Carbon - Science topic

If it has enough sp² in it to be conductive, you could measure the band gap locally be scanning tunneling spectroscopy.

Please note that STM operators may be hesitant to put such a sample into their microscopes because carbon is a notorious STM tip contaminant.

Dr Safi Saad Turki thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Juan Eduardo Suarez Rivadeneira thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Juan Eduardo Suarez Rivadeneira thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms play an important role in improving soil fertility and involved in all aspects of N cycling, including N2 fixation, nitrification, denitrification and ammonification. They decompose plant residues, soil organic matter and release inorganic nutrients that can then be taken up by plants. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms capture atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to ammonia which can be taken up by plants and used to make organic molecules. The nitrogen-containing molecules are passed to animals when the plants are eaten. Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Microbes are responsible for both production and destruction of foodstuffs and are a key element in reducing waste from spoilage. Some microorganisms can degrade plastics, toxins, and agricultural waste, but some convert excess fertilizer to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, act as decomposers as they break down the dead and decaying organisms into simpler nutrients that mix with the soil. These nutrients are absorbed by plants during photosynthesis. Beneficial microorganisms are naturally occurring bacteria, fungi, and other microbes that play a crucial role in plant productivity and health. Two types of beneficial microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria , are considered beneficial to plant health. Microorganisms are at the core of recycling and replenishing all primary and essential elements on earth, like carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. They have been found to metabolize and degrade natural and most synthetic compounds. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation.

Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned. When humans burn fossil fuels to power factories, power plants, cars and trucks, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. Humans have a huge effect on the carbon cycle when we burn wood, fossil fuels, and other forms of carbon. This action releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere, where it becomes a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb and release heat. When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the air. Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming. When fossil fuels are burned, they release nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain. Major sources of nitrogen oxide emissions include: Cars and trucks. Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions. The two cycles interact directly where carbon is transported dissolved or suspended in running water. Transport of weathering products and organic matter from the continents to the oceans is an important aspect of carbon cycling which is directly linked to water flux. In the food chain, plants move carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis. They use energy from the sun to chemically combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen and oxygen from water to create sugar molecules. Both carbon and water cycles are set in motion by energy from the sun. Sunlight plus water plus carbon dioxide are combined by photosynthesis in green plants to create carbohydrates. Sun energy causes evaporation of water from earth's surface into the atmosphere. Thus, the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels is accumulating in the atmosphere, increasing average temperatures through the greenhouse effect, as well as dissolving in the ocean, causing ocean acidification.

Optimizing biocatalysts for efficient carbon conversion involves several strategies aimed at improving their activity, stability, specificity, and productivity. Here are some key approaches:

Protein engineering: This involves modifying the structure of enzymes or microorganisms to enhance their catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and stability. Techniques like directed evolution and rational design are commonly used to introduce beneficial mutations into the biocatalyst.

Metabolic engineering: By manipulating the metabolic pathways of microorganisms, metabolic engineering can improve carbon flux towards desired products. This involves overexpressing key enzymes, eliminating competing pathways, and optimizing cofactor availability to enhance product yields.

Immobilization: Immobilizing enzymes onto solid supports or within matrices can improve their stability, reusability, and ease of separation from reaction mixtures. Immobilization techniques include adsorption, covalent binding, encapsulation, and cross-linking.

...

Using these methods either individually or in conjunction, the biocatalysts could be customized to effectively transform a range of carbon sources into valuable products.

Biocatalysis offers a versatile approach for converting various carbon sources into valuable products. Some common carbon sources that can be effectively utilized include:

Depending on what do you want to accomplish, the strategies and approaches vary.

Acid rain from SOx and NOx emissions from fossil fuel combustion has resulted in the acidification of components of the hydrosphere, harming surrounding ecosystems. The emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere by human activities primarily fossil-fuel burning has led to the acidification of rain and freshwater aquatic systems. Humans have a huge effect on the carbon cycle when we burn wood, fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, and natural gas), and other forms of carbon. This action releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere, where it becomes a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb and release heat. The interaction between the carbon cycle and the hydrosphere (water cycle) contributes to the cycling of carbon in several ways: Dissolution and Carbon Dioxide Exchange: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key component of the carbon cycle. It's absorbed by water bodies, such as oceans, through a process of dissolution. The burning of fossil fuels, which rapidly releases carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, increasing average global temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Agricultural activities that release carbon dioxide and methane (CH4, a greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere. Increasing carbon dioxide levels may increase photosynthesis rates in some plants, but this can also make plants less nutritious. Increasing average global land and ocean temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns also affect plant and algae growth, and can make certain species more susceptible to disease. The carbon dioxide that humans release to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels is increasing the acidity of the ocean. This phenomenon is ocean acidification, impacts marine life and the people who depend on them. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Microorganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. The two cycles interact directly where carbon is transported dissolved or suspended in running water. Transport of weathering products and organic matter from the continents to the oceans is an important aspect of carbon cycling which is directly linked to water flux.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Upon the death of plants and animals, microbes assume a dominant role in carbon cycle. The dead tissues are degraded and transformed into microbial cells and humus or soil organic fraction. Further decomposition of these materials leads to the production of CO2 and once again it is recycled.Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drive the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms are responsible for making up numerous transformations, which changes plant nutrients to readily available forms and make and stabilize desirable soil structure for luxuriant plant growth Phosphorus Solubilizing bacteria and fungi play an important role in converting insoluble phosphatic compound. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers. When plants and animals die, their nutrient content is not wasted. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Micrororganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi decompose dead plants and animals and recycle chemical nutrients like carbon and nitrogen back into the soil, air and water.

Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. Bacteria of decay, which convert decaying nitrogen waste to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates/nitrites. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Bacteria change the soil environment so that certain plant species can exist and proliferate. Where new soil is forming, certain photosynthetic bacteria start to colonize the soil, recycling nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and other soil nutrients to produce the first organic matter. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants, promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants.

The flow of energy in ecosystems is closely linked to the cycling of carbon and other materials (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and water) through the environment. Here's how energy flow drives carbon cycling and why the cycling of materials is crucial for ecosystem functioning:

Flow of Energy and Carbon Cycling:

Importance of Cycling of Materials in the Ecosystem:

In summary, the flow of energy through ecosystems drives the cycling of carbon and other materials by supporting processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient recycling. The cycling of materials is vital for maintaining ecosystem health, supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and sustaining life on Earth. Protecting and enhancing material cycling processes is essential for ensuring the long-term resilience and sustainability of ecosystems.

The importance of the carbon and nitrogen cycles to ecosystems is that both are essential elements for living things. These cycles help in moving these elements between living things and the environment, and they provide the raw materials for biosynthesis. All living organisms, bimolecular and cells are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. These elements are essential for life. It is important to recycle and continuously replenish nutrients into the environment for life to exist. Both plants and animals release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during cellular respiration. The carbon cycle is a closed system, and recycling carbon is the only way to replenish it for an ecosystem. This ensures that there is no real long-term drain on the Earth's nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity. Nutrient recycling is the way in which elements are continuously being broken down and/or exchanged for reuse between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem. The carbon and nitrogen cycles are important to ecosystems because they provide the nutrients that plants need to grow. Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make food, and they use nitrogen from the soil to make proteins. The carbon cycle involves processes like photosynthesis and celluar respiration, while the nitrogen cycle uses processes such as nitrogen fixation and denitrification to cycle nitrogen from the atmosphere into the ground into living things and back into the atmosphere. Decomposers transform matter back into inorganic forms that can be recycled within the ecosystem. So, the energy that enters an ecosystem as sunlight eventually flows out of the ecosystem in the form of heat. These atoms can be a part of both living things like plants and animals, as well as non-living things like water, air, and even rocks. The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical cycle. Nutrient cycling is important for: It is required for the transformation of nutrients from one form to another so that it can be readily utilized by different organisms, e.g. plants cannot take atmospheric nitrogen and it has to be fixed and converted to ammonium and nitrate for uptake. Valuable elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen are essential to life and must be recycled in order for organisms to exist. Nutrient cycles are inclusive of both living and nonliving components and involve biological, geological, and chemical processes.

Here it is from Climate Focus; https://climatefocus.com/initiatives/voluntary-carbon-market-dashboard/ tool focuses on promoting transparency in the market by consolidating important metrics such as offset issuance data, trends in new project type registrations, and developments.

Rk Naresh Alan Pacites Nebrida Hendry Y. Nanlohy Abdelsalam Aldawoud Osama Bahnas

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and accelerate the transition to renewable and green energy sources through various applications and technologies:

1. Smart Energy Management Systems: AI-powered smart grids, buildings, and industrial processes can optimize energy consumption by analyzing real-time data, predicting demand patterns, and adjusting energy usage accordingly. Machine learning algorithms can optimize energy distribution, storage, and utilization, leading to more efficient energy systems and reduced waste.

2. Predictive Maintenance: AI algorithms can predict equipment failures, optimize maintenance schedules, and identify energy-saving opportunities in energy-intensive industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and infrastructure. By detecting and addressing issues before they occur, AI-driven predictive maintenance can improve energy efficiency, reduce downtime, and lower emissions.

3. Energy Forecasting and Optimization: AI can analyze vast amounts of data from weather patterns, energy markets, and consumer behavior to forecast energy demand, optimize generation schedules, and maximize the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power into the grid. AI-driven energy forecasting models can improve the reliability and efficiency of energy systems while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing carbon emissions.

4. Smart Appliances and Devices: AI-enabled smart appliances, thermostats, and energy management systems can optimize energy usage in homes, offices, and commercial buildings by learning user preferences, adjusting settings based on occupancy patterns, and coordinating with utility demand-response programs. By reducing energy waste and improving overall efficiency, smart devices can contribute to lower energy bills and reduced environmental impact.

5. Optimized Transportation Systems: AI can optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve fuel efficiency in transportation networks through real-time traffic management, route optimization, and predictive maintenance of vehicles. Autonomous and electric vehicles equipped with AI-driven navigation systems can further reduce emissions and energy consumption by optimizing driving routes, speeds, and energy usage.

6. Energy Storage and Grid Integration: AI algorithms can optimize energy storage systems, such as batteries and pumped hydroelectric storage, by predicting energy demand, managing charging and discharging cycles, and optimizing grid integration. AI-driven energy storage solutions can improve grid stability, support renewable energy integration, and facilitate the transition to a more flexible and resilient energy infrastructure.

Overall, AI technologies offer promising opportunities to enhance energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and accelerate the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy future. By leveraging AI-driven solutions across various sectors and applications, policymakers, businesses, and consumers can drive innovation, improve energy productivity, and mitigate the environmental impacts of energy production and consumption.

Yes, natural gas can be obtained without fracking. It can be extracted from conventional gas reservoirs, where the gas is trapped in permeable and porous rocks, allowing it to flow easily to the surface through a drilled well. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a drilling method used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from deep in the planet. In the fracking process, cracks in and below Earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at high pressure. Hydraulic fracturing produces fractures in the rock formation that stimulate the flow of natural gas or oil, increasing the volumes that can be recovered. Wells may be drilled vertically hundreds to thousands of feet below the land surface and may include horizontal or directional sections extending thousands of feet. It reduces the current rate of carbon emissions. The burning of methane is “cleaner” than burning coal or gasoline, but as others have pointed out when a well is fracked, significant amounts of methane can be released into the air during the production stage – through leaks, venting, and flaring. Fracking has been blamed for leaking millions of tons of methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide. Fracking is also associated with other airborne hydrocarbons that can cause health and respiratory issues. Fracking uses large amounts of water, which can become contaminated and affect local groundwater. Fracking fluid is 99.5% water and sand. 0.5% is made up of safe chemical additives, most of which are found in common household products, like toothpaste and makeup remover, or in the foods you eat. Fracking is a slang term for hydraulic fracturing, which is the process of creating fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting specialized fluid into cracks to force them to open further. Fracking increases the rate at which water, petroleum, or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean wells. Fracking reduced CO2 emissions by producing lots of natural gas (methane). The increase in supply brought the price down to where it was cheaper than coal. Power plants were converted from coal to natural gas. Methane emits a lot less CO2 than coal to produce the same amount of energy.

If economic growth depended on technological innovation, the relationship would not be strained. China is trying this way, which may provide an effective strategy for developing countries.

RK, thank you for taking the time to comment.

Did you read the context on which this question is based before commenting? The existence of confusion that allows people, busnesses, institutions like UN, FAO, governments and non-profit organizations to use concepts/models as if they were other concepts/models or to describe even inverse opposite models as the same model or to attach characteristics to models which they do not have if you look closely to the structure of that model is what prompted this question. I see all that concept confusion in your comment.

However, I am not hear to convert anybody and I respect your view if that is the way you think.

You may find some good food for thoughts in the following articles aimed at minimizing development concept/model confusion by looking backwards to how critical sustainability problems were created 1776-1987 and to how critical sustainability problems were addressed by the WCED 1987 as critical sustainable development problems, which sparks the beginning of the confusion:

Economic growth has a consistent, positive and significant relationship with both territorial and consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions. Second, we find some evidence that economic growth has a stronger effect on consumption-based emissions than territorial emissions. With steady improvements in the energy intensity of economic growth (meaning that less energy is required to produce an additional unit of global GDP) and, more recently, a dramatic rise in clean energy deployment, there has been a growing divergence between GDP growth and CO2 emissions. All households will lose income, and low-income households will suffer the most. Low-income households could see income losses of 12 per cent in a low emissions scenario and 19 percent in a high emissions scenario by the end of the century markedly higher losses than the median income group. Higher levels of economic activity tend to go hand-in-hand with additional energy use and consumption of natural resources. As fossil fuels still account for 80 percent of the global energy mix, energy consumption remains closely related to greenhouse gas emissions and hence to climate forcing. Sustainability is the balance between the environment, equity, and economy. Sustainability is used to indicate programs, initiatives and actions aimed at the preservation of a particular resource. However, it actually refers to four distinct areas: human, social, economic and environmental. Instead of using non-renewable natural resources, use of renewable natural resources should be preferred. Waste water generated by industries should be recycled. We should use natural resources cautiously so that economic growth and ecological conservation go hand in hand. The balance between the environment, equity and the economy. Sustainability is a term used in the most diverse contexts, from fashion to economic investment, through culture or food. This concept is often confused to environmental sustainability. Sustainable development emphasizes the responsible use and preservation of natural resources. Implementing resource-efficient practices, such as recycling, waste reduction, and sustainable agriculture, helps protect ecosystems, reduce pollution, and enhance economic productivity.

Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your community, the economy, and the environment. Products should only be recycled if they cannot be reduced or reused. Recycling is the process of collection and conversion of waste into useful and new products. Recycling is done to minimize the pollution and the waste generated. It helps in the converse the environment. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Micrororganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. Bacteria play a central role: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. Bacteria of decay, which convert decaying nitrogen waste to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates/nitrites. Microorganisms play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.

Dr Ania Isandra thank you for your contribution to the discussion

You should ask someone familiar with that particular EDS system. It may be as Jürgen Weippert suggested. Maybe that system flags the currently highlighted element in green. Our Oxford Aztec will normally overlay an elemental profile. I don't know about other systems.

The spectrum is similar to that of orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) or its weathering products. The C is probably that which is virtually ever-present in the SEM. It may be from SEM pump oil or contamination during preparation. Great care is necessary to completely eliminate it. It is only a footnote to the main story.

See if you can get more counts (less noise) next time. Also expand the energy axis to highlight the interesting area. There is nothing going on beyond 5 keV.

Biocatalysts, which are typically enzymes derived from living organisms, have gained significant attention for their potential in catalyzing various chemical reactions. One area of interest is their ability to convert carbon sources into valuable products, such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals.

Compared to traditional chemical catalysts, biocatalysts offer several advantages:

1. Specificity: Enzymes often exhibit high specificity for their substrates, leading to fewer side reactions and higher product purity compared to chemical catalysts. This specificity can also lead to higher yields of the desired product.

2. Mild Reaction Conditions: Enzymes usually operate under mild conditions (e.g., ambient temperature and pressure, neutral pH), which can reduce energy consumption and minimize the need for costly equipment.

3. Renewable and Sustainable: Biocatalysts are derived from living organisms and can be produced from renewable resources, making them more environmentally friendly compared to chemical catalysts, which may rely on non-renewable resources and generate hazardous waste.

4. Compatibility with Aqueous Systems: Many biocatalysts are water-soluble and function well in aqueous environments, which simplifies reaction conditions and downstream processing.

5. Biodegradability: Enzymes are generally biodegradable, which can simplify purification and reduce environmental impact.

However, biocatalysts also have some limitations compared to traditional chemical catalysts:

1. Stability: Enzymes can be sensitive to temperature, pH, and other environmental factors, which may limit their stability and reusability in industrial processes.

2. Cost: Production and purification of enzymes can be expensive, especially for complex or low-yield reactions, which can impact the overall cost-effectiveness of biocatalytic processes.

3. Substrate Limitations: Enzymes may have specific substrate requirements, limiting their applicability to certain reactions or substrates.

4. Reaction Rate: While enzymes can exhibit high specificity, they may also have slower reaction rates compared to chemical catalysts, especially for large-scale industrial processes.

Overall, the efficiency of biocatalysts in converting carbon sources into valuable products depends on various factors, including the specific reaction, substrate, enzyme properties, and process conditions. In many cases, biocatalysis offers significant advantages in terms of selectivity, sustainability, and compatibility with aqueous systems, making it an attractive option for certain applications despite its limitations.

Dr Joseane Maria Hammes thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Determining the binary layer structure of Urea derived Carbon Nitride (UCN) involves a few steps:

1. **Synthesis**: UCN can be synthesized through the pyrolysis of urea under ambient pressure without additive assistance¹.

2. **Characterization**: After synthesis, the structure of UCN can be characterized using various techniques. These may include X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)².

3. **Microscopy**: Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to visualize the binary layer structure³.

4. **Analysis**: The data obtained from these techniques can be analyzed to determine the binary layer structure of UCN³.

Remember, the specifics of your experimental design might need to be adjusted based on the characteristics of the UCN and the specific objectives of your research. It's always a good idea to consult with a materials scientist or chemist to ensure your experimental design is robust and appropriate for your study.

(1) Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable .... https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/jm/c1jm12620b.

(2) Carbon nitrides: synthesis and characterization of a new class of .... https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/cp/c7cp02711g.

(3) Layered graphitic carbon nitride: nano-heterostructures, photo/electro .... https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40097-021-00442-5.

Measure the Double Layer Capacitance of the Electrode: The double layer capacitance (Cdl) of the electrode can be measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or cyclic voltammetry1.

Remember, the specifics of your experimental design might need to be adjusted based on the characteristics of the electrode and the specific objectives of your research. It’s always a good idea to consult with a materials scientist or electrochemist to ensure your experimental design is robust and appropriate for your study.

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(1) Best Practices for Reporting Electrocatalytic Performance of Nanomaterials. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.8b07700.

(2) Reporting activities for the oxygen evolution reaction - Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42004-023-01024-y.pdf.

(3) New insights into evaluating catalyst activity and stability for oxygen .... https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2018/se/c7se00337d.

(4) undefined. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-01024-y.

Addition: I just found a (German) safety data sheet on which it says that the ignition temperature for a dust layer (Mindestzündtemperatur der Staubschicht) is 450°: https://www.gischem.de/download/01_0-000108-78-1-000000_1_1_400.PDF

So I would say you're lucky there was no severer incident.

There are C/N analysers that function well

Here are a few examples:

1. Bloomberg NEF (BNEF): BNEF provides data and analysis on various aspects of sustainable energy and finance, including green bonds, renewable energy investments, and clean energy funds. They offer a range of subscription plans and have a comprehensive database on renewable energy projects and financial transactions.

2. Climate Bonds Initiative: The Climate Bonds Initiative maintains a database that tracks global green bond issuance. They provide information on the types of projects funded by green bonds, such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation. Their database is freely accessible on their website.

3. CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project): CDP is a global platform that collects and discloses environmental data from companies, cities, states, and regions. They manage a comprehensive database of climate-related information, including financial metrics and performance indicators related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

4. United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI): UNEP FI is a partnership between the United Nations and the financial sector. They provide a range of resources and initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable finance. While they may not have a specific public database for green finance indicators, they publish reports and guidelines related to sustainable finance practices.

5. Global Sustainable Investment Alliance (GSIA): GSIA is an international network of organizations that promote sustainable investment practices. While they don't maintain a public database, they publish an annual report that provides insights into the size and growth of the global sustainable investment market.

Carbon emission projections can be incorporated into unstructured data through various methods such as natural language processing (NLP) to analyze textual reports, sentiment analysis on news articles, or topic modeling on social media discussions.

From 900 Celsius to more

Dear friend Antonio Ilderlânio de Sousa Leite

Surface area and amorphization degree in high-energy ball-milled activated carbon can indeed be related, and the main source can influence this relationship. When milling activated carbons from different sources, such as shell nut and bituminous coal, variations in surface area and amorphization can occur due to differences in their intrinsic properties.

Regarding your Antonio Ilderlânio de Sousa Leite observation, it's intriguing that while the shell nut activated carbon didn't increase in surface area, it exhibited some degree of amorphization post-milling. Conversely, the bituminous coal activated carbon maintained its graphitic structure but showed a doubling in surface area.

Firstly, changes in surface structure can indeed impact the surface area measured by the BET method. Amorphization, characterized by the disruption of the ordered carbon structure, can lead to the creation of new surface sites and defects, potentially increasing the measured surface area despite a reduction in crystallinity.

Secondly, it's plausible that amorphization could remove micropores, especially if the milling process is severe. Micropores are inherently part of the porous structure of activated carbon and contribute significantly to its surface area. Therefore, their removal could result in a decrease in measured surface area.

The influence of the main carbon source on these results is multifaceted. Differences in precursor materials can lead to variations in the initial structure and composition of the activated carbon. This variance can affect how the carbon responds to the milling process, impacting factors such as the extent of amorphization and the preservation of micropores. For instance, bituminous coal may have a more robust crystalline structure that resists amorphization, while shell nut-derived activated carbon may be more prone to structural changes.

In conclusion, the relationship between surface area and amorphization in high-energy ball-milled activated carbon is complex and influenced by factors such as the carbon source and the milling conditions. Understanding these relationships is crucial for tailoring activated carbon properties for specific applications.

Every time the CO2 concentrations rise by 10 ppm, the mean global temperature increases by 0.1 °C. A temperature rise of just one degree Celsius would also intensify extreme heat waves, which would become more frequent and last longer. This would in turn increase the risk of heat-related illnesses, which especially affect members of the most vulnerable populations. Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry totaled 37.15 billion metric tons (GtCO₂) in 2022. Without carbon dioxide, Earth's natural greenhouse effect would be too weak to keep the average global surface temperature above freezing. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. It has been estimated that 2,400 gigatons of CO₂ have been emitted by human activity since 1850, with some absorbed by oceans and land, and about 950 gigatons remaining in the atmosphere. The relationship between carbon emissions and the increase in Earth's temperature is complex and not directly quantifiable in terms of tons of carbon emissions per degree of temperature rise. The impact of carbon emissions on global warming depends on various factors, including the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, feedback loops, and the Earth's climate system.

decomposition? No

Follow the article

Yes you can by following paper

Dear friend Valeria Izeppi

Determining the sand content in soil aggregate fractions after wet sieving involves a meticulous approach to ensure accurate results, especially when these fractions are intended for further analysis.

To calculate the sand content of a fraction, subtracting the determined carbon content from the total weight of the fraction is not typically the correct approach. Instead, sand content is usually determined directly through methods specific to soil analysis.

One common method involves texture analysis, where the soil sample is dispersed and separated into different particle size fractions using sieves. The sand fraction, typically consisting of particles with diameters between 0.05 mm and 2 mm, is collected and weighed separately.

In some cases, determining sand content may involve post-carbon analysis adjustments, but this depends on the specific protocol followed. However, it's essential to ensure that the method used is well-documented and follows established procedures to maintain accuracy and consistency.

Literature on soil analysis may sometimes lack specific details on how sand content was determined for each fraction. In such cases, it's beneficial to refer to established methodologies or consult with experts in the field for clarification.

In summary, determining sand content in soil aggregate fractions after wet sieving involves a combination of sieving, weighing, and possibly additional analyses, with the specific method chosen based on the requirements of the study and established protocols in soil science.

Dr Ilan Kelman thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Chandan De thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The stored energy is released during periods of low energy generation with grid integration, ensuring continuous power supply and enhancing grid stability.

Your calculation of the combined electrode potential (E = E⁰_Zn -E⁰_Ag/AgCl) is correct

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The water cycle and the carbon cycle are intimately linked through their interactions within the biosphere, Earth's zone of life. Here's how:

This intricate dance between the water cycle, carbon cycle, and the biosphere is vital for life on Earth. It regulates climate, supports healthy ecosystems, and influences the long-term storage of carbon.

The interaction between the hydrosphere and biosphere plays a crucial role in moving water through the water cycle and connecting it with the carbon cycle. Here's how they interact, particularly concerning plants and algae:

Overall, the interaction between the hydrosphere and biosphere, particularly through the activities of plants and algae, plays a critical role in moving water through the water cycle and connecting it with the carbon cycle. Through processes such as transpiration, photosynthesis, and respiration, plants and algae influence the distribution, movement, and transformation of water and carbon within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, shaping ecosystem dynamics and global biogeochemical cycles.

In summary, cellular respiration is a key process in the carbon cycle, contributing to the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. It involves the conversion of organic carbon compounds into CO2, which can then be utilized by photosynthetic organisms to produce organic carbon again. This cycling of carbon through cellular respiration and photosynthesis helps regulate the global carbon balance and influences Earth's climate and ecosystems.

Greetings of the Day sir,

I presented one seminar on carbon-neutral farming and came across some insightful case studies. I am hereby recommending three case studies, Pls see. Hope, it will help you.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Biofuels can be a sustainable energy solution, particularly if produced from waste materials or dedicated energy crops grown sustainably. However, certain biofuel production methods can have varying impacts on carbon emissions:

In short, biofuels can be a sustainable energy solution depending on their production methods and feedstock sources, but careful consideration of their environmental impacts, particularly on carbon emissions, is necessary.

Biomass and biofuels derived from microalgae can be used in power production. Microalgae biofuels has high potential to replace fossil fuel for internal combustion engine. Electricity can be generated using microalgae in coal co-firing to mitigate greenhouse emission and reduce coal consumption. Algae-derived renewable diesels and jet fuels are drop-in fuels that directly replace petroleum fuels without modification of engines. They meet all the specifications for the petroleum fuel they replace. Algae cultivation on non-arable land allows it to produce biofuel while not competing with them for resources. Algae biofuel has many advantages over fossil fuels, including reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon emissions. Because algae use carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, algae biofuel is carbon neutral. The CO2 produced by burning the fuel is the same amount of CO2 that the algae took to grow and produce the fuel. This means that the net CO2 emission is zero, the same as if the algae had never been grown. Biofuels are said to be carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel is burned. This means it doesn't release any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Within the biospheric carbon cycle, bioenergy can be carbon neutral because the carbon that is released during combustion has previously been sequestered from the atmosphere and will be sequestered again as the plants regrow. Microalgae were found to be the largest renewable, clean energy resource with the potential to replace fossil fuels. Cultured microalgae in a photobioreactor could meet the biomass requirements for continuous biofuel generation in addition to repairing CO2 emissions and treating wastewater. It's estimated that under the right conditions, algae could produce up to 60 times more oil per acre than land-based plants. Since algae needs carbon dioxide to grow, it takes greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere, making it nearly carbon-neutral.

Respected Sir, Rk Naresh

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Hello, the microbial biodiversity in soil depends from geographical regions can variate more than 3000 type strains of microorganisms (what about non cultiveble forms?). The count of microorganisms highly variate from how deepest you can take the soil sample. The amount of microorgaanisms even with estimatin you can not calculate. Even if you try to calculate that the value that you receive will be far from reality. It will be samething lake X -+ 3000000%.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Respected Sir, Regenerative agriculture has the potential to sequester significant amounts of carbon in soils, contributing to climate change mitigation efforts. While it may not single-handedly stop or reverse global warming, widespread adoption of regenerative agriculture practices could play a meaningful role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Carbon recycling in ecosystems is crucial for maintaining ecosystem health and function. It helps regulate the carbon cycle, supports plant growth, improves soil fertility, and enhances ecosystem resilience to environmental stressors such as climate change. Therefore, promoting carbon recycling through practices like regenerative agriculture is essential for the long-term sustainability of both agricultural systems and natural ecosystems.

Respected Sir, Rk Naresh

· No-Till Farming: Minimizing soil disturbance by avoiding tillage helps preserve soil structure and organic matter, reducing carbon loss through erosion and decomposition.

· Cover Cropping: Planting cover crops during fallow periods provides living roots in the soil year-round, which enhances soil organic matter and microbial activity, leading to increased carbon sequestration.

· Crop Rotation: Rotating crops diversifies root systems and improves soil health, contributing to greater carbon storage in the soil.

· Agroforestry: Introducing trees and woody perennials into agricultural landscapes enhances carbon sequestration in both aboveground biomass and soil organic matter.

· Compost and Organic Amendments: Applying compost and other organic amendments increases soil fertility and carbon content, promoting carbon sequestration and improving soil structure.

· Managed Grazing: Rotational grazing practices optimize forage utilization and promote plant growth, which can enhance carbon sequestration in grassland soils.

Respected Sir, Soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture involves practices that enhance the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil. This is achieved by increasing organic matter inputs, promoting soil health, and reducing soil disturbance, leading to improved soil structure and microbial activity. Regenerative agriculture techniques include no-till farming, cover cropping, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the use of compost and organic amendments. Carbon farming, on the other hand, refers to agricultural practices specifically designed to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils. While carbon farming encompasses various approaches, including regenerative agriculture, it also includes practices such as afforestation (planting trees on agricultural land), reforestation, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. In summary, soil carbon sequestration through regenerative agriculture is a subset of carbon farming, focusing specifically on enhancing carbon storage in agricultural soils through sustainable farming practices. Carbon farming, meanwhile, encompasses a broader range of techniques aimed at sequestering carbon in both vegetation and soils across various land use types.

Dr Trung Thanh Anthony thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Crystallinity plays a crucial role in determining the catalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a promising metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst. The catalytic activity of g-C3N4 largely depends on its structural properties, including crystallinity, surface area, and electronic structure.

In summary, the enhanced catalytic activity of highly crystalline g-C3N4 can be attributed to improved charge separation, facilitated adsorption of reactants, extended π-conjugation, π-π interactions, and possible synergistic effects with other structural features. These factors collectively contribute to the efficient conversion of light energy into chemical energy and promote various catalytic reactions.

Dr Prem Baboo thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Basel Ahmed the reason is that each electrode material has different electrocatalytic efficiency and may also be due to different electroactive surface area. When you register a lower overpotential it means that less energy is required for the charge transfer reaction to occur. Therefore, the electrode where you have lower overpotential is more favorable for the reaction to occur.

In this paper we made some observations about this:

Regards!

Hi. This is some very basic information. There is a lot more to find with Google.

Clays - Assist in water retention but may also be ion-exchangers that help hold important metal ions required by plants.

Sand - Allows aeration which is required for healthy root development. Gives better drainage so soil doesn't become waterlogged.

Humic acids - an organic ion exchanger which plays a similar role to clays in that sense but has other effects.

Organic matter - Encourages diverse microbe population. This is important as it assists in preventing one type of microbe from becoming dominant. Also provides soluble organic nutrients for plants and can reduce the need for inorganic sources of nitrate and phosphate which can lead to excess sodium addition to soils.

Good Question

All of your questions (and more) will be answered in the lecture (1.5 hours) at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2H60ritjag

Dr Elaine Ingham's lecture is nearly 10 years old but it provides a solid grounding about how plants grow based on interaction with soil microbiota. Soil organic matter is fundamental.

i tried to help u by reading>>>

this is what i got:

Purifying carbon nanodots (C-dots) is crucial for obtaining high-quality samples. Dialysis tubing is a common method for purification, and the choice of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) plays a significant role. Let’s explore the options:

Remember that purification protocols can vary based on specific C-dot properties and intended applications. If possible, consult with experienced researchers in your field for personalized advice. Best of luck with your purification process! 🌟

· Carbon storage refers to the long-term retention of carbon in various natural or artificial reservoirs, where carbon remains stored over extended periods. These reservoirs can include terrestrial ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, and soils), oceans, geological formations (such as fossil fuels and carbonate rocks), and carbon-based products (such as wood products and building materials).

· Carbon storage encompasses both natural processes, such as the accumulation of organic matter in soils and the growth of vegetation in forests, as well as human activities, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that store CO2 emissions underground in geological formations.

· Carbon sequestration refers specifically to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or from industrial sources to prevent its release into the atmosphere, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change.

· Carbon sequestration can occur through natural processes, such as photosynthesis in plants, which absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and stores carbon in biomass and soils, as well as through human interventions, such as CCS technologies that capture CO2 emissions from industrial sources and inject them underground for long-term storage.

You have to check emission of carbon dot in cell culture media first, if it is ok then probably it has high negative surface charge which creates obstacle for interaction with the folate receptors overexpressed cell line. After confirmation, you can do suface modifications with amine terminated ligands. I think your problem may be solved.

Não esquecer que muitas vezes a fonte de energia provém de sistemas fósseis.

Dear friend Thoa Le

Absolutely, utilizing nickel salt solutions like nickel acetate tetrahydrate or nickel(II) chloride anhydrous for impregnating biomass-derived cellulose to synthesize Ni-doped carbon aerogel is indeed feasible. While Ni(NO3)2.6H2O is commonly employed, other nickel salts can also effectively facilitate the doping process.

When selecting a nickel salt solution, consider factors such as solubility, cost, and ease of handling. Nickel acetate tetrahydrate, for instance, is water-soluble and offers convenience in preparation, while nickel(II) chloride anhydrous, being hygroscopic, may require careful handling to prevent moisture absorption.

It's prudent to review literature in the field for guidance tailored to your specific application. Engaging with peers who have experience in synthesizing Ni-doped carbon aerogels can provide valuable insights and recommendations.

In summary, exploring alternative nickel salt solutions for impregnation aligns with your goal of synthesizing Ni-doped carbon aerogel from biomass-derived cellulose for supercapacitor applications. Conducting thorough research and seeking advice from knowledgeable individuals will aid in optimizing your synthesis process.

Md. Tanvir Hossain thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Electrochemical reduction in NO3- electrolyte was investigated for the hydrophily of carbon materials, which seem to be facile and effective. Please see Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 3581-3587; Journal of Power Sources

Volume 249, 1 March 2014, Pages 48-58.

Thanks for sharing. Wishing you every success in your task.

thank you Te.hmina Khan

Dear friend Khaled F. El-Nemr

Ah, JPDS [XRD] reference? That's a crucial piece to the puzzle when comparing XRD patterns for activated carbon derived from agricultural waste. Here's the scoop: you Khaled F. El-Nemr want to dig into the literature and find a JPDS (Journal of Powder Diffraction Standards) reference that aligns closely with the material you're working with.

Start by hitting the databases. Look for articles or papers that have thoroughly characterized activated carbon samples using XRD. Once you've got your hands on a promising reference, scrutinize it closely. Pay attention to the methodology, sample preparation techniques, and, most importantly, the XRD patterns.

Compare those patterns to the ones you've obtained for your activated carbon. Look for similarities, differences, peaks, and trends. This comparison will help you Khaled F. El-Nemr gauge the structural properties and crystallinity of your material in relation to the established standards.

Remember, precision is key. Ensure your measurements are accurate, and your comparisons are meticulous. With a solid JPDS reference in hand, you'll be well-equipped to analyze and interpret your XRD data with confidence.

To balance the chemical equation:

Co(NO3)2⋅6H2O+12Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O+C6H8O7→CoFe12O19+ProductsCo(NO3​)2​⋅6H2​O+12Fe(NO3​)3​⋅9H2​O+C6​H8​O7​→CoFe12​O19​+Products

Given the information about the number of oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) atoms on the reactant side, let's balance the equation:

The balanced equation is:

Co(NO3)2⋅6H2O+12Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O+C6H8O7→CoFe12O19+2Co(NO3)2+24Fe(NO3)3+3H2O+12CO2+6N2Co(NO3​)2​⋅6H2​O+12Fe(NO3​)3​⋅9H2​O+C6​H8​O7​→CoFe12​O19​+2Co(NO3​)2​+24Fe(NO3​)3​+3H2​O+12CO2​+6N2

I think you will find that this is the standard method described in water analysis compendia

Hello

The vacuum causes the water to boil at a lower temperature and evaporate

The connections in the vacuum cause no water to escape from the reaction vessel, so the water will remain as it is

During the reaction, you should see steam in the glass container

The broken yellow line with the distance indicator (6.2) looks like a simple distance monitor which you generate with a "measure" command, although I do not know how you generated the blue tubes around it. At 6.2Å, the Ca-Ca distance indicated by the broken line is far larger than the sum of the carbon Van der Waals radii (3.4Å). It is just about short enough that you might classify the contact as a solvent excluding contact (hydrophobic interaction)

Péter Gyarmati thank you for reply sir

Selvakrishnan Sankar Состав композита определяется назначением. Для чего композит предназначен? Тогда надо делать модель процесса и считать, что получится в каждом случае. Я всегда делаю материалы с заранее заданными свойствами.