Microorganisms - Science topic

Dr Safi Saad Turki thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Juan Eduardo Suarez Rivadeneira thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms are responsible for many different processes in the ecosystem such as nutrient cycling and nutrient production. In marine ecosystems many different microorganisms are responsible for photosynthesis which introduces carbon compounds into the lowest trophic level in those ecosystems. Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Micro organisms play a significant role in biodegradation of organic material in waste recycling. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. The most significant effect of the microbes on earth is their ability to recycle the primary elements that make up all living systems, especially carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (N). Primary production involves photosynthetic organisms which take up CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to organic (cellular) material. Beneficial soil microbes perform fundamental functions such as nutrient cycling, breaking down crop residues, and stimulating plant growth. While the role of microbes to maintain soil health and contribute to crop performance is clear, the soil biological component is extremely difficult to observe and manage. This is because microorganisms decompose dead organic waste of plants and animals converting them into simple substances. These substances are again used by other plants and animals. Thus, microorganisms can be used to degrade harmful and odourific substances and clean up the environment. Microorganisms recycle nutrients by decomposing the organic waste materials present in the dead and decaying materials of animals and plants, and also degrade the organic pollutants present in the industrial as well as municipal wastes. Microorganisms are the foundation of the biosphere. Without them, other life forms would not have evolved and could not exist. Microorganisms established the geochemical conditions on Earth that enabled evolution of plants and animals. Element recycling in ecosystems is a fundamental process, ensuring the sustainability of life by replenishing vital nutrients in the environment. This cycle establishes the delicate balance between growth, decay, and the constant renewal of life. Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose dead matter, they also respire and so release carbon dioxide to the environment, contributing to the carbon cycle.

Decomposers like bacteria and fungi decompose dead plants and animals and recycle chemical nutrients like carbon and nitrogen back into the soil, air and water. Recycling of nutrients is one of the most important aspects of an ecosystem. This makes the ecosystem self-sufficient. Decomposers break down the organic matter that is present in dead and decaying plants and animals into inorganic nutrients, which can then be used by plants. When plants and animals die, their nutrient content is not wasted. Bacteria and fungi decompose the remains and release the nutrients back into the abiotic environment. These nutrients are then taken up by other plants and used to make new organic material. The nutrient cycle is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment. This occurs as animals and plants consume nutrients found in the soil, and these nutrients are then released back into the environment via death and decomposition. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead organisms and other organic waste. They recycle materials from the dead organisms and waste back into the ecosystem. These recycled materials are used by the producers to remake organic compounds. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of micro biota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Nutrients consumed by plants and animals are returned to the environment after death and decomposition and the cycle continues. Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient recycling. They decompose organic matter to release nutrients. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. The role of nutrient cycles is in keeping the ecosystem in balance by storing nutrients for later use. Through nutrient cycling, living things communicate with the abiotic elements of their environment. a cycle is the most significant ecological process.

Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants, promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. Microbes increase soil fertility through nutrient recycling such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the recycling of elements by breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms. Without microbes, the earth would be filled with corpses. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. Bacteria constitute the foundation of all of Earth's ecosystems, being responsible for the degradation and recycling of essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Bacteria and fungi are responsible for most of the mineralization of organic matter in soils. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, and fungi are present in the soil. Bacteria and fungi present in the soil feed on dead plant and animal matter to form humus, which is rich in nutrients and makes the soil fertile. This is how microorganisms make the soil fertile.Soil fertility can be further improved by incorporating cover crops that add organic matter to the soil, which leads to improved soil structure and promotes a healthy, fertile soil; by using green manure or growing legumes to fix nitrogen from the air through the process of biological nitrogen fixation. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals.

Microorganisms play an important role in improving soil fertility and involved in all aspects of N cycling, including N2 fixation, nitrification, denitrification and ammonification. They decompose plant residues, soil organic matter and release inorganic nutrients that can then be taken up by plants. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms capture atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to ammonia which can be taken up by plants and used to make organic molecules. The nitrogen-containing molecules are passed to animals when the plants are eaten. Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Microbes are responsible for both production and destruction of foodstuffs and are a key element in reducing waste from spoilage. Some microorganisms can degrade plastics, toxins, and agricultural waste, but some convert excess fertilizer to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, act as decomposers as they break down the dead and decaying organisms into simpler nutrients that mix with the soil. These nutrients are absorbed by plants during photosynthesis. Beneficial microorganisms are naturally occurring bacteria, fungi, and other microbes that play a crucial role in plant productivity and health. Two types of beneficial microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria , are considered beneficial to plant health. Microorganisms are at the core of recycling and replenishing all primary and essential elements on earth, like carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. They have been found to metabolize and degrade natural and most synthetic compounds. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation.

Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. This is because microorganisms decompose dead organic waste of plants and animals converting them into simple substances. These substances are again used by other plants and animals. Thus, microorganisms can be used to degrade harmful and odourific substances and clean up the environment. They increase soil fertility by incorporating air, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. They contribute in increasing plant growth by providing essential elements, minerals that plants cannot utilize by their Owen. Microorganisms decompose organic matter to simpler form that can be easily uptake by plants. Bacteria help fix the atmospheric nitrogen with the help of nitrogenase enzyme and increase the nitrogen content in the soil. It is referred to as Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria. Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Decomposition by soil organisms is at the center of the transformation and cycling of nutrients through the environment. Decomposition liberates carbon and nutrients from the complex material making up life forms-putting them back into biological circulation so they are available to plants and other organisms. The soil organisms that are responsible for most nutrient cycling are bacteria. Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that play very important roles as decomposers within an ecosystem.

Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient recycling. They decompose organic matter to release nutrients. The microbes that work in the recycling role use the organic carbon in the organic matter as an energy source. Soil microorganisms directly influence plant growth by forming a mutual (symbiotic) or pathogenic relationship with the roots and, through the free-living microorganisms (non-symbiotic) that are indirectly capable of switching the rate of nutrient supply to plants. The nutrient cycle is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment. This occurs as animals and plants consume nutrients found in the soil, and these nutrients are then released back into the environment via death and decomposition. Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Micro organisms play a significant role in biodegradation of organic material in waste recycling. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of micro biota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. More generally, microbes convert nutrients into different forms that can cycle through different parts of the ecosystem. Without microbes, the earth would be filled with corpses. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. Carbon Cycle Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. Nitrogen Cycle In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites.Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient recycling. They decompose organic matter to release nutrients. They are also important to trap and transform nutrients into the soil, which can be taken up by plant roots. Nutrient cycling rate depends on various biotic, physical and chemical factors. Microorganisms have several vital roles in ecosystems: decomposition, oxygen production, evolution, and symbiotic relationships. Decomposition is where dead animal or plant matter is broken down into more basic molecules.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Upon the death of plants and animals, microbes assume a dominant role in carbon cycle. The dead tissues are degraded and transformed into microbial cells and humus or soil organic fraction. Further decomposition of these materials leads to the production of CO2 and once again it is recycled.Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drive the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms are responsible for making up numerous transformations, which changes plant nutrients to readily available forms and make and stabilize desirable soil structure for luxuriant plant growth Phosphorus Solubilizing bacteria and fungi play an important role in converting insoluble phosphatic compound. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots.

The rhizosphere serves as the microbial seed bank where microorganisms transform organic and inorganic substances in the rhizosphere into accessible plant nutrients as plants harbor diverse microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and protists among others. Organisms found in the rhizosphere include bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, nematodes, protozoa, algae, viruses, archaea, and arthropods. Rhizosphere include the use of plant growth-promoting organisms and the suppression of plant diseases and weeds using biocontrol agents. Rhizosphere organisms can also be used to enhance the formation of stable soil aggregates and as bioremediation agents of contaminated soils. The bacterial alpha-diversity in the rhizosphere compared to the bulk soil in terms of observed species richness (−5.3%), Shannon's diversity index (−0.9%), and Faith's phylogenetic diversity (−3.7%). Rhizosphere organisms can also be used to enhance the formation of stable soil aggregates and as bioremediation agents of contaminated soils. Decomposers (fungi, bacteria, invertebrates such as worms and insects) have the ability to break down dead organisms into smaller particles and create new compounds. We use decomposers to restore the natural nutrient cycle through controlled composting. Decomposers are the link that keeps the circle of life in motion. Decomposers or saprotrophs recycle dead plants and animals into chemical nutrients like carbon and nitrogen that are released back into the soil, air and water. Decomposers play a critical role in recycling nutrients within an ecosystem, including agricultural rows like crops. They act as nature's recyclers, breaking down dead organic matter (plants, animals, and waste) into simpler forms usable by other organisms.

Microorganisms play a significant role in breaking down organic matter quickly. The process in which helpful bacteria and vermin, such as red worms, recycle matter into fresh soil is composting. The decomposers, nutrients get added back to the soil or water, so the producers can use them to grow and reproduce. Micro organisms play a significant role in biodegradation of oil in the marine ecosystem. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Microorganisms play a significant role in breaking down organic matter quickly. The process in which helpful bacteria and vermin, such as red worms, recycle matter into fresh soil is composting. Bacteria change the soil environment so that certain plant species can exist and proliferate. Where new soil is forming, certain photosynthetic bacteria start to colonize the soil, recycling nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and other soil nutrients to produce the first organic matter. Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient recycling. They decompose organic matter to release nutrients. They are also important to trap and transform nutrients into the soil, which can be taken up by plant roots. Nutrient cycling rate depends on various biotic, physical and chemical factors.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers. When plants and animals die, their nutrient content is not wasted. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Micrororganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi decompose dead plants and animals and recycle chemical nutrients like carbon and nitrogen back into the soil, air and water.

Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. Bacteria of decay, which convert decaying nitrogen waste to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates/nitrites. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Bacteria change the soil environment so that certain plant species can exist and proliferate. Where new soil is forming, certain photosynthetic bacteria start to colonize the soil, recycling nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and other soil nutrients to produce the first organic matter. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants, promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants.

Hello!

Ahmad Asim is of course right. I am able to give some further information about the role of microbes in remediation of contaminated sites. Some bacteria like Dehalococcoides are used for degrading chlorinated solvents in the environment due to their ability to reductive dechlorinate these chemicals. The remediation technique using these microbes was developed nearly 30 years ago and has been a standard method since in several countries, a much cheaper method than conventional remediation methods like pump and treat or dig and dump.

In addition we always have to think about sustainability, the whole impact of remediation to the environment, social acceptance and the fact that someone has to pay for it, and here we see the greatest advantages of microbes as allies in our task to remediate contaminated sites. They are effective when used right, and they are cheap.

We have always to think about the natural functions of soil and how we are able to restore them. If we have some time we always are able to use natural methods, like bacterial degreadation or degradation via plants, funghi or a natural combination. If we look at PFAS, which is our new challenga we see groups all over the world now in search of organisms that are able to split the carbon-fluorine bond.

It would really be a nice christmas gift for the world when we discover some bacteria which are able to tackle PFAS.

In conclusion there will mostly be a natural solution to e remediation task. Think about bacteria and funghi when it comes to organic pollutants and plants when you have a problem with metals.

best regards

Volker Kelm

Dr Rohit Kumar thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Rk Naresh

Living organisms, including plants, microbes, insects, and earthworms, play crucial roles in improving soil fertility and promoting climate-resilient agriculture. Here's how they contribute, with a focus on the role of microorganisms in the formation of soil organic matter:

1. Nutrient Cycling: Living organisms participate in nutrient cycling processes, whereby organic matter is decomposed, nutrients are released, and nutrient-rich residues are recycled back into the soil. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are primary drivers of decomposition, breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms that can be readily taken up by plants. This nutrient cycling process enhances soil fertility by replenishing essential nutrients necessary for plant growth and productivity.

2. Soil Structure and Aggregation: Soil organisms, particularly earthworms and soil-dwelling insects, contribute to soil structure and aggregation. Earthworms ingest organic matter and soil particles, mixing them together in their digestive systems before excreting nutrient-rich casts on the soil surface. These casts improve soil structure, porosity, and water infiltration, creating a conducive environment for plant root growth and nutrient uptake.

3. Formation of Soil Organic Matter: Microorganisms play a central role in the formation of soil organic matter (SOM), which is a key component of soil fertility and resilience. Through the decomposition of plant residues and other organic materials, microorganisms transform complex organic compounds into stable organic matter fractions that persist in the soil over time. This process, known as humification, results in the accumulation of SOM, which improves soil structure, water retention, nutrient cycling, and overall soil fertility.

4. Nutrient Fixation and Transformation: Certain microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, contribute to nutrient fixation and transformation processes in the soil. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms, enhancing nitrogen availability for crop growth. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots, extending their nutrient-absorbing capacity and facilitating the uptake of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from the soil.

5. Disease Suppression and Pest Control: Soil organisms, including beneficial microbes and predatory insects, contribute to disease suppression and pest control in agroecosystems. Beneficial microorganisms, such as certain species of bacteria and fungi, produce antibiotics and other compounds that inhibit the growth of plant pathogens, reducing the incidence of diseases. Predatory insects, such as predatory mites and nematodes, feed on pest species, helping to regulate pest populations and minimize crop damage.

In climate-resilient agriculture, harnessing the power of living organisms, particularly microorganisms, is essential for building and maintaining soil fertility, enhancing nutrient cycling, and promoting ecosystem resilience in the face of climate variability and change. By integrating soil management practices that support diverse and active soil microbial communities, farmers can enhance soil health, improve crop productivity, and sustainably manage agroecosystems for future generations.

Rk Naresh

Microorganisms play vital roles in forming soils, recycling nutrients, and maintaining soil fertility. Here's why they are important and their specific roles in the nitrogen cycle:

1. Soil Formation: Microorganisms are crucial agents in the initial stages of soil formation. Through their metabolic activities, particularly the breakdown of organic matter, they contribute to the weathering of rocks and minerals, aiding in the process of soil formation over time. Microbial communities also help to create soil structure by producing organic compounds that bind soil particles together, thus enhancing soil stability and fertility.

2. Nutrient Recycling: Microorganisms are key players in the decomposition of organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, into simpler compounds. This decomposition process releases essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, back into the soil, making them available for uptake by plants. By recycling nutrients, microorganisms contribute to the overall fertility and productivity of soils.

3. Nitrogen Fixation: Some microorganisms, particularly certain species of bacteria and archaea, have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) through a process called nitrogen fixation. This ammonia can then be further converted into other forms of nitrogen, such as nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+), which are readily usable by plants. Nitrogen fixation by microorganisms is essential for ensuring a continuous supply of nitrogen in ecosystems, as atmospheric nitrogen is otherwise unavailable to most organisms.

4. Nitrification: Nitrification is the process by which certain bacteria oxidize ammonium (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2-) and then to nitrate (NO3-). This conversion of ammonium to nitrate is important because nitrate is the primary form of nitrogen that plants uptake for growth and development. Nitrifying bacteria contribute to soil fertility by converting ammonium, which is often the result of organic matter decomposition or nitrogen fixation, into a form that is readily available to plants.

5. Denitrification: Denitrification is the microbial process where nitrate (NO3-) is converted back into atmospheric nitrogen (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) by certain bacteria under anaerobic conditions. While denitrification reduces the availability of nitrogen for plants, it is crucial for maintaining nitrogen balance in ecosystems and preventing nitrogen runoff into water bodies, which can lead to eutrophication and other environmental problems.

Overall, microorganisms are essential for soil formation, nutrient recycling, and maintaining soil fertility, particularly through their roles in the nitrogen cycle. Their activities support the health and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems and are integral to sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation efforts.

Dr Steven Cooke thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Nharmadhaa Manickam 1) The problem is that there are many microorganisms inside the plants too. Only plants grown in vitro from meristema can be accepted as free from such microbes. 2) Any antiseptic will affect plant tissues mush more than microbes. 3) Microbiota characterisation before PGPR application is the possible way of working with non-sterile plants.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Soil microbes can break down plant organic matter to carbon dioxide or convert it to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds. This leads either to long-term carbon storage, because DOC can bind to soil particles, or to the release of carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose. dead matter, they also respire. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Soil organisms, including micro-organisms, use soil organic matter as food. As they break down the organic matter, any excess nutrients (N, P and S) are released into the soil in forms that plants can use. This release process is mineralization.

Dr Abdelhak Maghchiche thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Fungi and bacteria break down organic matter in dead plants and animals, converting it to simple soluble minerals, water, and gases. Later these are then released into the soil, water bodies, and air.Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Microorganisms recycle nutrients by decomposing the organic waste materials present in the dead and decaying materials of animals and plants, and also degrade the organic pollutants present in the industrial as well as municipal wastes. Without microbes, the earth would be filled with corpses. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers. Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals.

Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your community, the economy, and the environment. Products should only be recycled if they cannot be reduced or reused. Recycling is the process of collection and conversion of waste into useful and new products. Recycling is done to minimize the pollution and the waste generated. It helps in the converse the environment. Microorganisms and fungi break down wood and return carbon to the biogeochemical cycles. If these organisms become absent, carbon would accumulate in the wood, where it could not be recycled into the environment. The fixation of nitrogen is dependent on microorganisms mostly through biological nitrogen fixation. Microbes and fungi decompose dead animals, plants and matter. When they do so, they release carbon dioxide into the air due to respiration and contribute to the carbon cycle. In the soil and ocean there are certain microbes that have the ability to convert ammonia into nitrites. This contributes to the nitrogen cycle. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Plants absorb carbon from the environment in photosynthesis and return it in respiration. Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants; they release carbon in respiration. Micrororganisms return carbon to the environment when they decompose dead plants and animals. Bacteria play a central role: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. Bacteria of decay, which convert decaying nitrogen waste to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates/nitrites. Microorganisms play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.

Dr Ania Isandra thank you for your contribution to the discussion

I'm not sure this would really be viewed as unethical, but I would consider it a inappropriate were I to receive such a communication.

However it would be fine if you sent the references and just said you were sending because you thought these publications might be of interest to them. They can then choose whether or not to cite them.

Microorganisms play both the role in the carbon cycle, contributing to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) through decay and decomposition, and the reduction of carbon buildup through processes such as carbon sequestration. Through decomposition, microorganisms break down organic matter, releasing carbon stored within it back into the atmosphere as CO2. On the other hand, certain microbes facilitate carbon sequestration by forming symbiotic relationships with plants, fixing atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules through photosynthesis, and stabilizing carbon in soil organic matter or biochar. Additionally, engineered microbes are being explored for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, offering potential solutions to mitigate climate change by capturing CO2 from the atmosphere or industrial emissions and converting it into stable forms for long-term storage. Harnessing the capabilities of these diverse microorganisms presents promising avenues for addressing carbon emissions and reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.

decomposition? No

Dr Nicky Hetherington thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Victor Manuel Moya Iglesias thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Although horizontal gene transfer is well known in microorganism, however it has been observed in plants but less common compared to microorganisms. It can occur between different plant species or even between plants and microorganisms. For example, there is evidence of genes related to nitrogen fixation being transferred between plants and bacteria.

Prescribing different costly ophthalmic antibiotics for conjunctivitis instead of a povidone iodine preparation depends on various factors, including the nature of the infection, patient factors, and healthcare provider preferences. Here are some potential advantages of using ophthalmic antibiotics over povidone iodine for treating .conjunctivitis,Targeted Antibiotic Therapy,Rapid Symptom Relief, Prevention of Complications, Reduced Risk of Allergic Reactions, Preservation of Normal Flora, Convenience and Ease of Use, Guidelines and Clinical Practice, While ophthalmic antibiotics may be more costly than povidone iodine preparations, their targeted antimicrobial activity, rapid symptom relief, and potential to prevent complications justify their use in certain cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.

You also can get proteins that can sequester the antibiotics.

Yes, we can see microorganisms in the intestine using techniques such as microscopy and staining methods, but these are typically used in research settings rather than for routine monitoring of intestinal flora in individuals.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are increasingly being used to analyze microbiome data, which includes the diverse community of microorganisms living in our intestines. Researchers are developing AI algorithms to help identify and classify the different types of microorganisms present in the gut, including beneficial and harmful species. This can provide valuable insights into how the microbiome affects human health and may lead to personalized interventions to improve gut health. However, the technology is still evolving, and more research is needed to fully understand and utilize AI in this context.

you can use cutadapt or prinseqlite in bash terminal, these are having quality trimming options.

Hello, the microbial biodiversity in soil depends from geographical regions can variate more than 3000 type strains of microorganisms (what about non cultiveble forms?). The count of microorganisms highly variate from how deepest you can take the soil sample. The amount of microorgaanisms even with estimatin you can not calculate. Even if you try to calculate that the value that you receive will be far from reality. It will be samething lake X -+ 3000000%.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Rk Naresh

1) Selecting a hypervariable region is crucial in quantifying bacterial community from 16S rRNA gene copy abundance. No single region can accurately quantify all bacterial phyla present in an environmental sample. The choice of region (e.g., V3 or V9) depends on the specific bacterial phyla being targeted.

For example, if you are interested in quantifying the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in a soil sample using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, you may choose the V4 hypervariable region. However, if your focus shifts to Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, the V1-V2 region might be more suitable. The choice of hypervariable region depends on the bacterial phyla you want to target for accurate quantification in your environmental sample.

2) Why select a specific region from the 16S rRNA gene? Many sequencing platforms, such as Illumina, lack the capability to sequence the entire length of the 16S rRNA gene (~1500 bp). However, PacBio currently shows promise in overcoming this limitation.

3) Different bacterial species have varying numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies per genome. This can lead to discrepancies in quantification when using 16S rRNA sequencing as a measure of microbial abundance.

For example; There is a variable 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Escherichia coli typically has about 7 copies of the 16S rRNA gene per genome, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis has only one copy. If both species are present in a microbial community and are quantified solely based on 16S rRNA sequencing, the higher copy number in E. coli might lead to an overestimation of its abundance compared to M. tuberculosis, even if their actual abundance in the sample is similar.

4) Identifying a single perfect conserved region in the 16S rRNA gene that would enable PCR primer design to capture the entire bacterial diversity is not feasible. The process of PCR amplification (nature of PCR primer), which is commonly used in 16S rRNA sequencing, can introduce biases. Certain bacterial taxa may be preferentially amplified over others, leading to inaccurate quantification.

For example; the 16S rRNA primer set, 515F/806R primer pair, was designed to amplify a broad range of bacterial taxa. However, it has been shown to have biases towards Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, while underrepresenting others like Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia.

5) It is difficult to establish universal standards for calibrating 16S rRNA sequencing data to absolute microbial abundance due to the complexities of microbial communities and variations in DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing protocols.

For example, one laboratory might employ a method that efficiently lyses certain bacterial cell types, resulting in higher DNA yield, while another laboratory might use a different method that is less effective for lysing those same cells (especially when working with marine sediments). Consequently, variations in DNA extraction efficiency can lead to differences in the amount of DNA extracted from microbial samples, affecting the accuracy and reproducibility of microbial abundance estimates obtained through 16S rRNA sequencing.

Hope this helps.

Soil microbial metabolism boosts plant nutrition by converting recalcitrant forms of N, P, and S to forms that are more bioavailable for plant uptake. Beneficial microorganisms have been shown to play a role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation, organic wastes and residues decomposition, detoxification of pesticides, suppression of plant diseases and soil-borne pathogens, enhancement of nutrient cycling, and production of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, hormones. As microorganisms help break down organic matter, they release essential nutrients and carbon dioxide into the soil, fix nitrogen and help transform nutrients into mineral forms that plants can use through a process of mineralization. The beneficial interactions of these microbes with the plants include the nutrients supply to crops, plant growth stimulation, producing phytohormones, biocontrol of phytopathogens, improving soil structure, bioaccumulation of inorganic compounds, and bioremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Minerals provide energy and nutrients to support microbial growth and functions. Microbes affect dissolution, transformation and formation of minerals through metabolic activities. These interactions between minerals and microbes substantially determine the habitability of the Earth. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. Soil microbes play an essential role in the environment by contributing to the release of key nutrients from primary minerals that are required not only for their own nutrition but also for that of plants. Microorganisms increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, or they can supply it directly to the plant, as they have the ability to take and set nitrogen from the atmosphere. Thanks to microorganisms, there is an increase in the bioavailability of phosphorus in the soil. The soil microbial population releases exoenzymes (1), which depolymerize the dead organic matter (2). The microbial decomposers assimilate the monomers (3) and either mineralize these into inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide or ammonium (4) or use the monomers for their biosynthetic needs. The conversion of the organic form of nitrogen into inorganic form by heterotrophic soil microorganisms are termed as nitrogen mineralization. In contrast, the transformation of readily available inorganic form into bound organic form is immobilization. Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover.

Soil microorganisms can be grouped into bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and nematodes. Apart from the dead plant or animal residues in soils, SOM is composed of a significant content of living microorganisms and their dead fractions. Soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, perform vital ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, and form symbiotic relationships with plants. N-deposition can alter soil microbial community structure and function in multiple ways. Microorganisms help to generate oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as fix atmospheric nitrogen into useable forms for multiple organisms. They also help animals ingest food by being part of the gut microbiome. Some species of microbe are symbiotic in nature. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Bacteria increase soil fertility through nutrient recycling such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Bacteria also help in the decomposition of dead organic matter and then give out simple compounds in the soil, which can be used up by plants. Soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, perform vital ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, and form symbiotic relationships with plants. N-deposition can alter soil microbial community structure and function in multiple ways.

Dr Harsh Sable thank you for your contribution to the discussion

That sounds like an exciting field! Here are some steps you can take to find a postdoctoral position in microscopy and physics of microorganisms:

By following these steps and leveraging your expertise in microscopy and physics, you can increase your chances of securing a rewarding postdoctoral position in this exciting field of research.

l Perhaps this protocol list can give us more information to help solve the problem.

Dr Asif Raheem thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Witold Stachowiak thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Rhizosphere microorganisms, teeming around plant roots, are unseen allies in both agriculture

and environmental health. Let's delve into their importance:

Agriculture Benefits:

● Nutrient Powerhouse: These microbes act as decomposers, breaking down organic matter

in the soil and releasing essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that

plants readily absorb, promoting healthy growth [1].

● Plant Protectors: Some rhizosphere bacteria are warriors against pathogens! They can

suppress the growth of harmful soilborne fungi and bacteria, safeguarding plants from

disease [2].

● Growth Promoters: Certain microbes produce growth hormones that directly stimulate plant

growth and root development [2].

● Stress Resilience: Plants under stress from drought or salinity can benefit from interactions

with rhizosphere microbes that help them tolerate these harsh conditions [3].

Environmental Champions:

● Nutrient Cycling: Rhizosphere microorganisms play a pivotal role in cycling nutrients within

the ecosystem. By decomposing organic matter, they return nutrients back to the soil, making

them available for plants and maintaining soil fertility [1].

● Soil Health Guardians: A healthy rhizosphere microbiome contributes to good soil structure,

improves water infiltration, and enhances soil aggregation, all crucial for preventing erosion

and maintaining a healthy environment [3].

Microbial Communities and Soil Health:

The diversity and abundance of microbial communities in the soil are key indicators of soil

health. A rich and balanced microbial community translates to a more fertile and productive soil.

These microbes perform numerous vital functions:

● Decomposition: As mentioned earlier, they break down organic matter, releasing nutrients

for plants and contributing to the soil's carbon cycle [1].

● Nutrient Transformation: They convert nutrients from unavailable forms to plant-usable

ones, optimizing nutrient use efficiency in the ecosystem [2].

● Soil Structure: Microbial activity helps create a crumbly soil structure, promoting aeration,

drainage, and water infiltration [3]

Dr Asif Khan thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Thank you for your question.

It is because, these living beings are omnipresent in various ecosystems. Thanks to their biological activity, they contribute to several dimensions.

They maintain biodiversity by their very existence, they are useful for obtaining organic matter, fixing nitrogen and enabling the process of respiration and plant nutrition (photosynthesis).

They are also the guarantors of the health of various living organisms, regulating the intestinal flora of animals including humans, boosting digestion and immunity, and helping to produce enzymes and useful vitamins.

And let's not forget that microorganisms are also responsible for restoring the ecological balance by biodegrading or decomposing waste, fixing atmospheric nitrogen and depolluting soils - in short, they ensure air, water and soil quality. In other words, they contribute to food security throughout the planet.

Microorganisms are the tiny powerhouses of the soil world, playing a vital role in keeping it healthy and fertile. Here's how they contribute:

Microbiological activities significantly impact soil structure:

In essence, a healthy and diverse community of microorganisms is essential for maintaining a healthy soil structure, which directly translates to healthy plant growth and a thriving ecosystem.

Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic bacteria, including spirochetes and Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci and rods. Many microorganisms affect anaerobic digestion, including acetic acid-forming bacteria and methane-forming archaea. These organisms promote a number of chemical processes in converting the biomass to biogas. Gaseous oxygen is excluded from the reactions by physical containment.Anaerobic bacteria include diverse species that can grow at environmental extremes of temperature, pH, salinity, substrate toxicity, or available free energy. The first evolved archaebacterial and eubacterial species appear to have been anaerobes adapted to high temperatures. Methanogens are an important group of microorganisms for several reasons, the most important being their ability to process organic matter to methane. Methanogenic bacteria are used in anaerobic decomposition of wastewater, as a part of the wastes treatment system. To ensure proper maintenance, alkalinity can be added at the beginning of the digestion batch. Alkaline additives include sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia.

Dr Prem Baboo thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Arne Andersen thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Soil bacteria form micro aggregates in the soil by binding soil particles together with their secretions. These micro aggregates are like the building blocks for improving soil structure. Improved soil structure increases water infiltration and increases water holding capacity of the soil. Microorganisms increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, or they can supply it directly to the plant, as they have the ability to take and set nitrogen from the atmosphere. Beneficial soil microbes perform fundamental functions such as nutrient cycling, breaking down crop residues, and stimulating plant growth. While the role of microbes to maintain soil health and contribute to crop performance is clear, the soil biological component is extremely difficult to observe and manage. Soil microbial communities extend various ecosystem services, and they are capable of improving soil fertility, increase plant tolerance toward biotic and abiotic stresses, increase crop productivity, and take part in nutrient cycling.

Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Microorganisms regulate soil properties and fertility through different pathways: (1) microbes can activate soil nutrients and promote their availability; (2) nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve soil fertility by transforming the nitrogen elements; (3) the extracellular secretions of microbes. Plant microbiomes are agriculturally important bioresources for agriculture as beneficial microbes may enhance plant growth and improve plant nutrition uptake through solubilization of P, K, and Zn, nitrogen fixation, and other mechanisms including siderophore production. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Free-living microbes including filamentous fungi of the genus Trichoderma and a variety of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are able to suppress soil-borne plant pathogens and to stimulate plant growth by different direct or indirect mechanisms, such as production of phytohormones, and mycoparasitism. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. These microbes may reside in rhizosphere and promote plant growth. Soil microorganism also contributes to a wide range of application in sustainability of all ecosystems. These microbes reg- ulate nutrient cycling, regulation of dynamic of soil organic matter, and enhance efficiency of nutrient acquisition.

Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Micro organisms play a significant role in biodegradation of organic material in waste recycling. Microbial action on dead organic matter releases nutrients in the soil thus raising the fertility status of the soil. Diazotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria like Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Nostoc, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, etc. Decomposers (fungi, bacteria, invertebrates such as worms and insects) have the ability to break down dead organisms into smaller particles and create new compounds. We use decomposers to restore the natural nutrient cycle through controlled composting. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Bacteria increase soil fertility through nutrient recycling such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Bacteria also help in the decomposition of dead organic matter and then give out simple compounds in the soil, which can be used up by plants. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Process of recycling of nutrients by chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria: These bacteria make a great contribution to the recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur. For obtaining energy they oxidize inorganic materials. Microorganisms abound in the soil and are critical to decomposing organic residues and recycling soil nutrients. Bacteria are the smallest and most hardy microbe in the soil and can survive under harsh conditions like tillage. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots.

Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Bioremediation can be carried out using bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. Microbes possess the ability to degrade a large group of pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, etc. This bacterium uses the free oxygen within the water to degrade the pollutants in the wastewater and then converts it into energy that it can use to grow and reproduce. For this type of bacteria to be used correctly, it must have oxygen added mechanically. In these processes, bacteria, fungi, molds, protozoa, actinomycetes, and other saprophytic organisms feed upon decaying organic materials initially, while in the later stages of decomposition mites, millipedes, centipedes, springtails, beetles and earthworms further breakdown and enrich the composting materials. Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants to break down, change, remove, immobilize, or detoxify various physical and chemical pollutants in the environment. Microorganisms are used to break down organic waste. These micro-organisms use the wastes as a source of food and energy to develop and reproduce. You got it, bacteria are the heart of the process and finally, a wastewater treatment plant represents a small farm where micro-organisms are cultivated on a large scale. Microbial decomposition of natural waste also renders organic compounds and minerals bioavailable for growing crops effectively aiding in crop production. Fungi and bacteria eliminate pathogens and effectively accelerate the degradation process. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter.

Dr Lucy George thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Urol Nomozov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Urol Nomozov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Senthilmurgan Palanisamy thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Oleg Novikov thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Mohammadjavad Vahidi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms with complex nutritional requirements are often referred to as fastidious microorganisms. These organisms have specific and intricate nutritional needs, requiring precise conditions for growth. Examples include certain bacteria and fungi.

Microbial communities play a crucial role in soil health and agriculture. Beneficial microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and disease suppression. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nutrient uptake, while nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants. Maintaining a diverse and balanced microbial community in soil is essential for sustainable agriculture and crop productivity.

bacterial growth depends on bacterial species as mesophiles or thermophiles so as provision of nutrients requisite towards genes inherent in microbes

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Abdulridha Taha Sarhan thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microrganismos, como leveduras e algas, podem produzir biocombustíveis, como etanol e biodiesel, como alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis. Célula de dessalinização microbiana s. A Célula de Dessalinização Microbiana é moderna e inovadora e tem muito potencial, a tecnologia é capaz de produzir água potável sustentável utilizando a energia obtida no metabolismo de bactérias eletroativas quando a matéria orgânica é degradada. A investigação em genómica microbiana e em biotecnologia microbiana é fundamental para avanços na segurança alimentar, segurança alimentar, biotecnologia, produtos de valor acrescentado, nutrição humana e alimentos funcionais, protecção de plantas e animais, e para o aprofundamento da investigação fundamental nas ciências agrícolas. o uso de bactérias para produzir antibióticos e outros produtos farmacêuticos, o uso de leveduras para produzir alimentos e bebidas e o uso de fungos para decompor matéria orgânica em aterros sanitários. Na agricultura, a intervenção microbiana tem sido útil para alcançar maior produtividade com sustentabilidade na agricultura através do aumento da fertilidade do solo por diferentes mecanismos, como fixação de nitrogênio, disponibilidade de nutrientes essenciais para as plantas (P, K), decomposição e reciclagem de resíduos (industriais, A participação de microrganismos na geração de produtos ou serviços médicos envolve quatro aspectos distintos: 1. Biocontrole de doenças, 2. produção de vacinas, 3. produção de antibióticos, e 4. produção de bioterápicos (hormônios, biomateriais e outros).

Traditional methods for quantification of microorganisms rely on counting serially diluted plates assays (bacteria), direct counting by optical microscopy chambers (bacteria and protozoa), transmission electron microscopy (viruses), plaque assays (viruses and bacteria), endpoint dilution and hem agglutination assays. viable, plate count method and spectrophotometric (turbid metric) analysis. The number of visible colonies (CFU) present on an agar plate can be multiplied by the dilution factor to provide the CFU/ml value. Methods for counting the bacteria, measuring wet or dry mass, and measuring turbidity. equipment and supplies to conduct at least one of these experiments

1. Observing bacteria directly

2. Measuring wet OR dry mass

3. Measuring Turbidity

Foolowing link is usefull for quantifying bacteria

Dear Dr. Robert Adolf Brinzer,

Thanks for your answer. For me, there is no problem with contamination of the solution. I just wanted to have an idea about the structure because I was very curious about why this mushroom-like structure could form in nickel solution and whether this structure could be used for any material field. I think a fatty component was accidentally mixed into the nickel solution, which is why the structure was formed.

You could try direct microscopic count using Petroff-Hausser counting chamber slide. Viable count can be done.

do you wish to obtain/separate the entire mycelial mass?

Dr Roschel Sumalinog thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Sunil Meghwanshi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Most packaged beverages are pasteurized before sealing in their containers. This means contaminating microorganisms usually are introduced after product manufacture through damage to the packaging.

@ RK, humus is nothing but dark organic materials present in soil after the decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms. Microorganisms has a great role in waste disposal and composting. Generally, they decompose organic waste materials including organic pollutants . They are also very active in compost pit and responsible for organic matter breakdown as chemical decomposers as they use chemicals in their bodies to breakdown organic matter.

Some suggestions for you:

Particle Definitions- Verify accurate definitions for all particles in terms of sizes, charges, masses, and other properties.

Physics Settings- Confirm inclusion of relevant physics interfaces (Fluid Flow, Electric Fields, Particle Tracing) with proper configuration for particle sizes.

Force Calculation- Check expressions for drag force, electric force, etc., ensuring correct definitions of variables and parameters.

Solver Settings- Adjust solver settings, focusing on the time-stepping method, time step size, and tolerance values. Smaller time steps may enhance accuracy.

Initial Conditions- Provide precise initial conditions for particles, including positions and velocities.

Meshing- Ensure a well-defined mesh with appropriate settings and resolution to capture particle behavior.

Check for Errors- Review solver logs and error messages for insights into convergence issues.

Documentation and Tutorials- Refer to COMSOL documentation and tutorials, specifically for Particle Tracing in Fluid Flow.

Contact COMSOL Support- If issues persist, reach out to COMSOL support for personalized assistance.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms play a vital role in the cycling of nutrients within marine ecosystems [3]. Their functions include decomposing organic matter, nitrogen fixation, carbon conversion, and nutrient recycling, all contributing to the overall vitality and productivity of the ecosystem. Because of their capacity for rapid growth, marine microorganisms are a major component of global nutrient cycles. Understanding what controls their distributions and their diverse suite of nutrient transformations is a major challenge facing contemporary biological oceanographers. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots. The microbial remineralization of labile carbon to its inorganic form is globally important because it diverts carbon from the biological carbon pump, reducing net community production and influencing air–sea CO2 fluxes. During the decomposition process, microorganisms convert the carbon structures of fresh residues into transformed carbon products in the soil. There are many different types of organic molecules in soil. Some are simple molecules that have been synthesized directly from plants or other living organisms. The most significant effect of the microbes on earth is their ability to recycle the primary elements that make up all living systems, especially carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (N). Primary production involves photosynthetic organisms which take up CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to organic material. The type of organism that recycles nutrients in a food web is decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Decomposers are organisms that consume dead or decaying matter and recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are examples of decomposers.

Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and archaea, perform vital ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, and form symbiotic relationships with plants. Soil microbes can break down plant organic matter to carbon dioxide or convert it to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds. This leads either to long-term carbon storage, because DOC can bind to soil particles, or to the release of carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The soil fertility improving functions of soil microorganisms include release of plant nutrients such as P,K and Zn from insoluble inorganic forms, decomposition of organic residues and release of nutrients, formation of beneficial soil humus by decomposing organic residues and through synthesis of new compounds. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth. Decomposition is a process that releases nutrient materials in the structure of plant and animal tissues to the soil solution where the nutrients are once again potentially available to plants. The nutrient cycle is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment. This occurs as animals and plants consume nutrients found in the soil, and these nutrients are then released back into the environment via death and decomposition.

Microbes in aquatic and terrestrial environments produce and consume the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O. Soil and aquatic microbes produce these gases when decomposing organic matter to provide nutrients for plants and marine life, respectively. While some microbes are beneficial to curbing climate change serving as major drivers of elemental cycles or consuming greenhouse gases, like methane and carbon dioxide others may contribute to rises in methane, carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide in the environment. Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that grow by producing methane gas. These microbes and their exotic metabolism have inspired decades of microbial physiology research that continues to push the boundary of what we know about how microbes conserve energy to grow. Warming and physical changes to soil can affect nutrient availability and cycling by microbes, which will have unknown cascading effects on the environment (Andrade-Linares et al. 2021). Microorganisms consume and produce the key greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O, which contribute to global warming. Oxyfera can survive in methane-rich areas that are inhospitable to many other bacteria. It does this with the help of an enzyme, perhaps a nitric oxide dismutase that combines two molecules of nitric oxide to form nitrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is then used to metabolize methane to produce water and carbon dioxide. It is responsible for more than 25 per cent of the global warming we are experiencing today. Due to its structure, methane traps more heat in the atmosphere per molecule than carbon dioxide (CO2), making it 80 times more harmful than CO2 for 20 years after it is released. Methane is responsible for around 30% of the rise in global temperatures since the industrial revolution, and rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions are key to limit near-term warming and improve air quality.

Are there any updates on the book chapter?. We have not received any update for the abstract that we have sent