proposed construction of a new rare isotope accelerator in the United States, which would enable experiments to elucidate the important questions in nuclear physics. To help assess this proposal, DOE and NSF asked the NRC to define the science agenda for a next-generation U.S. Facility for Rare Isotope Be...
As part of the Physics 2010 decadal survey project, the National Research Council was asked by the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation to recommend priorities for the U.S. particle physics program for the next 15 years. The challenge faced in this study was to identify a compelling leadership role for the United States in eleme...
As part of the 2010 physics decadal survey project, DOE and NSF requested the NRC to assess opportunities, over roughly the next decade, in condensed matter and materials physics (CMMP). The study is to review recent accomplishments and new opportunities; identify potential future impact of CMMP; consider its contributions to national needs; assess...
Most of the instruments now used for materials research are too complex and expensive for individual investigators to own, operate, and maintain them. Consequently, they have become increasingly consolidated into multi-user, small to midsized research facilities, located at many sites around the country. The proliferation of these facilities, howev...
Atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science illustrates powerfully the ties of fundamental physics to society. Its very name comes from three of the twentieth century's greatest advances: the establishment of the atom as the building block of matter; the development of quantum mechanics, which made it possible to understand the inner workings of a...
High-field magnets-those that operate at the limits of the mechanical and/or electromagnetic properties of their structural materials-are used as research tools in a variety of scientific disciplines. The study of high magnetic fields themselves is also important in many areas such as astrophysics. Because of their importance in scientific research...
Citations
... The 2018 ESS report recommends that "NASA should lead a large strategic direct imaging mission capable of measuring the reflected-light spectra of temperate terrestrial planets orbiting Sun-like stars." (Charbonneau et al. 2018) "The radial velocity method will continue to provide essential mass, orbit, and census information to support both transiting and directly imaged exoplanet science for the foreseeable future." -ESS report top-level finding, 2018 Without precise radial velocity data, some of NASA's largest planned observatories will fall short of the ultimate goal to determine whether exoplanets can support life. ...
... In alignment with recommendations from the National Academy of Science study on highintensity lasers [33], NSF has recently invested in three extreme light mid-scale research facilities, including the Zettawatt-Equivalent Ultrashort Pulse Laser System (ZEUS) at the University of Michigan. Critical to the success of these facilities is the ability to integrate their research into their outreach efforts. ...
... High magnetic fields provide irreplaceable extreme conditions for biomedical research, life science, fusion technology and high-energy physics (HEP). In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications, the high magnetic field, i.e. high resonance frequency (having a relationship of 42.577 5 MHz/T for proton), leads to improved spectral resolution and sensitivity, which allows the determination of large and complex molecular structures [1][2][3]. Although resistive magnets can successfully achieve strong magnetic fields above 30 T [4][5][6], their huge energy consumption and cooling requirement make superconducting magnets more suitable for high-field applications. ...
... A signature property of a large class of magnetized and unmagnetized plasmas in the Laboratory, Space, and Astrophysical systems is the extremely low collisionality that can be due to high plasma temperature T e or low plasma density n e , or a combination of the two [1]. For example, a fusion-grade plasma in a tokamak reactor has T e ∼ 10 − 20 kilo-electronvolts (KeV) and n e ∼ 10 19−20 per cubic meter, which result in a mean-free-path λ m f p ∼ 10 4 meters (m), while the toroidal length of the confinement chamber is merely 20-30 m [2][3][4]. ...
... Given the increasing demand for spectrum from commercial services/networks along with the spectrum use and protection demands of passive users (e.g., radio astronomy) and noncommercial active users (e.g., weather satellite), coexistence and Radio Frequency (RF) interference management are key challenges in the implementation and design of future spectrum sharing mechanisms [8], [9]. Various schemes for managing spectrum use and co-existence have been proposed in the literature. ...
... Dark energy is hypothesized to explain the tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe. As stated in the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey (2010) [21], the only way moving forward in understanding this mysterious component of our universe is to use the universe at large to infer the properties of dark energy by measuring its effects on the expansion rate and the growth of structure, (addressing the Frontier of Knowledge, Expansion of the Universe). Therefore, precision measurements of the expansion of the universe with time and of the rate at which cosmic structure grows are required. ...
... To meet future demands, next-generation particle accelerators require much higher magnetic fields. There are several ongoing design studies to upgrade the LHC magnets with HTS whose upper critical field (H c2 ) exceeds 100 T at 4.2 K whereas that of Nb 3 Sn is limited to 23.5 T [3,4]. ...
... In addition, the sum of the neutrino masses [1] remains unknown. It is expected that the operational weak lensing surveys, including the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey 1 (HSC) [2], the Dark Energy Survey 2 (DES) [3], the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) 3 [4], the Prime Focus Spectrograph 4 [5], the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) [6], as well as near-future Stage-IV large-scale structure (LSS) surveys such as Euclid 5 [7], the Vera C. Rubin Observatory 6 [8], and the Roman Space Telescope 7 [9,10], will improve our understanding to many of the questions that cosmology is facing from high-precision measurements of the intervening mass distribution of the universe. ...
Reference: Weak lensing trispectrum and Kurt-spectra
... Uno de los grandes retos de la enseñanza en educación superior es saber cómo hacer frente a la gran cantidad de contenidos que abarcan los programas de estudio. Las recomendaciones actuales para la transformación de los cursos sugieren realizar una discusión colegiada sobre lo que los estudiantes deben de aprender (véanse por ejemplo [19] y [20] ). En el marco de la EpC, las metas deben de apoyar la comprensión siempre y cuando cumplan las siguientes características: ...
... We classify them into four different techniques as shown in Figure 1, namely, adaptive modulation and coding schemes, dynamic antenna pattern adjustment, dynamic transmit power control and sub-channel scheduling. Any signal that exceeds the defined signal-to-interferenceplus-noise ratio (SINR) threshold for a communication link satisfies the essential requirements for establishing a reliable information transfer [20]. However, when interference levels exceed this limit, it is possible to recover the data without losing any information using IMTs that minimize the interference to a level below the limit. ...
